A set of norms that determine human behavior. Components of social norms

Norms social behavior

Ways of thinking and behavior accepted in a given society and shared by the majority of its members. Agreement with the norms of social behavior implies that a person considers himself part of society and obeys its rules; disagreement can lead to hostility and alienation.

Psychology. AND I. Dictionary reference / Transl. from English K. S. Tkachenko. - M.: FAIR PRESS. Mike Cordwell. 2000.

See what “Norms of social behavior” are in other dictionaries:

Cultural Norms- these are certain patterns, rules of behavior or actions. They take shape and become established in the everyday consciousness of society. At this level, traditional and even subconscious aspects play a large role in the emergence of cultural norms. Customs and... Man and Society: Culturology. Dictionary-reference book

SOCIAL NORMS- historically established or established k.l. Thus, performance standards, compliance with which stands for the individual and the group a necessary condition their subordination is determined. social whole; in the N. system fixed criteria... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

A state of mass consciousness that contains an attitude (hidden or explicit) to events trial, the activities of individual participants in the trial; expresses a position of approval or condemnation on certain legal grounds... ...

Social norm (social norms)- officially established or developed under the influence of social practice norms and rules of social behavior and manifestations of a person in a specific historical conditions life of society. They define established or established... ... Glossary of terms on general and social pedagogy

Legal rules- rules that determine the order of behavior of people living in society; in their entirety, which has application in a given society, they are called the objective law of a given society, in contrast to subjective law. There are two groups of norms: ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

CODE OF CONDUCT FOR ACCOUNTANTS- CODE OF CONDUCT OF ACCOUNTANTS Code of Professional Conduct for Accountants adopted by Amer. Society of Chartered Accountants (SACA) in 1988, consists of two parts: 1) principles providing the basis for professional conduct; 2) rules ... Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance

Imperative of behavior- (Latin – imperative) – a behavioral model, including norms of behavior, unconditionally observed as an internal self-order, by people of the same community (ethnicity, public organization, institutions, countries as a whole). This is kind of the norm... ... Fundamentals of spiritual culture ( encyclopedic Dictionary teacher)

IN legal psychology One of the main tasks is the development of the psychological potential of the team of employees of departments and services. Psychological potential collective is a collection of social psychological phenomena, defining... ... Encyclopedia of modern legal psychology

Moral standards- rules of behavior that are established in society in accordance with people’s moral ideas about good and evil, justice and injustice, duty, honor, dignity and are protected by the power of public opinion or internal conviction; ... Theory of state and law in schemes and definitions

Right- a set of generally binding rules of behavior (norms) established or sanctioned by the state, compliance with which is ensured by measures of state influence. With the help of P. the class or classes holding the state in their hands ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Books

Buy for 1092 RUR
Selected works. Theory and history of culture, Georgy Knabe. The book is devoted to problems of history and theory of culture. The articles included in the collection were written in different time from 1966-2001 For this edition, previously published articles were revised...

A set of norms that determine the behavior of those operating in social system persons depending on their status or position, and the behavior itself that implements these norms. In the role description, society or any social group appears in the form of a set of definitions. social positions (worker, scientist, schoolchild, husband, soldier, etc.), being in which a person is obliged to obey the “social order” or the expectations (expectations) of other people associated with this position. By doing this " social order", a person carries out one of several. possible options execution of R. s. (say, a lazy or diligent student, etc.).
The concept of R. s. was proposed independently by Amer. sociologists R. Linton and J. Mead in the 1930s, and the first interpreted R. s. as a unit of societies. structure described as assigned to a person system of norms, the second - in terms of itself. interactions between people, " role playing game", in the course of the cut, due to the fact that a person imagines himself in the role of another, assimilation occurs social norms and the social is formed in the individual. Linton's definition of R. s. as a “dynamic aspect of status” was entrenched in structural functionalism and developed by Parsons, Radcliffe-Brown, and Merton. Mead's ideas were developed in interactionist sociology and psychology. Despite all the differences, both of these approaches are united by the idea of R. s. as a nodal point at which the individual and society merge, individual behavior turns into social, and individual properties and the inclinations of people are compared with the normative attitudes existing in society, depending on which people are selected for certain R.s. Of course, in reality role expectations are never clear cut. In addition, a person often finds himself in a situation role conflict, when its different R. s. turn out to be poorly compatible.
In the latest app. sociologist and psychological theories, there is a noticeable desire to overcome the inherent R. s. “robot-shaped” idea of a person as a culturally and socially programmed being. Hence the calls to return to the study of the subjective determinants of human behavior, his “internal. essence" (Rogers, Maslow - USA).
The emergence of the concept of R. s. reflected the progressive trend of transition from individualistic. interpretation of personality to understanding it as social phenomenon. It is used both in Marxist sociology and psychology. Marx back in the 19th century. emphasized the impersonal-role nature of societies. relations and at the same time objected to individualistic. theories of personality and self-awareness. However, the Marxist understanding of R. s. different from functionalist or interactionist. When analyzing social structure Marxism gives society crucial class structure, in relation to the cut of other R. s. act as derivatives or secondary. Based on static the model of society, the role approach is insufficient to describe societies. development and the underlying creativity. convert. activities of people. Human activity is not limited to role-based, i.e., template behavior; outside of R. s. various types of deviant and spontaneous behavior remain, including innovative human activity that creates new norms and new R.s. In the same way, the structure of personality is not reduced to the totality of personalities: their internalization (assimilation) and subordination always presuppose a specific individuality that develops over the course of time. life path individual and characterized by great stability.
Shibutani T., Social psychology. lane from English, M., 1969; Smirnov G. L., Sov. man, M., 19803; Social psychology M., 1975; Kon I. S., Discovery of “I”, M., 1978; Andreeva G.M., Social psychological. M., 1980; Role, ed. by J. A. Jackson, Camb., 1972 (Sociological Studies, 4); Role theory: concepts and research, ed. by B. J. Biddle and E. J. Thomas, Huntington, 1979.

