Mechanisms of perception and the development of social skills. Gender characteristics of perception

PERCEPTION(from Latin percipio - I perceive), perception(cm.). The environment influences us in the process of our activities, and we perceive and perceive it. The organ of P., as well as the psyche in general, is our brain. P. is not an isolated process, but one of the manifestations of a holistic practical activities person, occurring in specific socio-historical. conditions. Therefore, perception is historically unique, and its features are associated with the level social formation, to which a person belongs, with class affiliation this person, with his social functions, with the degree of his inclusion in these functions (and in connection with this, with his age). That. and the form and content of P. are different in different people historical eras, different classes And different ages. Here the main significance is labor, during which our P. is formed. Thus, P. is not a passive perception external influences environment. “Man in his practical activity has the objective world before him, depends on it, determines his activity by it” (Lenin, IX collection, p. 273). Contrary to the theories of association psychology, perception is not the sum of sensations of individual properties of an object; it psychophysiologically represents a holistic comprehensive education, a system or structure in which it is not so much the parts that determine the whole, but, on the contrary, the whole itself determines its parts. We therefore cannot separate our perceptions from our orientation, from our thinking, from our feelings. Leibniz (1646-1716) contrasts P. as “ internal state, reproducing external things” - a vague state apperception(see) - “consciousness, reflective cognition of this internal state,” i.e., comprehension, awareness of the immediate impression. This doctrine was developed in more detail by Herbart (1776-1871), who understood P. immediate group submissions(see), caused by these irritations, and under apperception, a change in this group under the influence of previously former groups-interpretation of it in connection with past experience, with previous trends. Herbart pointed out that, for example, when we see an orange, we perceive in it not only color and shape, but also roughness, heaviness, smell and taste, although we do not perceive them in this moment, but only remember. Herbart believed that perception is the sum of sensations of these properties of an object; he reduced perceptions to the mechanics of sensations and ideas. Modern Gestaltpsycho-logie, rightly noting the incorrectness of such an interpretation, does not notice what is fundamental in perception, namely its social content and significance. The capitalist and the worker perceive and experience the factory building they see in different ways: for the first, the perception of this object may be inextricably linked, for example, with the anticipation of profits, for the second - with the unpleasant thought of forced labor under conditions of capitalist exploitation, etc. He understands perception somewhat differently Wundt (W. Wundt; 1832 - 1920). Just as in the visual field its central part, the clearest, is distinguished from the lateral fields of vision, which are less clear and become increasingly vague towards the periphery, so in our perceptions, according to Wundt, we can distinguish clear and distinct from vague and vague. Before becoming clear and entering into connection with a person’s previous experience, the impression usually passes through a zone of incomplete clarity, then we call it P. The concept of “experience” in Wundt, as well as in most bourgeois psychologists, has an abstract, idealistic character. The fact that human experience takes part in the process of P. should (contrary to Herbart, Wundt, Gestalt-psycho logie, etc.) be understood and studied in the light of the only correct idea of \u200b\u200ba person as a “totality public relations"(Marx), as a representative of a certain socio-historical formation, a certain class. P. is one of the tools for man’s increasing knowledge of the objective world, one of the components of complex and historically developing activity that “reflects the object” (Lenin). Lit.: Wundt W., Fundamentals of physiological psychology, vol. 1-16, St. Petersburg, no year; L a n g e N., Psychological research. Odessa, 1893; Leibniz G., Selected philosophical works (not edited by V. Preobrazhensky), M., 1908; Leiin V., Materialism and empirio-criticism (Works, vol. XIII, M.-L., 1928); Herbart J., De attentionls men-sura causique primarlis, Regiom., 1822; he Hie, Psycho-logie als Wissenschaft, neu begrtindet auf Erfahrung, Methaphysik und Mathematik, Konigsberg, 1824-25; L eib "nitius G., Opera philosophica, recogn., Pars prior, Berolini, 1840.H. Dobrynin.

Why do we perceive a person this way? How is our attitude towards people formed?

When contacting people, we, without noticing it ourselves, evaluate each of them and draw conclusions about the person himself and his qualities. At the same time, no matter who we communicate with and whatever the duration of this contact, the process of perception of one individual by another always starts. How to understand another and, on the basis of knowledge, build exactly those relationships that are necessary with this person is one of the main questions of psychology.

Definition

The concept of social perception can be characterized as follows: it is the perception of one social unit another. Psychology shows us the mechanisms by which we communicate, build relationships, characterize and understand what to expect from a person, not only based on his personal qualities, but also assessing his social affiliation. To do this, our subconscious takes as a basis a system of social stereotypes - stable ideas that arise within one of the social communities - a group.

