A writer who has surzhik in her works. Surzhik is an ambiguous phenomenon

Surzhik (from surzhik - “bread or flour from a mixture different types grains such as wheat and rye) language education within the framework of the Ukrainian language under the influence of Russian, widespread in most of the territory of Ukraine, and also, probably, in the neighboring regions of Russia and Moldova. Numerous early written monuments of surzhik belong to XVIII century(that is, they precede the appearance of the literary Ukrainian language) and come from the Left-Bank Ukraine, the region where surzhik is most common in modern times.

According to the Kyiv international institute Sociology in Surzhik communicates from 11 to 18% of the total population of Ukraine: from 2.5% to Western Ukraine, up to a maximum of 21% in the Poltava, Sumy and Chernihiv regions; in the south and eastern regions the number of speakers of surzhik significantly exceeds the share of the Ukrainian-speaking population (in the South, 12.4% speak surzhik, 5.2% speak Ukrainian, 9.6% use surzhik in the East of Ukraine, and 3.7% use Ukrainian). The Surzhik-speaking population during sociological surveys is usually recorded as Ukrainian-speaking, population censuses do not record Surzhik at all as colloquial. Surzhik does not have any official status and is considered by the Ukrainian authorities as the Ukrainian language corrupted by Russianisms, although it originated in the era preceding the appearance of the Ukrainian literary language.

Surzhik was formed among the rural population as a result of mixing Ukrainian dialects with the Russian spoken language. As a rule, grammar and pronunciation remain Ukrainian, while a significant part of the vocabulary is borrowed from Russian, while the share of borrowings varies depending on education and life experience carrier.

There is no consensus on the nature of surzhik. Surzhik cannot be called a pidgin, since pidgins appear in extreme situation interethnic contacts in case of an urgent need to achieve mutual understanding (that is, when two closely related and mutually intelligible languages come into contact, a pidgin cannot arise). In addition, pidgins are not native to anyone, because, due to their primitiveness, they are unable to provide full-fledged communication. It is difficult to call Surzhik a Creole language as well, since Creole languages arise in the process of pidgin nativization. The designation mixed language seems to be somewhat more correct - as in classical mixed languages \u200b\u200blike the language of the Mednov Aleuts or Michif, the vocabulary in Surzhik is taken from one language, and most of grammar - from another. At the same time everything mixed languages, like pidgins, arose upon contact not related languages. It is possible to look at surzhik as an urban vernacular that was formed as a result of linguistic interference, which was absent in the Ukrainian language due to its low prevalence in cities; in this case, it can be recognized as a sociolect.

Surzhik was already portrayed by Ivan Kotlyarevsky, the first writer who wrote in Ukrainian (“Natalka Poltavka”). Some works by modern Ukrainian writers Bogdan Zholdak and Les Poderevyansky are written in surzhik for comic effect. For the same purpose, the pop humorist Tarapunka used and is used by the famous artist Andrei Danilko (in the image of Verka Serduchka).

A similar phenomenon in Belarusian language called a trasyanka.

surzhik, surzhik wikipedia
Ukraine, Russia, Moldova

Total number of speakers:

several million

Mixed language:

contact language based on Ukrainian Polish Hungarian and Russian.

Writing:

Cyrillic
(Ukrainian alphabet)

General information

There is no consensus on the nature of surzhik. Surzhik cannot be called a pidgin, since pidgins arise in an extreme situation of interethnic contacts when there is an urgent need to reach mutual understanding (that is, a pidgin cannot arise during peaceful contact between two closely related and mutually intelligible languages). In addition, pidgins are not native to anyone, because, due to their primitiveness, they are not able to provide full-fledged communication. It is difficult to call Surzhik a Creole language, since Creole languages arise in the process of assimilation of a pidgin. The designation mixed language seems to be somewhat more correct - as in classical mixed languages \u200b\u200blike the language of the Mednov Aleuts or Michif, the vocabulary in Surzhik is taken from the Russian language, and most of the grammar is taken from Ukrainian. At the same time, all mixed languages, like pidgins, arose from the contact of unrelated languages. It is possible to look at surzhik as an urban vernacular that was formed as a result of linguistic interference, which was absent in the Ukrainian language due to its low prevalence in cities; in this case, it can be recognized as a sociolect.