general concepts

Norms of human behavior in society are a rather multifaceted concept that reflects the forms of interaction of an individual with the world around him.

A person as a social unit must be guided by the rules and customs established in a particular society. Each specific situation has its own set of rules, which, however, are not fixed. Thus, actions that are acceptable in one society are categorically unacceptable in another. On the other side - social norms Personal behavior can change depending on the situation and time.

For example, imagine that you met with old friends with whom you have been friends for many years. You can allow yourself to be free, to wear what you think is necessary, not to be shy about expressions containing profanity, cheeky gestures and bad habits. Friends are used to you and perceive all your actions as the norm. Now imagine that you come to work for a large corporation and plan to achieve considerable career success here. Your image, actions and gestures in this situation will be radically different from the previous situation: your appearance corresponds to the dress code, your speech takes on a business-like tone, bad habits veiled as much as possible. But a year or two later you go with your employees to a long-planned corporate party. In this situation, you can allow yourself to show a part of your true self. After all, despite the fact that the composition of society has not changed, the situation has changed, and too restrained behavior may be perceived by others as distrust or hostility on your part.

If norms of behavior can be mobile, then fundamental principles, which determine behavioral manners and outlook on life, should have clearer boundaries.

Components of social norms

Lifestyle and behavior are dictated by a combination of external and internal factors, which were influenced by both the surrounding society and the person himself.
The system of norms of behavior includes the following concepts:

1. Social norms- indicate the necessary model of behavior in a particular society.

2. Habits- this is a set of personal behavioral models for a particular situation, consolidated as a result of repeated repetition.

There are positive, neutral and bad habits. Positive habits are perceived with approval by society (greeting when meeting, using polite words), neutral habits often do not cause any reactions (drinking tea without sugar, keeping a diary), bad habits indicate bad manners and characterize a person with negative side(smoking, slurping, talking with your mouth full, loud belching).

3. Manners- forms of behavior based on habits. They characterize a person’s upbringing and his belonging to a certain social stratum. Well-mannered man knows how to dress elegantly, knows how to clearly formulate his thoughts and express them in a form understandable to the interlocutor.

4. Etiquette- a set of norms of behavior (politeness, tact, tolerance), relevant for the highest social strata.

5. Social values- this is the standard of ideas approved by the majority of social units: goodness, justice, patriotism.

6. Principles- these are especially important and unshakable beliefs that a person creates for himself. These are a kind of boundaries set for self-control. For example, for one person, family is the highest value, and he will never allow himself to be betrayed. For another, fidelity is not included in the list of principles; he can repeat betrayal repeatedly without remorse.

Religion as a lever for controlling human behavior

Despite the achievements of science, progressive thinking and modern views to life, religion is still one of important factors in the formation of norms of individual behavior.

The priority importance of religion for a person is due to several factors:

1.Help from above. Sooner or later, every person faces troubles that become a real test for his will. Bankruptcy, loss of property, divorce, serious illness or death of a loved one... It is in such situations that people most often remember the presence of an invisible force in the sky. Their faith may be fickle, but at such moments they need someone to whom they can shift some of the responsibility, from whom they can expect help, even if illusory.

