Exercises for the development of abstract thinking in preschoolers. Development of thinking

Institutional discourse is communication within the given framework of status-role relations. Applied to modern society can be identified the following types institutional discourse: political, diplomatic, administrative, legal, military, pedagogical, religious, mystical, medical, business, advertising, sports, scientific, stage and mass information. This list can be changed or expanded, since social institutions differ significantly from each other and cannot be considered as homogeneous phenomena, moreover, they are historically changeable, can merge with each other and arise as varieties within one type or another. For example, it is problematic to talk about the institutional discourse of numismatists or fishermen.

Institutional discourse is distinguished on the basis of two system-forming features: goals and participants in communication. The goal of political discourse is the conquest and retention of power, pedagogical discourse is the socialization of a new member of society, medical discourse is the provision of qualified assistance to the patient, etc. The main participants in the institutional discourse are the representatives of the institution (agents) and the people addressing them (clients). For example, this is a teacher and a student, a doctor and a patient, a politician and a voter, a priest and a parishioner. Participants in the institutional discourse are very different in their qualities and prescriptions of behavior: the relationship between a soldier and an officer has many fundamental differences, for example, from the relationship between a consumer and an advertising sender. There are different degrees of discourse openness, for example, clients in scientific, business and diplomatic discourse do not differ from agents, while clients of political, legal, medical, religious discourse show a sharp difference from agents of the corresponding discourse. It should be noted that the opposition of personal and institutional discourse is a research device. In fact, we rarely encounter completely impersonal communication. At the same time, each type of institutional discourse is characterized by its own measure of correlation between status and personality components. In pedagogical discourse, the share of the personal component is quite large (it also differs in linguocultural terms, for example, in Russian and American schools different modes of communication between teachers and students are adopted; in our country, traditionally, relations between schoolchildren and teachers are closer than in the United States, but, on the other hand, relations between students and university teachers are less formalized than in Russia). In scientific and business discourse, the personal component is much less pronounced, although, for example, recently traditional impersonal phrases are less often used in the genres scientific articles and monographs in Russian.

Modeling institutional discourse, we can distinguish four groups of features:

1) the constitutive features of discourse have received fairly complete coverage in works on sociolinguistics and pragmalinguistics. These signs include participants, conditions, organization, methods and material of communication, i.e. people in their status-role and situational-communicative roles, the sphere of communication and the communicative environment, motives, goals, strategies, channel, mode, tone, style and genre of communication and, finally, the sign body of communication (texts and / or non-verbal signs).

2) signs of institutionalization fix the role characteristics of agents and clients of institutions, typical chronotopes, symbolic actions, template genres and speech cliches. Institutional communication is communication in a kind of masks. It is the stereotype of communication that fundamentally distinguishes institutional discourse from personal discourse.

3) signs of the type of institutional discourse: the specificity of institutional discourse is revealed in its type, i.e. in the type of social institution, which in the collective linguistic consciousness is designated special name, generalized in the key concept of this institution (political discourse - power, pedagogical - education, religious - faith, legal - law, medical - health, etc.), is associated with certain functions of people, structures built to perform these functions, public rituals and behavioral stereotypes, mythologems, as well as texts produced in this social formation.

4) neutral features of institutional discourse include general discursive characteristics that are typical for any communication, personality-oriented features, as well as features of other types of discourse, i.e. transposed features.

To describe a specific type of institutional discourse, consider its following components:

1) participants in the discourse - representatives of a particular social group, entering into communication and performing certain communicative roles. Varieties of communicative roles directly depend on the type of discourse.

2) chronotope - time and place of communicative contacts;

3) the purpose of discourse - the intended result of communication, due to the reasons for the construction and implementation of discourse;

4) the system of basic values ​​is determined by the mission of a specific institutional discourse and professional codes specific to the sphere of its functioning;

5) ways of communication - strategies and tactics chosen by the participants in the discourse. A communicative strategy is understood as a plan for the optimal implementation of communicative intentions, taking into account objective and subjective factors and conditions in which an act of communication takes place and which, in turn, determine the structure of the text. Each discourse strategy is implemented through the use of a specific set of tactics. Tactics is a specific stage in the implementation of a communicative strategy, determined by the intention of the speaker, an explicated set of techniques that determine the use of language means;

6) topics of institutional discourse;

7) genres of institutional discourse are formalized constructs of stereotyped practices that are expressed in ritual acts, administrative procedures, speech and writing forms;

8) precedent (cultural) texts as structural components of institutional discourse are written and oral sources, on the basis of which the entire body of the internal and external institutional communication, its mission, credo, basic strategic attitudes, normative provisions, main rules of the status-role-playing game are determined;

9) discursive formulas - peculiar turns of speech characteristic of communication in the corresponding social institution.

Thus, institutional discourse is a stable system of status-role relations that has developed in the communicative space of the life activity of a certain social institution, within the framework of which the power functions of symbolic coercion are carried out in the form of a normative prescription and legitimation of certain ways of worldview, worldview, vectors of value orientations and behavior patterns.

institutional discourse stylistic journalistic

INSTITUTIONAL DISCOURSE(English) institutional discourse, fr. discour institutionnel, German institutioneller Diskurs) - communication within the framework of institutions that have developed in society as an interaction generated by the very activity of a particular social institution. In some linguistic works, “institutional discourse” is understood as “discourse carried out in public institutions, communication in which is integral part their organizations” [Sheigal, 2000, p. 43]. In addition, it is noted that this is “a specialized clichéd kind of communication between people who may not know each other personally, but must communicate in accordance with the norms of this society” [Karasik, 2002, p. 292].