scientific definition

First scientific work devoted to the study of surzhik as a multifaceted phenomenon appeared in the 1990s. The problem of surzhik was considered in the works of T. Vozniak, T. Koznarsky, L. Masenko, J. Polishchuk, V. Radchuk, O. Ruda, L. Stavitskaya, M. Strikha, V. Tovstenko, V. Trub, M. Feller, O Shumilova, L. Bilanyuk, M. Flyer, A. Okara and other scientists. Earlier works were predominantly journalistic in nature. As of 2007, there were only working versions of the definition of the concept of surzhik. One of these options was developed by Lesya Stavitskaya and Vladimir Trub:

- this is an uncodified colloquial everyday style of the language (speech), which arose as a result of a massive long-term contact Ukrainian-Russian bilingualism in its digloss form. Surzhik arises as a result of systemic interference at the phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactic levels; it is represented by whole-formed lexemes - Surzhikisms, which are superimposed on the Ukrainian or Russian language basis; manifests itself on the basis of regional varieties of the Ukrainian language as a language code among individuals various types language competence, in diverse social-corporate and communicative spheres.

Variants of the definition given by other authors: - this is a chaotic filling of the destroyed links in the structure of the Ukrainian language with elements of a superficially learned Russian (Masenko); its feature is Russian vocabulary with partial Ukrainian syntax, phonetics (Strikha; Okara) and morphology (Kuznetsova).

History and origins

Surzhik was recorded in writing by the first author who wrote in colloquial Ukrainian, Ivan Kotlyarevsky, in his work “Natalka-Poltavka” (1819) by Vozny, a Ukrainian (representative of authority in the village), who tried to speak Russian.

Surzhik options

Surzhik was formed among the rural population as a result of mixing Ukrainian dialects with the Russian spoken language.

Surzhik in different regions Ukraine and its individual carriers has significant differences. As a rule, grammar and pronunciation (articulatory base, prosody) remain Ukrainian, and if phonetic and grammatical phenomena penetrate from the Russian language, they remain lexicalized: they do not switch to the same type of properties of Ukrainian language units, however, affect word formation. at the same time, a more or less significant part of the vocabulary, depending on the education, language experience of the speaker, as well as on his speech intention and general speech situation, borrowed from Russian.

Use of surzhik, survey of the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, 2003, data on macroregions

There are three options for using surzhik:

Surzhik as a language of spontaneous use. Vernacular or local dialect with numerous Russianisms, which is actually the only linguistic behavior of persons who have poor command of both Ukrainian and Russian literary language and do not attach importance to the peculiarities of their language.
Conscious use of surzhik. It is characteristic of people who know both languages, but do not have automatism in their use.
Undesirable, involuntary penetration of elements of a non-basic language into a basic one, or a basic one into a non-basic one, in persons who are fluent in one language and who study a second one - Russian or Ukrainian.

Literary Ukrainian written in obsolete spelling and mistaken for surzhik on pre-revolutionary postcards

Distribution and use

According to the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, from 11 to 18% of the total population of Ukraine communicates in Surzhik (that is, 5.1 - 8.3 million people). A mixture of Russian and Ukrainian is spoken from 2.5% in Western Ukraine, to a maximum of 21% in the regions of Left-Bank Ukraine; in the southern and eastern regions, the number of speakers of surzhik significantly exceeds the share of the Ukrainian-speaking population (in the South, 12.4% speak surzhik, 5.2% speak Ukrainian, 9.6% use surzhik in the East of Ukraine, and 3.7% use Ukrainian) . According to the all-Ukrainian study, which was conducted in 1998 by the center sociological research Kiev-Mohyla Academy, 15-16% of respondents answered in surzhik.

The census does not record Surzhik as a spoken language. Surzhik does not have any official status and is regarded by the Ukrainian authorities as the Ukrainian language corrupted by Russianisms.

Some works by modern Ukrainian writers Bogdan Zholdak and Les Podervyansky are written in surzhik for comic effect. The well-known artist Andrey Danilko also performs on surzhik (in the image of Verka Serduchka).

A similar phenomenon in the Belarusian language is called trasyanka.