2. Setting up principles. It is religion that often becomes a dogmatic guide pointing to behavior. The Bible's commandments are against murder, robbery, and adultery, and some people take these principles personally.

3. Search for the meaning of life. Another reason for turning to religion is the search for answers to eternal questions.

Behavior patterns

Every action performed by a person is determined by a corresponding motive, which, in turn, dictates the order of reproducible actions.

All actions are divided into two categories:

1. Automatic- these are actions that are based on innate and acquired reflexes and skills that do not require mental awareness and are performed inertia. These include the ability to chew, breathe, walk upright, read, and speak their native language.

2. Conscious- it's more complex actions or a combination of them, requiring the use of human intellectual capabilities. This model of behavior is based on the choice of one or another pattern of actions in an unfamiliar situation.

For example, you are angry with a person and want to express your indignation to him, insult and humiliate him. But you understand that your desire is temporary and is connected not only with this person, but also with your bad mood and general failures. If you succumb to aggression, you will most likely lose contact with the person forever. It is consciousness that decides what to do in this situation, evaluating all the pros and cons. In addition, the predominance of the logical or emotional component in the character plays an important role.

Youth behavior

Youth is the perspective of the nation. Therefore, it is very important how exactly the younger generation will be raised.

The norms of human behavior in society call on young people to:

Be active participants in society;
- set before yourself life goals and strive to achieve them;
- diversify your personality;
- exercise;
- get a decent education;
- lead healthy image life without smoking and drinking alcohol;
- do not use profanity and rude expressions in conversation;
- treat the older generation with respect;
- create a value system for yourself and stick to it;
- know and follow the rules of etiquette.

But in modern world The behavior of young people in society often differs from established norms and is deviant in nature.

Thus, some young people aged 14 to 20 believe that smoking and drinking alcohol is fashionable, and attending lectures at the institute is an activity for cramming. They prefer discos to books, are rude in their statements and have promiscuous sex.

This behavior is most often formed under the influence of the company and requires immediate intervention from parents.

Interaction of youth with the older generation

The problem of interaction between different generations will always be relevant. on which one age group was brought up, by the time another grows up, it partially loses its relevance. Consequently, misunderstandings and disagreements arise.

Among the main causes of conflicts are incompatibility of interests, different, immoral behavior of one of the parties, lack of a culture of communication, struggle for superiority, and unwillingness to concede.

Nevertheless, the values and norms of behavior instilled in us from childhood say that the younger generation should yield to their elders in any situation, even if such a decision seems unfair. In addition, it is necessary to adhere to a certain pattern of behavior. When communicating, you need to use a respectful form of address - “you”, and also avoid slang. Ridiculing and making fun of elders is not allowed. And refusal to help is considered bad manners.

Standards of behavior between spouses

To build a stable house, you need to lay a solid foundation and build the walls brick by brick. So in family relationships- love is the foundation, behavior is the building blocks.

Married life is not only about joyful moments, it is also about disappointment, irritation and resentment. In order to get through all the unpleasant moments with dignity and maintain the integrity of the marriage, you need to follow a few simple rules:

Treat your partner as an equal;
- appreciate his personal qualities;
- support in any endeavors and do not ridicule failures;
- discuss important points and make decisions together;
- do not resort to insults and insults;
- do not allow yourself to be assaulted;
- be faithful to your spouse.

Business Etiquette

If general norms human behavior in society can vary depending on the situation, then Business Etiquette- this is a set of behavioral models that have the most defined edge.

There are 5 rules of etiquette in the business world:

1. Punctuality. Arrive at all important meetings on time, this will show that you are organized.

2. Competence. Be knowledgeable about what you're talking about. Sometimes it is better to remain silent than to give false information.

3. Speech. Learn to speak competently and clearly. Even the most successful idea, presented in clumsy and uncertain language, is doomed to failure.

4. Appearance speaks about your taste and status, so in your wardrobe, in addition to jeans and T-shirts, you must have a suit for an important meeting.

5. Interaction. Listen to the opinions of others and do not trust your idea to the first person you meet.

Compliance with these rules is very important important role, as it reflects the level of professionalism and seriousness of the approach to the matter.

Deviant behavior: deviation from the norm

Rules and norms of human behavior cannot always be expressed according to regulated standards. Some behavior patterns may deviate significantly from the norm. This manner is defined as deviant. She can have both positive features, and negative.