Institutional discourse, which is opposed to everyday, informal communication, and in which communicants act, performing certain roles, is a multifaceted phenomenon, its study can be carried out within various scientific areas.

In linguistic studies, one can conditionally distinguish between two approaches to the analysis of institutional discourse: descriptive and critical.

descriptive the approach covers the following aspects: 1) the study of speech behavior within a certain social institution: linguistic means, rhetorical devices and language strategies; 2) analysis of the content side of institutional communication. AT Russian linguistics In line with this approach, such types of institutional discourse are considered as political (Sheigal E.I., Gromyko S.A.), religious (Karasik V.I., Olyanich A.V.), pedagogical (Karasik V.I.), medical (Beilinson L.S., Alekseeva L.M., Mishlanova S.L., Zhura V.V.), didactic (Oleshkov M.Yu.), scientific (Boldyreva A.A., Maslova L.N.), diplomatic (Volkova T.A.), marketing (Guseinova I.A.), etc.

Critical approach aims at critical examination social inequality, expressed in language and discourse . In the works of representatives of this direction, the problem of using language as a means of power and social control is considered (R. Wodak, T.A. van Dijk, T. van Leeuwen, etc.). Summarizing the results of the analysis of various types of institutional discourse, R. Wodak notes that “institutions are status-oriented formations:<…>belonging to a certain social stratum, gender, age, education, etc. determine each other and intertwine in a peculiar way, playing essential role in institutional perception and attitude” [Vodak, 1997, p. 23−24]. The critical approach has not yet received due development in Russian linguistics.

Understanding a social institution as a historically established form of organization and regulation public life, which ensures the performance of functions vital for society, makes it possible to outline the main parameters of institutional discourse: a set of communication situations typical for a certain sphere and related communicative events that have a regulated structure and proceed in certain place-time coordinates, a given topic of communication, typical models of speech and wider than communicative behavior when communicants perform certain situational roles.

Vodak R. Language. Discourse. Politics. / Per. from English. and German. - Volgograd: Change, 1997. - 139 p.

Karasik V.I. Language circle: personality, concepts, discourse. - Volgograd: Change, 2002. - 477 p.

Sheigal E. I. Semiotics of political discourse. - M., Volgograd: Change, 2000. - 368 p.

Dijk T.A., van. Discourse and Power. - New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. - 308 p.

A New Agenda in (Critical) Discourse Analysis: Theory, Methodology and Interdisciplinary. Wodak, R. and Chilton, P (eds). - Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2005. - 321 p.

M. Tomskaya

Abstract thinking has great importance for all people. High level its development allows not only to improve the quality of life, but also to achieve much greater success. You should be engaged in the development of this type of thinking already in childhood, but with growing up you should not stop training. Only regular practice will improve and maintain your intellectual ability. This will help knowing how to develop abstract thinking in adults and children. All methods can be applied in practice independently, without resorting to outside help.

Forms

Abstraction is the abstraction of some properties of objects from others in order to identify their features. The definition of abstract thinking is pretty much the same. This phenomenon is understood as intellectual activity, during which a person thinks about the situation, separating it from some details. Abstractness has a significant impact on the physiology of thinking and allows you to cross certain boundaries, discovering new knowledge.

This type of thinking develops in parallel with ontogeny from an early age. It first manifests itself at the moments when the child begins to fantasize, writing his own stories or playing unusual situations, and abstract from toys, preferring to think about their certain properties.

Abstract thinking is divided into forms, each of which corresponds to the features of the thought process, accompanied by abstraction. There are 3 in total:

1. Concept. Implies the definition of one common property for different items. Highly important point is the significance of this unifying feature. For example, legs at tables or green leaves at different trees.
2. Judgment. In judgment, the assertion or denial of a certain event occurs. Everything, as a rule, is described by a phrase or a short sentence. Judgments are either simple or complex. In the first case, they relate to one active object or person (for example, "the boy bought milk"). In the second, the judgment affects several sides at once (“clouds appeared, it became dark outside”). It can also be true, based on subjective conclusions, or false, based on self-interest.
3. Inference. A conclusion is understood as a thought, the formation of which occurs on the basis of several judgments. It consists of a premise, a conclusion and a conclusion. All three processes occur in the human head sequentially. It all starts with initial judgments (premises), then moves on to the stage of reflection (conclusions), and ends with the formation of a new judgment (conclusion).

Abstract thinking can be applied in any of these three forms. adult in Everyday life uses them all. Nevertheless, it is necessary to develop them even for those who are good at abstracting.

Modern artificial intelligence endowed with abstract thinking, which is superior in quality to human.

Peculiarities

Abstract thinking is used by children from the first years of life. It begins to manifest itself along with the development of articulate speech. A child of younger ages fantasizes, thinks about unusual things, explores the world, compares his toys, using abstraction skills. They are underdeveloped, but still manage to use them.

School age is combined with an increase in the importance of abstract thinking. The student will need to think outside the box when they have to solve various problems. This is especially true of mathematics, where abstraction plays a big role. Later, when a teenager is in high school, the importance of such thinking will become even higher.

Abstract thinking is also used in philosophy, writing, engineering, management psychology, time management and many other areas. His good development allows him to succeed in any field.

signs

Abstract thinking has its own characteristics. They allow you to distinguish it from the background of other thought processes and better understand why abstraction is so useful for a person.