The word "surzhik" was also used to refer to children of multilingual (Russian-Ukrainian) parents. Naturally, in childhood they spoke a mixture of languages, they were ridiculed, but they knew both languages. When obtaining a passport, one could choose one of the nationalities.
During the time of the "fifth count" in Odessa, "surzhiks" were called those who abandoned the Jewish ethnic group.
AT Russian regions adjacent to Kharkovskaya, especially in Belgorodskaya and in the extreme south and southeast Voronezh region, there are still quite numerous settlements in which Ukrainian-Russian surzhik is spoken. Accordingly, the surrounding settlements use Ukrainianisms. At the same time, they do not consider their language to be “Surzhyk”, claiming that they speak Ukrainian.
Surzhik, in accordance with the literary source - the comedy of Mikhail Staritsky - is spoken by Galakhvastov and Serko, who strive to speak Russian in the film "Chasing Two Hares", and this feature was preserved when the film was dubbed into Russian, although the Surzhik speech itself had to be changed in places for greater comprehensibility to the Russian-speaking audience.
Surzhik was also used by the famous pop humorist of the 40-60s, Yuri Trofimovich Timoshenko (Tarapunka), who performed in a duet with Efim Iosifovich Berezin (Shtepsel).
MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Tsarev proposed to make Surzhik the official language of Ukraine.

Examples of surzhik

Epitaph at the cemetery of the village of Dolgaya Pristan (Pervomaisky district of the Nikolaev region):“You left us so early. I joy and happiness taking you with me. Forgive me, dear and our beloved, that we could not save you and be with you. With deep sadness, mom, dad, woman, son, daughter, sister and grandmother.

From the notes of researchers European University in St. Petersburg:

In the family we communicate in Ukrainian, even in surzhik, one might say ... (Kharkov, 2003).
In Russian and Ukrainian. Yak have to. Already mixing, already mixing ... in general - the mixture turned out and everything. There is no such pure, Russian or Ukrainian Schaub. One word for Rus, another for Ukrainian... (Kharkov, 2003).

Shaw right now robish?
How did you do it?
Do you want to fly?
What can you say about it? Let's study what?
I don’t even know what to do yoga.
I don't understand! Will you pay or not?

(Kharkiv region, 2011)

I'll be a little late.
Skiki time?

First, second, third.
Skiki you year?

(Krasnograd, 2012)

Wait

(Donetsk, 2013)

19th century

The Russian-language newspaper Kievskiye Gubernskiye Vedomosti has repeatedly criticized the use of surzhik. The editors of the newspaper noted that during the days of contracts (fairs), when many guests from all over the Russian Empire came to Kyiv, the use of surzhik becomes very noticeable. “When I first visited the Contract House,” wrote a newspaper correspondent in 1854, “I was amazed, bewildered, seeing and hearing everything that happened there Miscellaneous phrases wonderful. "Goodbye, we'll go home." - "No, don't go, you still seem to have to see Pan Strezlitsky." "Stop, you're all laughing at me." - “Here, let's go this way!” - “No, it's better to go there. There, you see how everyone is spinning.

20th century

"The most monstrous strokes, - Genitive accusative, “give me a knife”, “himself” in the sense of “one”, “there”, “here” instead of “there” and “here”, “I miss you” - at every step, even in the mouths of intelligent people.

Surzhik in the cinema

1939 - Sorochinskaya Fair(dir. Nikolai Eck). The first Ukrainian color film, adaptation of the story of the same name by Nikolai Gogol.
1961 - For two hares. Comedy film based on the play by Mikhail Staritsky. The story of the adventures of the Kyiv dandy Golokhvastov.
2007 - Liquidation (dir. Sergey Ursulyak). Russian serial feature film.

Notable people using surzhik

Mykola Azarov is a Ukrainian political and statesman.
Oleg Lyashko is a Ukrainian politician.
Verka Serdyuchka - Ukrainian artist

Notes

“Regularities in the development of Ukrainian verbal literary movement”, K., 1965
Ukrainian-Russian duality. Linguistic sociocultural aspects., Zb. scientific practice, - Kiev, "Pulsari", 2007, p.77 - ISBN 978-966-8767-63-0.
http://eu.spb.ru/ethno/projects/project3/ukraine/007/008.htm
Ivan Kotlyarevsky. Natalka-Poltavka. Opera Little Russian in 2 children.
Kiev International Institute of Sociology
http://web.archive.org/web/20100409034319/http://www.kiis.com.ua/txt/pdf/ing-ethn.pdf
Larisa Masenko
Ukrainian nationalists demand to deprive Verka Serduchka of citizenship
Tsarev wants to make Surzhik the second state language. // Ukrainian Truth, June 12, 2013
Attitude towards language and its choice
Boguslavsky M. S., Margolin D. Sputnik in Kiev / guide, Printing house of the newspaper " Latest news”, K.: 1912. S. 324.
1 2 3 Lyashko proposed to make Azizka the second state language (video). Lenta-UA (June 14, 2013). - “Earlier, Oleg Lyashko spoke from the parliamentary rostrum in the “language of Azarov”” Retrieved on October 25, 2014. Archived from the original on October 25, 2014.