A striking example of opposite deviants are terrorists and national heroes. The actions of both of them deviate from the behavior of the “average masses”, but are perceived by society differently.

Thus, general norms of behavior can be placed on one axis, and deviant deviations at different poles.

Forms of abnormal behavior in society

Norms of human behavior in society, expressed as deviant, have four distinct forms:

Crime. IN last years this figure increased by 17%. In many ways, crime is due to the transition to market relations and high level competition, unemployment and low level life, as well as psychological disorders. In addition, corruption in the legal and judicial-executive sectors is of no small importance, which allows, if you have enough wealth, to avoid responsibility for violating the law.
Alcoholism. Alcohol is an integral part of holiday feasts and ordinary friendly meetings. It is consumed to celebrate something, relieve pain, or simply relieve stress. People are accustomed to the fact that alcohol has become a part of their lives, and are not aware of its harmful effects on the individual and on society as a whole. According to statistics, 70% of crimes are committed while intoxicated, and drunk drivers are to blame for more than 20% of fatal accidents.

Addiction. Dependence on a psychotropic substance, which depletes the body and leads to its degradation. Unfortunately, despite the official prohibition of narcotic drugs, every tenth teenager has tried one or more types of drugs.
Suicide. Suicide is the deliberate desire to take one's own life because of problems that seem insoluble. According to world statistics, suicide is most common in highly developed countries, where there is high competition both in the business sphere and on the personal front. Age group Those most at risk are teenagers from 14 to 18 years old and people of retirement age.

Sanctions for non-compliance

Rules and norms of behavior are regulated by approved state laws and unspoken rules of society.

Sanctions for deviant behavior vary depending on the severity of the violation.

For example, murder or robbery falls under the article of violation of the criminal code, therefore, is punishable by imprisonment. Provocation or fight are administrative violations. As a punishment for the offense, the offender will be asked to pay a fine or perform civil works. Violations associated with habits (not washing the dishes after yourself, not cutting your nails, being late for an important meeting, lying) will cause social disapproval and further ignoring or contempt.

Every day we are among people, performing some actions in accordance with this or that situation. We have to communicate with each other using generally accepted norms. Collectively, all this is our behavior. Let's try to understand deeper,

Behavior as a moral category

Behavior is a set of human actions that an individual performs over a long period of time under given conditions. These are all actions, not individual ones. Regardless of whether actions are performed consciously or unintentionally, they are subject to moral assessment. It is worth noting that behavior can reflect both the actions of one person and an entire team. In this case, the influence is exerted both by personal character traits and the specificity of interpersonal relationships. By his behavior a person reflects his attitude towards society, towards specific people, to the objects around him.

The concept of a line of conduct

Behavior concept includes the determination of a line of behavior, which implies the presence of a certain systematicity and consistency in the repeated actions of an individual or the characteristics of the actions of a group of individuals over a long period of time. Behavior is perhaps the only indicator that objectively characterizes moral qualities And driving motives personality.

The concept of rules of behavior, etiquette

Etiquette is a set of norms and rules that regulate a person’s relationships with others. This is an integral part of public culture (culture of behavior). It is expressed in complex system relationships between people. This includes concepts such as:

polite, courteous and protective treatment of the fair sex;
a sense of respect and deep respect for the older generation;
correct forms everyday communication with others;
norms and rules of dialogue;
being at the dinner table;
dealing with guests;
fulfillment of the requirements for a person’s clothing (dress code).

All these laws of decency embody general ideas about human dignity, simple requirements comfort and ease in relationships between people. In general they coincide with general requirements politeness. However, there are also strictly established ethical standards that are immutable.

Respectful treatment of students to teachers.
- Maintaining subordination in relation of subordinates to their management.
- Standards of conduct in public places, during seminars and conferences.

Psychology as the science of behavior

Psychology is a science that studies the characteristics of human behavior and motivations. This area of knowledge studies how mental and behavioral processes proceed, specific personality traits, mechanisms that exist in a person’s mind and explain the deep subjective reasons for certain of his actions. She also considers the distinctive character traits of a person, taking into account those essential factors that determine them (stereotypes, habits, inclinations, feelings, needs), which can be partly innate and partly acquired, brought up in the appropriate social conditions. Thus, the science of psychology helps us understand, since it reveals its mental nature and the moral conditions of its formation.

Behavior as a reflection of a person’s actions

Depending on the nature of a person’s actions, different ones can be defined.