Signs:

1. Reflection of the surrounding world without the involvement of the senses. A person does not need to use the senses and contact with the object in order to obtain information about it. It is abstraction that allows you to use the old existing knowledge to solve a particular problem.
2. Generalization of phenomena. When generalizing various items and identifying them characteristic features a person gets the opportunity to quickly access their knowledge. If he is able to identify certain patterns and similarities, then in the future it will be much easier to remember and find the necessary information in memory.
3. language expression. All thoughts are easily expressed in the form of an internal dialogue that can be translated into a real one. Wherein abstract concepts can be thought about in the head without the use of a linguistic expression at all, and the result will be a final judgment that will be easy to express in speech.

The development of abstract thinking allows you to improve all of the above signs, which are also useful skills, without which it is difficult to succeed.

Impact on a person

It is difficult for the average person to imagine exactly what someone who has a very developed abstract thinking looks like. Such people, as a rule, always achieve their goals, they are successful and happy. At the same time, something always happens in their head: they reason, think about events, imagine the future figuratively, and solve difficult problems. Most often they speak a complex language, which causes difficulties in communication. High performance allows them to occupy high positions, and developed intellect makes them very important for any company.

Such people may face a number of problems. Often they are too selfish, which makes it difficult for them to find true friends. At the same time, people with developed abstract thinking cannot show enough physical activity and are passive in practical work. Sometimes they are careless appearance which repels those around you.

Most often, men of technical professions have developed abstract thinking.

Exercises for adults

It is rather difficult for an adult to develop abstract thinking, because his intellect has long been formed. Nevertheless, with the help of some exercises, it will still be possible to achieve results. It is recommended to perform them daily for several weeks.

The most effective exercises:

1. Representation of emotions. It is required to mentally imagine how exactly different emotions are manifested in a particular person. It is recommended to use full set possible feelings of people.
2. Reverse reading. Turn the book over and read it in reverse order. In parallel with this, it is required to establish logical connections between various events. Best to choose simple works written in easy language.
3. Communication analysis. You should remember all the people with whom you had to talk during the day. It is necessary to analyze not only the conversation itself, but also the facial expressions, gestures and voice of the interlocutor. It is recommended to do this with your eyes closed.
4. Inventing contradictions. You just need to come up with different phrases that seem contradictory. They can be absolutely anything (hot ice, bitter candy, etc.).
5. Making abbreviations. It is enough to come up with any phrase, reduce it to the first letters, and then decipher it during the day. For example, independent development of thinking (SPM).
6. Enumeration of the functions of objects. It is required to choose any available thing and list all its functions. You can even come up with unusual appointments that are not customary to use.
7. Brainstorm. You need to choose any letter of the alphabet and write it on a piece of paper. The task is to remember in a limited amount of time maximum amount words for this letter, writing them all down on paper.
8. Word compatibility. On one sheet you need to write nouns, and on the second adjectives. This should not be done right away. It's best to start with just one noun. It will need to pick up suitable, as well as completely incompatible adjectives. All of them should be written in different columns.
9. The name of the picture from life. It is required to visually fix any event that happened in reality and give it an unusual name. It should be what the artist could call the picture.
10. Painting. You need to paint any pictures using colored paints. In the process, the characteristics of all objects present should be presented. If it is not possible to use paints, you can start with regular pencil drawing.

These methods will also help develop abstract thinking in a teenager or an elderly person. You just need to apply them on a regular basis, without missing regular classes.

Exercises for children

It is easiest to develop in childhood. At this time, the brain is open to external influence and is subject to any changes. Exercises for children are different from those offered by adults, but are no less effective.

Best Exercises:

1. Reverse reading of inscriptions. Parents should invite the child to play a game in which he will read the signs he sees in reverse order. It will be very difficult to do this with all the advertising posters. Therefore, additional conditions should be negotiated (for example, read only red signs).
2. Drawing unusual animals. The child must draw an animal made up of parts of other animals. When the drawing is ready, you need to come up with an unusual name for the new species.
3. Shadow play. With the help of hands on which light from a lamp falls in the dark, the child must create unusual shadows depicting certain things. You can even invite him to play his favorite fairy tale with the help of shadows.
4. mental arithmetic. The child will need to calculate simple examples with the help of special accounts called "abacus". Such training will also develop perseverance and general intelligence.
5. Puzzle. You need to choose puzzles, puzzles, anagrams, etc. games, taking into account the preferences of the baby. His task will be to solve all the problems provided. At an older age, crossword puzzles can be added to them.
6. The study of the clouds. The child must look at the clouds with his parents and name what exactly he sees. The ability to visually evaluate each cloud for similarity to different items or animals increases the chances of successful development.
7. Construction. Parents need to give their baby a task, which consists in building certain objects from toy blocks. So it will be possible to develop creative thinking and creativity.
8. Associations. The kid needs to come up with associations to everything that he sees or feels. You can also ask him to represent animals by the sounds they make.
9. Classification. The child needs to sort all the available things or toys according to certain criteria. For example, in shape, weight or purpose. Parents should supervise the process and give hints if needed.
10. Questions. Parents should ask their child “why?”, “what if?” etc. to make him think and analyze the situation. You can ask at any time.

These simple exercises will help you achieve good result several weeks of training. It is recommended to combine them with other activities that will be aimed at developing general intelligence.

Thinking- a tool that every person has, solving various problems in life. Thinking can be developed, its speed, depth, freedom, meaningfulness can be changed. Also, thinking can become more interesting and positive.

Development of logical thinking

Logical thinking very useful for every person. It will facilitate the understanding of any laws in science or society. Logic is often needed in everyday life.

The brain needs constant exercise to keep it going. mental activity, have good thinking and memory . Regular exercise can improve mental performance.