Since social perception is most often viewed as communication between individuals, psychologists have identified both special case interpersonal perception. Interpersonal perception is conditioned emotional manifestations and the perceptions of interacting people.

Psychological characteristics interpersonal interaction based on an emotional basis. It includes different kinds phenomena, including emotional reactions of the individual, such as affects, feelings, emotions.

Since a person is constantly in interaction with other people both in his social group and outside it, phenomena of social perception arise. According to psychologists, people from the same social group will have similar reactions to the same situation, will give the same assessment and be guided by similar criteria, since the perception scale and rating systems they have in common.

This is why difficulties often arise for children who move from one school to another. At first, the class into which the newcomer finds himself perceives him as a subject from an alien social group, while almost all children react to him in the same way: they look closely, study. At the same time, in order to join the team, a new student will have to not only learn to be like everyone else, but also, first of all, turn on the mechanism of cognition through interest in the group in which he builds communication.

Where Perception Leads

Communication as a social perception can be implemented in the form:

1. Exchange of information.

2. Emotional exchange.

3. Development of a unified information context. Based on stereotypes, it is formed interpersonal perception. In this case, the features that prevent individuals from objectively perceiving each other’s personalities form the following effects of social perception.

The primacy effect. Only after meeting a person do we form our opinion based on already available information: what he looks like, how he speaks, etc.
The effect of novelty - appeared new information, and suddenly “eyes opened.” The new information seemed to erase the old one or thoroughly correct it. In this case it may happen sudden change relationship to a person. The perceiver will suddenly see something good in him or take off his rose-colored glasses.
The halo effect is the same case when, no matter what they tell you about a person, you will not believe anyone and will not change your opinion about him.
Projection effect - we attribute our own qualities to a person, artificially “improving” or “worsening” him at the expense of them.
Effect average error– possible when you have not yet accepted final decision about what your attitude towards the person is - in this case, you temporarily neutralize the traits and qualities of this person as much as possible.

Types of social perception:

Self-knowledge - the individual perceives and knows himself.
Individual - perception between two individuals - in this case they are in the process of getting to know each other.
A person’s perception of a group, while the process of perception and cognition occurs between the individual and the social group and all its members.
Interpersonal group - cognition both within each group and between its members.

Science identifies the following most important functions social perception:

1. Self-knowledge - a person’s self-perception and self-esteem of himself.

2. Knowing another individual.

3. Establishing contacts in the team when carrying out joint activities.

How do perceptual mechanisms work?

Relationships are based on mechanisms of social perception. They are based on interest and the need to interact constantly or from time to time. These are the following communication tools.

Identification - we recognize an object by becoming like it. When someone tells you, “Stand in my place,” it is a call for identification. Of course it's not the only way perception, but it is most often used in the process of communication. Identification is very close to empathy.

It is most interesting to consider the work of these mechanisms within the framework of the teacher-student relationship. How does pedagogical social perception work? For any teacher, it is necessary not only to emphasize his status, but also not to alienate the student.

Include perceptual mechanisms within the framework educational process- Here the main task teachers. You can show children how they work without using complex terminology. The concepts of perception and apperception are different.

If perception is a more primitive manifestation of the unconscious, unconscious perception of internal processes and surrounding objects, then apperception is a clear, meaningful category of perception, it is associated with past spiritual experience, and is based on human knowledge and abilities. That is, it is a conscious act of cognition of a person, and his perception is based on worldview and experience.

And if the essence of social perception is revealed through direct and everyday communication, then apperception is rather a tool in the hands of professionals who not only study perception and mechanisms, but also manage these processes. Author: Ruslana Kaplanova

PERCEPTION

(lat. perceptio). 1) reception, collection, raising of duties. 2) unconscious perception, a sensation attributed to the cause that produced it (psych. t.).

Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. - Chudinov A.N., 1910 .

PERCEPTION

[lat. perceptio] - psychol. perception, direct reflection of objective reality by the senses.

Dictionary of foreign words. - Komlev N.G., 2006 .

PERCEPTION

unconscious perception of any impression.

Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. - Pavlenkov F., 1907 .

PERCEPTION

perception in general; in a narrower sense, the unconscious perception of impressions, in contrast to apperception - the perception of consciousness.

Complete dictionary foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language. - Popov M., 1907 .

PERCEPTION

lat. perceptio. Conscious representation

Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. - Mikhelson A.D., 1865 .

Perception

(lat. perceptio) psychol. perception, direct reflection of objective reality by the senses.

New dictionary foreign words.- by EdwART,, 2009 .

Perception

perceptions, g. [lat. perceptio] (philosophical). Perception.