A person may try to attract the attention of others through his actions. This behavior is called demonstrative.
If a person undertakes any obligations and fulfills them in good faith, then his behavior is called responsible.
Behavior that determines the actions of a person aimed at the benefit of others, and for which he does not require any reward, is called helping.
There is also internal behavior, which is characterized by the fact that a person decides for himself what to believe in and what to value.

There are others, more complex ones.

Deviant behavior. It represents a negative deviation from norms and patterns of behavior. As a rule, it entails the application of various types punishments.
If a person demonstrates complete indifference to his surroundings, a reluctance to make decisions on his own, and mindlessly follows those around him in his actions, then his behavior is considered conformist.

Characteristics of behavior

An individual's behavior can be characterized by various categories.

Innate behavior is usually instincts.
Acquired behavior is the actions a person performs in accordance with his upbringing.
Intentional behavior is actions carried out by a person consciously.
Unintentional behavior is actions performed spontaneously.
Behavior can also be conscious or unconscious.

Code of Conduct

The norms of human behavior in society are given close attention. A norm is a primitive form of a requirement regarding morality. On the one hand, this is a form of relationship, and on the other hand, specific form consciousness and thinking of the individual. The norm of behavior is constantly reproduced similar actions of many people, obligatory for each person individually. Society needs people to act in given situations according to a certain scenario, which is designed to maintain social balance. The binding force of norms of behavior for everyone individual person based on examples from society, mentors and immediate environment. In addition, habit plays an important role, as does collective or individual coercion. At the same time, norms of behavior must be based on general, abstract ideas about morality (the definition of good, evil, and so on). One of the tasks of properly educating a person in society is to ensure that the simplest norms of behavior become an internal need of a person, take the form of a habit and are carried out without external and internal coercion.

Raising the younger generation

One of the most important moments in raising the younger generation is. The purpose of such conversations should be to expand the knowledge of schoolchildren about the culture of behavior, to explain to them moral meaning this concept, as well as developing their skills correct behavior in society. First of all, the teacher must explain to students that it is inextricably linked with the people around them, that how the teenager behaves depends on how easy and pleasant it will be for these people to live next to him. Teachers should also cultivate positive character traits in children using the examples of books by various writers and poets. The following rules also need to be explained to students:

how to behave at school;
how to behave on the street;
how to behave in a company;
how to behave in city transport;
how to behave when visiting.

It is important to pay special attention, especially in high school, to this issue, both in the company of classmates, as well as in the company of boys outside of school.

Public opinion as a reaction to human behavior

Public opinion is a mechanism through which society regulates the behavior of each individual. Any form of social discipline, including traditions and customs, falls under this category, because for society it is something like legislative norms behavior followed by the vast majority of people. Moreover, such traditions form public opinion, which acts as a powerful mechanism for regulating behavior and human relationships in different areas of life. From an ethical point of view, the determining point in regulating an individual’s behavior is not his personal discretion, but public opinion, which is based on certain generally accepted moral principles and criteria. It must be recognized that an individual has the right to independently decide how to behave in a given situation, despite the fact that the formation of self-awareness is greatly influenced by the norms accepted in society, as well as collective opinion. Under the influence of approval or censure, a person’s character can change dramatically.

Human behavior assessment

When considering the issue, we must not forget about such a concept as assessing the behavior of an individual. This assessment consists of society’s approval or condemnation of a specific act, as well as the behavior of the individual as a whole. People can express their positive or negative attitude towards the subject being evaluated in the form of praise or blame, agreement or criticism, manifestations of sympathy or hostility, that is, through various external actions and emotions. In contrast to requirements expressed in the form of norms, which in the form general rules prescribe how a person should act in a given situation, the assessment compares these requirements with those specific phenomena and events that already take place in reality, establishing their compliance or non-compliance with existing norms of behavior.

Golden rule of behavior

In addition to what we all know generally accepted, there is Golden Rule. It originated in ancient times, when the first essential requirements for human morality were formed. Its essence is to treat others in the way you would like to see this attitude towards yourself. Similar ideas were found in such ancient works as the teachings of Confucius, the Bible, Homer's Iliad, and so on. It is worth noting that this is one of the few beliefs that has survived to this day almost unchanged form and has not lost its relevance. Positive moral significance The golden rule is determined by the fact that it practically guides the individual to develop important element in the mechanism of moral behavior - the ability to put oneself in the place of others and emotionally experience their state. In modern morality, the golden rule of behavior is an elementary universal prerequisite for relationships between people, expressing a continuity with the moral experience of the past.