Have fun with benefits

1. Start Deciding logic puzzles for children and adults (puzzles, find 10 differences, riddles for attention).
2. Find games that develop attention and logic that you can play with friends and no matter how old you are, it will be fun and enjoyable to spend time with friends.
3. Use IQ tests. There is interesting tasks which require quite a bit of logical thinking. Although there are many others besides IQ tests.

educate yourself

For example, you can start with the mega-helpful course "Money and the Mind of a Millionaire".

Development of critical thinking

Critical thinking is a step towards active, creative methods. What is critical thinking?

1. Thinking is independent, and the owner puts his ideas, evaluates the situation, has his own beliefs regardless of others.
2. Receiving information is only the beginning, and the end will be processing, that is. generating a complex thought as a conclusion. Another thought is subjected to critical reflection.
3. This kind of thinking starts with questions and identifying problems.
4. Critical thinking is persuasive arguments, evidence, conclusion.
5. Such thinking helps to exchange opinions and points of view.

How to develop critical thinking?

1. Assess reality. Reality is a world independent of your desires. Your thinking will be most effective if you learn to understand and "translate" this reality.
2. Mass hobbies. Any concept becomes popular a large number of people accept it, that is, they create a crowd. And there can be no question of critical thinking there, but only of consistency. Think before you join.
3. Draw parallels between observation and inference.
4. Don't judge a situation or a person until you've verified your information.
5. Don't lose your sense of humor.
6. Be curious. There are many unknown, interesting, shocking things in the world. The presence of curiosity indicates the presence of the mind. A curious person is looking for new ways, ways to solve problems, for example, which gives him new opportunities.
7. Do not give free rein to emotions, because they can cloud the mind. A prime example is anger, which can cause you to do things you will regret.
8. Don't overestimate yourself.
9. Learn to listen to people.
10. Use your intuition, do not ignore. Because such thoughts can come to your mind at a subconscious level. This is the result of once accepted information, which you probably don’t remember anymore.

Tasks for the development of thinking

1) What number is hidden under the car?

2) Find an extra figure. Only 15% of people can cope with this task.

3) Where does the bus go?

1. 87, just flip the photo.
2. The answer is -1, because it is a standard, because the rest of the figures of its modification, either the shape, or the color, or the frame has been changed.
3. While the bus is moving forward and moving on the right side, as usual, it is moving to the left. Because the door is not visible.

The development of speed reading

Fast reading will always allow you to read more interesting and useful books, as well as excellent will develop thinking. Sign up for our 30 Day Speed ​​Reading course. We will teach you not only to read faster, but also to think faster, understand and remember the text, as these are the basic requirements for the reading process.

Verbal counting

Learn how to quickly and correctly add, subtract, multiply, divide, square numbers and even take roots. I will teach you how to use easy tricks to simplify arithmetic operations. Every lesson has new tricks understandable examples and helpful assignments.

Money and the mindset of a millionaire

Knowing the psychology of money and how to work with them makes a person a millionaire. 80% of people with an increase in income take out more loans, becoming even poorer. Self-made millionaires, on the other hand, will make millions again in 3-5 years if they start from scratch. This course teaches how to properly distribute income and reduce costs, motivates you to learn and achieve goals, teaches you how to invest and recognize a scam.

Development of creative thinking

Creative thinking - thinking in which the owner finds unusual solutions, improved or shorter, the best. Creative thinking will allow you to generate new ideas.

Creative thinking will give you the opportunity to try your hand at art. You must be able to find yourself in music or drawing, poetry or something unusual. For example, creating sculptures from improvised means and so on.

We offer some interesting exercises for development creative thinking:

1. Find a drama or horror movie and remake it into a comedy genre.
2. Also try the opposite. Turn comedy into drama.
3. Come up with a script for a movie. Take 2-3 pairs of people who have disagreements with each other and develop this plot.
4. Imagine some person or animal or object that could become a serial killer.

Thus, scripts for films and books can appear. And the very process of such a game will be fun for you and the circle of people with whom you will try to discuss it. This exercise is more interesting to perform in the company of friends and acquaintances.

Development of thinking in children

The mental activity of the child has a special structure of cognition. Being born, the baby begins to study everything around, draw parallels, look for connections between his discoveries. Gradually developing, the child begins to reason, imagine, a fantasy world appears, and speech not only appears, but also becomes more literate over time.

Anagrams

Gorbov-Schulte tables

Color Matrix Game

A great simulator for your thinking will be the game "color matrix". A field of cells will open in front of you, each of which will be painted over with one of two colors.

Your goal: determine which color is more. The game, of course, is on time and therefore you have to try. As the game progresses, the field will expand with correct answers or narrow if the answers are incorrect.

Game "Quick Score"

The game "quick count" will help you improve your thinking. The essence of the game is that in the picture presented to you, you will need to choose the answer "yes" or "no" to the question "are there 5 identical fruits?". Follow your goal, and this game will help you with this.

Game "Simplify"

The game "Simplify" is a wonderful simulator, not only for mental counting, but also for logic. You will come across examples both simple and complex. But not everything is so complicated in reality, you just need to guess how to simplify or find the answer from the suggested answers. To do this, you will have to reason logically!

Number Reach: Revolution game

Interesting and useful game « Numerical coverage: Revolution" that will help you improve and develop memory. The essence of the game is that the monitor will display the numbers in order, one at a time, which you should remember and then play. Such chains will consist of 4, 5 and even 6 digits. Time is limited. How many points can you score in this game?