Big dictionary foreign words.- Publishing house "IDDK", 2007 .

Perception

And, pl. No, and. (German Perception lat. perceptio understanding, perception, comprehension).
psychol. Perception, direct reflection of objective reality by the senses.
Perceptual- relating to perception.
|| Wed. apperception.

Dictionary foreign words by L. P. Krysin. - M: Russian language, 1998 .

Synonyms:

See what “PERCEPTION” is in other dictionaries:

- (lat. perceptio representation, perception, from percipio I feel, perceive), in modern. psychology is the same as perception. Leibniz used the term "P." to denote the vague and unconscious. perception (“impression”) as opposed to… … Philosophical Encyclopedia

PERCEPTION- (from Latin percipio I perceive), perception (see). The environment influences us in the process of our activities, and we perceive and perceive it. The organ of P., as well as the psyche in general, is our brain. P. is not an isolated process, but... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

Perception, perception Dictionary of Russian synonyms. perception noun, number of synonyms: 2 perception (5) ... Synonym dictionary

perception- (from Latin perceptio perception) the process of direct active reflection by the cognitive sphere of a person of external and internal objects (objects), situations, events, phenomena, etc. (see perception). Brief psychological dictionary. R … Big psychological encyclopedia

- (from Latin perceptio representation, perception), the same as perception ... Modern encyclopedia

- (from Latin perceptio representation perception), the same as perception. G. W. Leibniz has a vague and unconscious perception, as opposed to a clear awareness of apperception... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

PERCEPTION, perceptions, female. (lat. perceptio) (philosophy). Perception. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

See PERCEPTION. Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009 ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

PERCEPTION- (from Latin perceptio - perception). Sensory perception, the reflection of things in consciousness through the senses... New dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)

Perception- (from the Latin perceptio representation, perception), the same as perception. ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

Anthology of colloquial speech. Some aspects of the theory. Litotes - perception. Volume 2, Kharchenko V.K. Each volume of the five-volume series contains theoretical information general, and as the main body - recordings of conversational remarks personally collected by the author, systematized by aspects...
Anthology of colloquial speech. Some aspects of the theory. In 5 volumes. Volume 2. Litota - Perception, V. K. Kharchenko. Each volume of the five-volume set contains theoretical information of a general nature, and as the main body - recordings of conversational remarks personally collected by the author, systematized by aspects...

Concept of perception

Definition 1

Perception is a cognitive process of direct active reflection by a person of various phenomena, objects, events, situations.

If this knowledge is aimed at social facilities, the phenomenon is called social perception. The mechanisms of social perception can be observed every day in our daily lives.

Mention of perception was already found in ancient world. Huge contribution to development this concept contributed by philosophers, physiologists, artists, and physicists. But the most great importance This concept is given by psychology.

Perception is important mental function cognition, which manifests itself as a complex process of transformation and receipt of sensory information. Through perception, the individual forms a complete image of the object, which affects the analyzers. Thus, perception is a unique form of sensory display.

Characteristics and properties of perception

This phenomenon has the following main characteristics:

identification of individual signs;
correct absorption of information;
formation of an accurate sensory image.

Perception is related to logical thinking, attention and memory. It depends on a person’s motivation and has emotional coloring a certain type.

Basic properties of perception:

structure,
apperception,
objectivity,
contextuality,
meaningfulness.

Perceptual factors

Perceptual factors are of two types:

internal,
external.

TO external factors relate:

intensity,
size,
novelty,
contrast,
repeatability,
movement,
recognition.

Internal factors of perception include:

motivation, which lies in the fact that a person sees what he considers important or what he strongly needs;
settings of personal perception, when an individual expects to see what he saw previously in a similar situation;
experience that enables a person to perceive what past experience has taught him;
characterological features of personality.

Interaction with society through perception

The concept of a variety of our perception - social perception - is widely used in psychology.

Definition 2

Social perception is a person’s understanding and evaluation of himself, other people, and other social objects.

This term was introduced in 1947 by psychologist D. Bruner. The introduction of this concept into psychology allowed scientists to look differently at the problems and tasks of human perception. Man is a social being and is a subject large quantity different relationships. Positive or negative attitude the individual’s attitude towards the people around him depends on the perception and assessment of communication partners.

Social perception comes in several forms:

human perception;
perceptions by group members;
group perception.