Sources

Rein E. Notes of a Marathon Runner. - Yekaterinburg: U-Factoria, 2005. - p. 43. - ISBN 5-94799-487-9.
Vakhtin N., Zhironkina O., Liskovets I., Romanova E. New languages of new states: phenomena at the junction of closely related languages in the post-Soviet space (about Surzhik and Trasyanka)
Khmelko V.Є. Linguistic structure of Ukraine: regional peculiarities and tendencies of change for the fates of independence. K., 2004.
Online dictionary of Ukrainian slang using the surzhik "Mislovo"

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Surzhik Information About

"The linguistic phenomenon, which was called surzhik, belongs to a specific form of the language in Ukraine. The term itself originated from agricultural vocabulary. The largest dictionary The Ukrainian language fixes this term in two meanings: 1. A mixture of grains of wheat and rye, rye and barley, barley and oats, etc.; 2. Elements of two or more languages. united artificially, without observing the norms of the literary language; unclean language (example - Ukrainian-Russian surzhik).

The word surzhik from the sphere of rural life was metaphorically transferred to linguistic phenomenon. It is difficult to say exactly when people began to use this term. Some linguists say that around the 20-30s of the 20th century it was first used as a description for the mixed Ukrainian-Russian language of the Eastern Ukrainian village. However, the term surzhik entered the field of linguistics much later. Also, many linguists refused to use this term and offered their own options for naming this phenomenon.

This specific dialect arose in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, when the imperial assimilation policy interrupted the development of the old Ukrainian written tradition. The introduction of the Russian language into the administrative sphere and into education entailed certain consequences. Office workers, dyaks, clerks, school teachers started talking to strange language where the elements were Old Church Slavonic, the Russian administrative language, and all this was combined with the phonetic basis and lexical, as well as morphological elements of the Ukrainian language.

It should also be added that another factor for the emergence of a mixed dialect was military service. All the men of Ukraine who were sent for a long time to long service in tsarist Russia, over the years just forgot your native language and switched to Russian.

Thus, the surzhik used in the 18-19 centuries can be qualified as a sociolect, which was used certain groups Ukrainian population - mostly city officials and men from the countryside who were military service. In the rest of Ukraine there were no mixed dialects, there were only varieties of the Ukrainian language. And the massive spread of the Ukrainian-Russian dialect was due to contacts between the Ukrainian-speaking village and the Russian-speaking city.

The Bolshevik coup of 1917 destroyed the social hierarchy Russian Empire. Then there was a period when the Ukrainians fought for their independence, and they also wanted to increase the prestige of the Ukrainian language, but this period was very short-lived and essentially did not change the language situation in Ukraine.

The Bolshevik Ukrainization of the 20s of the 20th century greatly influenced Surzhik. During this period, the Ukrainian language was introduced into all spheres public life. The main ideologist and executor of the party policy of Ukrainization, People's Commissar Education Mykola Skrypnik drew attention to the problems of mixed and laman languages in the territory of the republic. The presence of this forced Mykola Skrypnyk to set tasks - total Ukrainization and de-Russification. Insofar as a large number of people originally from Ukraine spoke three-quarters Russian and one-quarter Ukrainian.

Ukrainization raised the prestige of the Ukrainian language. People stopped complexing and tried to clearly adhere to the rules of their language without adapting Russian-speaking population. Surzhik really began to be used less.