Game "Memory Matrix"

"Memory Matrix" is a great game for training and developing memory. In the presented game, you will need to remember the placement of the shaded cells, and then reproduce them from memory. How many levels can you pass? Remember, time is limited!

Lessons in the development of thinking

A good exercise for creativity, as you complete the field, you will understand how highly developed your thinking is. Below you will see a field made of crosses. Your goal is to draw a picture for each cross. Thinking, creativity and imagination come into play:

When you fill it out, pay attention to this picture (below), maybe you will find some of the drawings you just drew.

Also try the field not with crosses, but with other shapes or, simply, with a different blank. It can be triangles, circles, squares and so on. For example:

And another example:

Exercise - Architect

Imagine that you are an architect. Your goal is to design a house. It doesn't matter if you can draw or not, whether you can draw, it doesn't matter. The essence is completely different and no less interesting. Put a piece of paper in front of you and write ten nouns on it. They can be absolutely anything: orange, water, tomato, cloud, smoke, and so on ... Then the fun begins. These ten words become the terms of the customer. If orange, then you can paint the roof of the house in orange. Water? Make a river behind the house. Tomato? Paint the floor of your house red. Here your imagination and thinking are released into the wild. Try to make it as interesting as possible, come up with words as difficult as possible.

Technologies for the development of thinking

The technology for the development of critical thinking is represented by three stages:

1. Challenge. A gap is sought in previously acquired knowledge or experience, which is now the goal of elimination. That is, the goal is to close this gap in knowledge.

2. Understanding. A person who has a serious goal of developing critical thinking must realize that it is necessary to keep a diary, draw tables in order to determine the level of understanding of a particular topic, information.

3. Reflection. At the stage of reflection, a person forms his attitude to the text, information, book, picture. This relationship is often written down or discussed with someone. This method will help not only in the development of critical thinking, but also in the development of communication skills.

The development of thinking in children 4-5 years old

There is good exercise for children to help them in the development and training of thinking. These are the simplest exercises that will surely help them think and apply thinking to answer the question. If the child finds it difficult, then just push him.

Examples of exercises for the development of thinking

Exercise 1. The goal of the child is to find an extra word. Below are rows of 4 words, and one of them is superfluous and your child must determine which one. Ask him the question "why did he choose this word?"

Birch, pine, linden, apple tree.
Bed, table, chest of drawers, spoon.
Oak, chamomile, rose, tulip.
Fork, spoon, chair, knife.
Candy, soup, halva, jam.
Skirt, hat, dress, slippers.
Apple, beetroot, pear, grapes.

Exercise 2. You come up with a word for the child, and he answers what this person needs from things. It may not be a person at all, but an animal or a bird, and the child names their elements. For example:

Sparrow - branches, grains, puddle.
Doctor - gown, mask, syringe.
Janitor - broom, bucket, rake.
Small baby - rattle, diaper, nipple.
Dog - booth, bone, leash.
Seller - cash desk, goods, calculator.
Bee - flowers, nectar, beehive.
Artist - paints, brushes, canvas.
Mum - ...?
And you will learn a lot of interesting things about your status :)

Exercise 3 Name the components of certain objects, objects. The task is very difficult. During the exercise, the child’s vocabulary will be replenished, since not all words are known to him yet, and you will help him with this. So:

Car - wheels, body, headlights, steering wheel (let the kid name as many elements as possible) ship - ...
airplane - ...
a train - ...
a bike - ...
trolleybus - ...
table - ...
armchair - ...
book - ...
a computer - ...
guitar - ...
piano - ...
drum - ...
house - ...
fence - ...
flower - ...
wood - ...
mushroom - ...
bug - ...
butterfly - ...
dog - ...
Human - ...
Apple - ...
watermelon - ...

The development of thinking in children 6-7 years old

Exercise 1: Which vehicle is the odd one out of the four?

Exercise 2: Logic task. Petya is stronger than Misha, but weaker than Kolya. Who is the weakest guy?

Exercise 3: There are three buckets: green, yellow, blue. Grandfather, grandmother and grandson carried water in different buckets (each has its own color). Grandfather had neither green nor blue. Grandma's is neither green nor yellow. What was the grandson?

It would also be helpful to teach your child how to play chess. This game perfectly develops the sense of thinking, logic, mental counting and many other senses.

For the game "chess" a lot of problems are constantly being composed and invented. For example: mate in 1 move or mate in 2 moves, so it can be in 4. Problems are very interesting, and being able to solve them means having good thinking.

The development of thinking in children 8-9 years old

What becomes older child, the more difficult the tasks must be for him. Below are exercises that will help the child to tense up, think, reflect and argue their answer:

Exercise 1: What can be common and what is the difference between the following pairs of words?

1. table chair
2. bird, plane
3. Heaven, earth
4. Day Night
5. Hill, hole
6. skis, skates
7. tree, bush

Let them explain their position.

Exercise 2: How can you seat 6 children on 2 sofas? How to seat on 3 sofas? The answer should be given in numbers, and all possible answers should be used.

Exercise 3: The child is called a series of words, and the goal of the child is to combine the words with one concept:

1. perch, crucian, pike (fish)
2. elephant, giraffe, ant (animals)
3. autumn, summer, winter (seasons)
4. shovel, rake, broom (tools)
5. cheese, sour cream, butter (dairy products)
6. arm, ears, legs (parts of the body)

Properties of thinking

There are several properties of thinking, which we have analyzed below:

Thinking speed

Each person has their own speed of thinking, and therefore each person copes with the task in different ways. There are methods to increase the speed of thinking:

1. Do facial exercises, that is. normal warming up of the facial muscles.
2. Stop being lethargic, sleepy and expressionless. The more alive you and your facial expressions, the more alive and thinking!
3. Increase the speed of internal reasoning and thoughts. This will help speed up your thinking.
4. Try to massage your head regularly. Massage stimulates the vessels of the brain, which improves their work, and at this moment great thoughts may come to your head.
5. Speed ​​reading training. By perceiving the text faster, you not only improve the speed of reading, but also the speed of thoughts. Indeed, if you read faster and remember what you read, then your thoughts also speed up.