Mechanisms of social perception

Perception has certain features of the functioning of its mechanisms. The following mechanisms of social perception exist:

stereotyping, which is the formation of a persistent image or idea of people and phenomena characteristic of all representatives of one social group;
identification, expressed in intuitive identification and cognition of an individual or group in a communication situation, in which a comparison or juxtaposition of the internal states of partners occurs;
empathy, which implies emotional empathy to others, the ability to understand other people by providing them with emotional support and getting used to their experiences;
reflection, that is, self-knowledge through interaction with other people;
attraction - knowledge of other people based on a positive, persistent feeling;
causal attribution, which is the process of predicting the feelings and actions of surrounding people.

The specificity of interpersonal cognition is that it takes into account both different physical features, and behavioral characteristics. Therefore, social perception has a huge dependence on the emotions, motives, opinions, attitudes, and prejudices of both partners. In social perception there is also subjective assessment another man.

Perception is a complex mechanism psychological interaction the individual and the object perceived by him. This interaction occurs under the influence of a large number of factors.

Perception- This cognitive function psyche, which forms individual perception of the world. This function is a reflection of a phenomenon or object as a whole during its direct influence on the receptor surface parts of the sensory organs. One of the core biological processes psyche that determines the most complex operation The reception and transformation of information acquired through the senses, which form a personalized holistic image of an object that influences analyzers through a set of sensations caused by this object, is considered a function of perception or perception.

Perception in psychology is the process of direct active reflection by the cognitive sphere of the subject of internal objects and external objects or phenomena. As a form of sensory representation of an object, perception combines the identification of an object as inseparable, the distinction of individual qualities in it, the detection of informative content in it corresponding to the purpose of the action, and the development of a sensory image. Perception is the process of becoming aware of the stimulation of sensory receptors.

Social perception

Origin and further successful development interpersonal communicative interaction is possible only on the condition that there is mutual understanding between the parties involved in this process. The extent to which subjects reflect each other’s feelings and qualities, understand and perceive those around them, and with their help own personality, largely determines the communication process, the relationships formed between the participants, and the methods by which they implement joint activities. Therefore, the process of cognition and comprehension by one subject of another acts as an obligatory component of communication. This component can roughly be called the perceptual aspect of communication.

Social perception is one of the most serious and most important phenomena social psychology. The definition of social perception was first introduced by D. Bruner after the formation of a qualitatively different view of the subject’s perception of the subject.

Perception in psychology is an action that arises during the interaction of individuals with each other and combines the perception, passage, understanding and evaluation of social objects by individuals.

The concept of perception combines:

individual process of perception of observed actions;
interpretation of perceived causes of actions and expected consequences;
building a personal behavior strategy;
emotional assessment.

Social perception is the process of perception in social sense social facilities. This is a process that arises during personal interaction, is based on natural communications and occurs in the form of perception and comprehension by the individual.

Interpersonal perception is characterized by dependence on emotional reactions, views, attitudes, ideas, hobbies and prejudices. The nature of interpersonal relationships differs significantly from the essence of social relationships. Since a specific feature of interpersonal interaction is the presence of an emotional basis. Therefore, interaction of an interpersonal nature should be considered as the cause of the psychological “microclimate” of the team. Emotional foundation interpersonal relationships combines all types of emotional reactions of the individual, such as feelings, emotions.

There are certain mechanisms of social perception. First of all, these should include identification, and.

The processes of social perception have a significant difference in the perception of objects of a non-social nature. This difference is that objects of a social nature do not have passive and indifferent traits in relation to the person of perception. Besides, social models are always characterized by the presence of evaluative interpretations and semantic judgments. In a sense, perception is interpretation. However, the interpretation of another person or group of persons always depends on the past social experience of the perceiving subject, the behavioral reactions of the object of perception at a particular moment, the system of value guidelines of the perceiving person and other factors.

There are fundamental functions of perception, which include: knowledge of oneself, communication partner, organization collective activity based on mutual understanding and the establishment of the necessary emotional relationship.

Perceptual functions are necessary for better understanding essence of perception. During communicative actions mutual understanding is necessary in order to effectively assimilate information. The perception of a communication participant is called the perceptual side of communicative interaction. This process can be represented as the internal foundation of the communication process, which has reached quite high level development.

The phenomenon of social perception is based on the mutual understanding of subjects. Therefore, it should be noted that there are several levels of mutual understanding. The first level occurs when the system of social meanings and individual meanings of communicating individuals coincide, and there are no coincidences in the degree of mutual evaluation personal qualities.

An example of this level of perception is professional communicative interaction. Next level observed when not only semantic systems coincide, but also the degree of mutual assessment of personal qualities. It is observed when the subjects are mutually satisfied own emotions that arise in relation to one person to another. The third level is when there is high degree mutually directed trust of individuals and their openness. Communication on this level assumes the absence of secrets from each other that significantly affect the interests of the partner.

Like anyone else mental process, perception is characterized by its properties.

Properties of perception include objectivity (the perception of objects not as an incoherent set of sensations, but as images that make up certain objects), structure (the object is perceived by consciousness as a simulated structure, abstracted from sensations), apperceptivity (the content of the psyche is affected), constancy (the immutability of perception object when the stimulus changes), meaningfulness (the object is perceived through consciousness, then mentally named and belongs to the class) and selectivity (singling out some objects over others). The properties of perception develop depending on the age period of the individual.

Mechanisms of social perception

An individual always enters into communicative interaction as a person, and in the same way he is perceived by his fellow communicator as a person.

Communication as perception presupposes the presence of interpersonal perception - the development of an initial impression and interpersonal perception in general. Therefore, it is possible to identify mechanisms of social perception, which are specific ways that determine an individual’s interpretation, understanding and evaluation of a partner in communicative interaction. The most common mechanisms include causal attribution, identification, empathy, attraction, and social. Below are more detailed description these mechanisms.

Causal attribution is the attribution of reasons for a behavioral response to a subject. Each individual unintentionally makes his own assumptions about the reasons for the actions of the perceived individual, why exactly he behaves in this way. Attributing to partner various reasons behavior, the observer does this based on the similarity of his behavioral reactions either with some person known to him or in a known way personality, or based on analysis own motives, which could manifest themselves in an individual in a similar situation.

Casual attribution operates on the principle of analogy and depends on some aspects of the self-perception of the person who perceives and evaluates the other.

A way of comprehending another, in which the hypothesis about him state of mind built based on attempts to put oneself in the place of a fellow communicator, it is called identification. In other words, there is a comparison of oneself with a second individual. During identification, the partner’s norms are learned, his value guidelines, behavioral reactions, habits and tastes. Identification has a special personally significant meaning at a specific age stage, approximately during the transition period and adolescence. Since at this stage, identification largely determines the nature of the relationship between the young person and his significant environment.

Communication as perception consists in the understanding of communicating persons of each other and is mediated not only solely by the presence common system encryption or decryption of information and jointly directed action, but also specific features the individual's perception of the individual.

Empathy is empathy emotional orientation to another individual. Through emotional responses, the individual comprehends the internal state of the partner. Empathy is based on the ability to correctly imagine and understand what is happening inside another individual, how he evaluates environment what he is experiencing. Empathy in interaction with the second participant in communication is often considered as one of the most necessary professional traits of a psychologist, social worker and teacher.

Attraction is translated as attraction, and can be expressed as a special form of comprehension of another subject, based on the development of a stable positive feeling in relation to him. In this case, understanding of the interaction partner arises as a result of the formation of attachment, friendship or a deeper relationship of an intimate-personal nature towards him.

Through perception and subsequent interpretation of the environment and social environment, also the subject perceives and then interprets his own personality, actions and motives.

Social reflection refers to the process and consequence of an individual’s self-perception in a social context. By social reflection as a tool of social perception we mean a person’s understanding of his own individual characteristics and how they are expressed in external response, as well as comprehension of how he is perceived by the environment.

Interpersonal perception is typically governed by all of the above mechanisms.

Effects of social perception

Certain features that prevent interacting partners from adequately perceiving each other are called social perception effects. These include: halo effect, projection, primacy, novelty, average error.

Interpersonal perception involves mutual assessment by the participants of communicative interaction, but over time there is no change in value judgments partners. This happens due to natural causes and is called the halo effect. In other words, the once formed judgment of one participant about another does not change, even though new information about the subject of communication accumulates and new experience arises.

The effect of social perception can be observed during the formation of a first impression about an individual, when the general good impression leads to a generally positive evaluation and, conversely, an unfavorable impression provokes a predominance of negative evaluations.

With similar social effect have close connection effects such as primacy and novelty. During the perception of an unfamiliar individual, the primacy effect prevails. The opposite of this effect is the effect of novelty, which consists in the fact that information received last is more significant. The novelty effect works when perceiving a previously familiar individual.

They also highlight the projection effect, which is the attribution of a pleasant interlocutor own merits, and the unpleasant – one’s own shortcomings, in other words, to most clearly identify in one’s interlocutors precisely those qualities that are clearly expressed in the perceiving individual. The effect of the average error is expressed in the tendency to soften the assessment of the most pronounced features of the partner towards the average.

The listed effects should be considered as an expression of a special process that accompanies the perception of an individual by an individual. This process is called stereotyping.

Thus, the concept of perception is a reflection of things and situations of reality during their impact on people’s senses. Wherein important role plays age period, in which the perceiving individual is located.