Meaningful thinking

The most common type of thinking - internal chatter - is negative thinking, it "seems to fill" spiritual emptiness, is an illusion. Such thinking is a problem, an obstacle to concentration on any business. To keep thinking clear, you need to perform actions fully comprehending them. It is also desirable to write down thoughts, draw, tell stories to friends, acquaintances, relatives.

Take notes and draw Get into the habit of expressing your thoughts in writing or drawings. Some people, explaining or telling something, not only speak, but also draw, that is, lay a picture for you, clarify the situation.

Tell your thoughts It will be useful to express your thoughts to others who will be really interested in it. By telling this to someone, you will be able to receive feedback. And it will be a plus that the more you tell your thoughts, the more understandable they will be for you (if there were any points that were not clear).

Discuss Discussing thoughts is an effective thing. One head it's good, but two better. The main thing is that the discussion does not turn into a quarrel. If you suddenly do not agree with the thesis of the interlocutor, then make up your own, but do not start a heated argument, but have a calm conversation.

Watch your speechThinking and speech are closely related to each other. Therefore, in order to contribute to the development of thinking, it is worth building your speech correctly. Tip: exclude the words “problems”, “horror”, “difficult”, include “interesting”, “goal”.

Why are speech and thought closely related? Thinking is fleeting, it is difficult to remember, but speech is a different story. Speech is memorable and easier to track. Want to improve your thinking? Pay attention to your speech.

Pay attention to someone else's speech It is easier to follow someone else's speech than your own. Because someone else's speech is something new and all the flaws and failures in logic are heard in it. Studying the mistakes of someone else's speech will help you in finding mistakes in your own speech.

Improve your writing skills Text analysis can be compared to listening to someone else's speech. In both cases, you are looking for errors, roughness and take notes. Improving thinking depends on the ability to process texts.

Depth and freedom of thought

People use their thinking in different ways and with varying degrees freedom. It all depends on the position of perception. The depth and freedom of thinking can be represented as several criteria:

1. pattern thinking, as a rule, this is the look of an egoist: “I forgot - it means I don’t respect”, “I didn’t kiss - it means I don’t love” and so on.
2. My interests: Does it concern me and my plans? “I was cooking dinner, but he didn’t distract me - well, okay. If I wanted to kiss, then that’s exactly what I wanted, which means I’ll kiss when he comes”
3. Interests of relatives: "He was in such a hurry that he even forgot to kiss me. I love him:)"
4. Objectivity: "The world is a stream of neutral events, nothing serious happened, he was just in a hurry."
5. Systemic view A: He ran to work, taking care of us! My favorite!
6. Angel Position: My husband works for people, and this is very important. I'm proud of them!

Efficiency of thinking

To create more effective thinking, you need to master meaningful thinking, and then master the ways to increase the efficiency of thinking:

1. Move from your experiences to the specifics.
2. Replace negative thinking with positive.
3. Find a bridge from right thinking to productive.

Thinking control

The control of thinking, first of all, is connected with the development of thinking and the higher functions of human psychology, the development of will and attention.

It happens that useless and unnecessary thoughts that you want to discard. Don't bother to eradicate them, but try:

1. Think positively and constructively
2. To engage in some business so that thoughts are involved in this business.
3. Start remembering funny moments, positive stories and pleasant things that will create a good atmosphere.

Courses for the development and training of thinking

In addition to games, we have interesting courses that will perfectly pump your brain and improve memory, thinking, concentration:

Money and the mindset of a millionaire

Why are there money problems? In this course, we will answer this question in detail, look deep into the problem, consider our relationship with money from a psychological, economic and emotional point of view. From the course, you will learn what you need to do to solve all your financial problems, start saving money and invest it in the future.

Development of memory and attention in a child 5-10 years old

The course includes 30 lessons with useful tips and exercises for the development of children. In every lesson helpful advice, some interesting exercises, a task for the lesson and an additional bonus at the end: an educational mini-game from our partner. Course duration: 30 days. The course is useful not only for children, but also for their parents.

The secrets of brain fitness, we train memory, attention, thinking, counting

If you want to overclock your brain, improve its performance, pump up memory, attention, concentration, develop more creativity, perform exciting exercises, train in game form and solve interesting puzzles, then sign up! 30 days of powerful brain fitness are guaranteed to you :)

Super memory in 30 days

As soon as you sign up for this course, a powerful 30-day training for the development of super-memory and brain pumping will begin for you.

Within 30 days after subscribing, you will receive interesting exercises and educational games in your mail, which you can apply in your life.

We will learn to remember everything that may be required in work or personal life: learn to memorize texts, sequences of words, numbers, images, events that happened during the day, week, month, and even road maps.

Speed ​​reading in 30 days

Would you like to read books, articles, newsletters, etc. that are interesting to you very quickly? If your answer is "yes", then our course will help you develop speed reading and synchronize both hemispheres of the brain.

With synchronized, joint work of both hemispheres, the brain begins to work many times faster, which opens up much more possibilities. Attention, concentration, perception speed amplify many times over! Using the speed reading techniques from our course, you can kill two birds with one stone:

1. Learn to read very fast
2. Improve focus and concentration speed reading they are extremely important
3. Read a book a day and finish work faster

We speed up mental counting, NOT mental arithmetic

Secret and popular tricks and life hacks, suitable even for a child. From the course, you will not only learn dozens of tricks for simplified and fast multiplication, addition, multiplication, division, calculation of percentages, but you will also work them out in special tasks and educational games! Mental counting also requires a lot of attention and concentration, which are actively trained in solving interesting problems.

Outcome

In this article, we analyzed the features of thinking, learned how to develop thinking, what browser and board games and exercises help develop thinking.

Can rightly be called a crown human knowledge. It is a mental activity with its own goals, motives, operational functions and results. It can be described in different ways: the highest degree assimilation and processing of information and the establishment of causal relationships between objects of reality, as a process of displaying the obvious properties of objects and phenomena and, consequently, the formation of ideas about the surrounding reality, and as a process of knowing the world, based on the ongoing replenishment of the baggage of concepts and ideas about it.

But, regardless of the interpretation, it can be established that the better a person’s thinking is, the more effectively he can interact with the outside world and other people, study and learn, understand phenomena and truths. Thinking is formed as a person develops from his very birth, but life circumstances do not always add up so that it continues to develop. It often happens that, having reached a certain level, development slows down. However, this process, like many others, each of us is able to influence. In other words, everyone is capable
, and how this is done, we will talk in this article.

But before we get down to the main material, a few words should be said about what thinking is in general. In total, there are several of its main types, studied by specialists most often and most of all:

• Visual-figurative thinking;
• Verbal-logical (it is also abstract) thinking;
• Visual-effective thinking;

Below we present short description each of the types of thinking and indicate the effective and simple ways their development.

Visual-figurative thinking and exercises for its development

With the help of visual-figurative thinking, reality is transformed into images, and ordinary phenomena and objects are endowed with new properties. It involves the visual solution of problems and tasks without the need to resort to practical actions. The brain is responsible for its development. Visual-figurative thinking should not be confused with imagination, because. it is based on real objects, actions and processes, and not imaginary or invented.

Visual-figurative thinking can be developed in adults and children in the same ways. Here are some good exercises:

• Think of a few people you have interacted with today and visualize in detail their clothes, shoes, hair, looks, and so on.
• With just two nouns, one adverb, three verbs, and adjectives, describe the words “success,” “wealth,” and “beauty.”
• Swipe: imagine the shape of the ears of your pet or, for example, an elephant; count the number of apartments in your entrance and imagine how they are located in the house; and now flip English letter"N" by 90 degrees and determine what came out of it.
• Describe in words the following objects and phenomena: a flying swan, sparkling lightning, the kitchen of your apartment, lightning, a pine forest, a toothbrush.
• Replay in your mind the image of a recent meeting with friends and give mental answers to several questions: how many people were in the company, and what did each of them wear? What food and drinks were on the table? What were you talking about? What was the room like? In what position did you sit, what sensations did you experience, what taste did you feel from the food and drinks you consumed?

These exercises can be modified at your discretion - you can do whatever you want, but the main thing here is to use visual-figurative thinking. The more you use it, the better it will develop.

You can also check out a course that will help you develop your thinking in just a few weeks. Check it out here.

Verbal-logical (abstract) thinking and exercises for its development

Verbal-logical thinking is characterized by the fact that a person who observes a certain picture as a whole, singles out only the most significant qualities, not paying attention to minor details that simply complement this picture. There are usually three forms of such thinking:

• Concept - when objects are grouped according to features;
• Judgment - when any phenomenon or connections between objects are affirmed or denied;
• Inference - when specific conclusions are drawn on the basis of several judgments.

Develop verbal-logical thinking follows everyone, but it is especially useful to form it from an early age in children, because this is an excellent training of memory and attention, as well as fantasy. Here are some exercises you can use for yourself or your child:

• Set a timer for 3 minutes, write during this time the maximum number of words beginning with the letters "g", "sh", "h" and "z".
• Take a few simple phrases, such as "what's for breakfast?", "let's go to the movies", "come visit" and "tomorrow is a new exam", and read them backwards.
• There are several groups of words: “sad, cheerful, slow, cautious”, “dog, cat, parrot, penguin”, “Sergey, Anton, Kolya, Tsarev, Olga” and “triangle, square, board, oval”. From each group, select those words that do not fit the meaning.
• Identify the differences between a ship and an airplane, grass and a flower, a story and a verse, an elephant and a rhinoceros, a still life and a portrait.
• A few more groups of words: “House - walls, foundation, windows, roof, wallpaper”, “War - weapons, soldiers, bullets, attack, map”, “Youth - growth, joy, choice, love, children”, “Road - cars, pedestrians, traffic, asphalt, poles.” Choose from each group one or two words without which the concept ("home", "war", etc.) could exist as such.

These exercises, again, can be quite easily modernized and modified, simplifying or complicating at your discretion. It is thanks to this that each of them can be an excellent way to train abstract thinking, both in adults and in children. By the way, any such exercises, among other things, perfectly develop the intellect.

Visual-effective thinking and exercises for its development

Visual-effective thinking can be described as the process of solving mental problems by transforming what has arisen into real life situations. It is rightfully considered the first way to process the information received, and it develops very actively in children under 7 years old, when they begin to combine all kinds of objects into one whole, analyze them and operate with them. And in adults this species thinking is expressed in identifying the practical benefits of the objects of the surrounding world, being the so-called manual intellect. The brain is responsible for the development of visual-effective thinking.

An excellent way to learn and train here is the usual game of chess, solving puzzles and sculpting all kinds of figures from plasticine, but there are also several effective exercises:

• Take your pillow and try to determine its weight. Then weigh your clothes in the same way. After that, try to determine the area of ​​​​the room, kitchen, bathroom and other rooms in your apartment.
• Draw a triangle, a rhombus and a trapezoid on the landscape sheets. Then take the scissors and turn all these shapes into a square, cutting once in a straight line.
• Lay 5 matches on the table in front of you and make 2 of them equal triangle. After that, take 7 matches and make 2 triangles and 2 squares out of them.
• Buy a constructor in the store and make various shapes out of it - not only those indicated in the instructions. It is recommended that there be as many details as possible - at least 40-50.

As an effective addition to these exercises, chess and more, you can use our excellent.

Logical thinking and exercises for its development

Logical thinking is the basis of a person's ability to think and reason consistently and without contradictions. It is needed in most life situations: from ordinary dialogues and shopping to solving various problems and developing intelligence. This kind of thinking contributes successful search substantiation of any phenomena, a meaningful assessment of the world around and and judgments. The main task in this case is getting true knowledge about the subject of reflection with the basis for the analysis of its various aspects.

Among the recommendations for the development logical thinking solution can be identified logical tasks(and this is also an excellent training of memory and attention in children and adults), passing tests for the IQ, logic games, self-education, reading books (especially detective stories), and training intuition.

As for specific exercises, we advise you to take note of the following:

• From several sets of words, for example: “armchair, table, sofa, stool”, “circle, oval, ball, circle”, “fork, towel, spoon, knife”, etc. you need to choose a word that does not fit the meaning. Despite its simplicity, it is very efficient technology development of logical thinking, and similar sets and exercises can be found in large numbers on the Internet.
• Collective exercise: get together with friends or the whole family and divide into two teams. Let each team invite the opposite team to solve a semantic riddle, where the content of some text is transmitted. The point is to define. Here is a small example: “The clergyman had an animal in the household. He felt strong for him warm feelings, however, despite this, he performed a violent act on him, which led to his death. This happened for the reason that the animal did something unacceptable - it ate part of the food that was not intended for it. Thinking logically, one can recall a children's song that begins with the words: "The priest had a dog, he loved her ..."
• Another group game: a member of one team performs an action, and a member of the other must find its cause, and then the cause of the cause, and so on until all the motives for the behavior of the first participant are clarified.

Again, these exercises (in particular, the last two) are excellent ways to develop logical thinking and intelligence, suitable for people all ages.

Creative thinking and exercises for its development

Creative thinking is a type of thinking that allows you to systematize and analyze ordinary information in an unusual way. In addition to the fact that it contributes to an extraordinary solution typical tasks, questions and problems, it also increases the efficiency of a person's assimilation of new knowledge. Applying creative thinking, people can consider objects and phenomena from different angles, awaken in themselves the desire to create something new - something that did not exist before (this is the understanding of creativity in its classical sense), develop the ability to move from one task to another and find a lot of interesting options performance of work and exits from life situations.

Ways to develop creative thinking are based on the idea that a person realizes only a small percentage of his potential during his life, and his task is to find opportunities to activate unused resources. The technology for developing creativity is based, first of all, on several recommendations:

• You need to improvise and always look for new ways to solve everyday problems;
• No need to focus on established frameworks and rules;
• You should expand your horizons and constantly learn something new;
• You need to travel as much as possible, discover new places and meet new people;
• It is necessary to make learning new skills and abilities a habit;
• You should try to do something better than others.

But, of course, there are also certain exercises for the development of creative thinking (by the way, we advise you to familiarize yourself with our courses on the development of creative thinking and thinking in general - you will find them).

Now let's talk about exercises:

• Take several concepts, for example, “youth”, “man”, “coffee”, “kettle”, “morning” and “candle”, and select for each of them the maximum possible number of nouns that define their essence.
• Take a few pairs different concepts, for example, "piano - car", "cloud - locomotive", "tree - picture", "water - well" and "aircraft - capsule" and select the maximum number of similar features for them.
• Imagine several situations and think about what might happen in each of them. Examples of situations: “aliens are walking around the city”, “it’s not water that runs from the tap in your apartment, but lemonade”, “all pets have learned to speak human language"," in your city in the middle of summer it snows for a week.
• Look around the room where you are now, and stop looking at any object that interests you, for example, on a closet. Write down on a piece of paper 5 adjectives that match it, and then 5 adjectives that are completely opposite.
• Think about your job, hobby, favorite singer or actor, best friend or other half, and describe it (him/her) in at least 100 words.
• Remember some saying or, and write, based on it, a short essay, verse or essay.
• Write a list of 10 purchases you would make before the end of the world.
• Write a daily plan for your cat or dog.
• Imagine that when you returned home, you saw that the doors of all the apartments were open. Write 15 reasons why this might have happened.
• Make a list of 100 of your life goals.
• Write a letter to yourself in the future - when you are 10 years older.

Also, to activate your creativity and intelligence, you can use two excellent methods in everyday life - and. These ways to develop creativity will help you break all stereotypes, expand your comfort zone and develop an original and unlike anything else type of thinking.

In conclusion, we say that if you have a desire to organize or continue your education and develop your thinking more efficiently, then you will certainly like one of our courses, which you can familiarize yourself with.

For the rest, we wish you every success and comprehensively developed thinking!