However Soviet leadership quickly realized that such a policy could well give rise to a national revolution for the independence of Ukraine. Russification begins in the 1930s and mass terror. In secondary and higher educational institutions, teaching in Ukrainian is decreasing, and the Ukrainian language is also being squeezed out of scientific field. Ultimately, the social base of Ukrainian was again undermined, and its use in the cities greatly decreased. Soviet ideologists came up with new slogans of "unity with the elder brother" - the Russian people. It must also be said that the Soviet government did not resist "Surzhikization", as they considered it a rapprochement between two related languages. There was a similar situation as during the period of the Russian Empire, the intelligentsia and city officials began to use mixed speech. Varieties of the Ukrainian language and various dialects remained only in villages and small towns. Naturally, surzhik was also used in the villages, but based on scientific research on the territory of Central, Northern and Eastern Ukraine, it can be said that people used lexical Russisms in the Russian phonetic form, but these expressions and phrases did not violate the Ukrainian basis.

In the 70s, a huge process of urbanization began, people from the countryside moved to the cities. The Russian language dominates in all areas of public life, surzhik is mainly observed in small towns and villages in Central, Eastern and Southern Ukraine.

In the late 80s and early 90s. political changes took place, Ukraine became an independent state and the Ukrainian language became the only state language. The new Ukrainian government had the opportunity to expand the functions of the Ukrainian language, create favorable conditions for its development, and thus oust Surzhik. But unfortunately this was not done. Also, due to the lack of political will, the processes of de-Russification, decommunization, decolonization of the humanitarian sphere were not carried out. Subsequently, the lack of language public policy, the inability of the authorities to protect their information and cultural space became the reason that the Russian language was not only preserved as the dominant language in society, but also strengthened its position in the East and South of the country, where the language situation was under the complete control of the Kremlin.

Examples:

Phonetic:

preservation of the fricative g in speech

a tendency to reduce the vowel of an unstressed position, “akanye” ([kharasho], [ap’at’]);

a tendency to reduce the vowel of an unstressed position, "hiccup" ([mat'ir'yál], [s'im'eyny]);

replacement of the affricate [dz] with a single consonant [h]: call, call

stunning voiced consonants at the end of a word or at the junction of morphemes (wiggle [t], forget [s] stove, [s] nimali);

mitigation of hissing consonants (better [crásh": e], school [uch"íl "ish": e]);

a tendency to soften labial consonants before non-front vowels and a consonant at the junction of morphemes or at the end of a word ([time], [dev'yat'], [now'], [secretary'om])

Morphological:

1. Loss of specific Ukrainian forms, for example, inflections in Sv.p. unit all births (wait, Lenka, cf. Ukrainian check, Olenko); - endings -ovіv D.p.s. m.r. (a person is necessary, cf. Ukr. a person is necessary).

2. The appearance of variants of inflections due to differences in phonetic systems Ukrainian and Russian languages, namely: - in the form Im.p. plural m. and w. gender (women, money, cf. Ukrainian women); - in Tv.p. plural all births (for relatives, cf. Ukrainian for relatives)

3. Replacement of Ukrainian endings with inflections from the Russian case system: - Proposition. unit all births (on a minibus, cf. Ukrainian on a minibus); plural m.r. (teachers, cf. Ukrainian teachers); -R.p. plural m.r.

Adjectives in the form R.p. unit zh.r. (from the city's sake, from our side, cf. Ukrainian from the city's sake, from our side);

Adjectives in the form Preposition.p. unit m. and female (in the rural area, in the first class, cf. Ukrainian in the rural area, in the first class).

Infinitive ending -t: Schaub only not practice, cf. Ukrainian pratsyuvati,

Parallel use of endings -et / -iti -є / -ev 3l. unit present tense: may/may, cf. Ukrainian maybe; go, cf. Ukrainian walk; offend, cf. Ukrainian image.

Parallel functioning of inflections –imo/-emoi –im/-emv 1l. plural present tense: let's go, cf. Ukrainian let's go; get well, cf. Ukrainian sorry; let's go, cf. Russian walk; work, cf. Russian do.

Lexical:

Catch up - sleep, kramnica - shop, pozhezha - fire, same / vlasne - exactly, beauty - beauty, right - dilo

1. Direct transfer of words:

a) with the preservation of the Russian sound shell: [kan "éshna], Ukrainian sonic; cabi [n" é] t, cf. Ukrainian cabin[né]t,

b) with changes in accordance with syntagmatic and paradigmatic rules sound system Ukrainian language: [about] steel, Ukrainian. reshta; study, Ukrainian training.

2. Hybrid word formation:

a) transfer of the root with the replacement of the derivative affix: podchinyatisya, Ukrainian. deposits-cf. Russian obey; play, Ukrainian progravati-cf. Russian lose,

b) the use of the original root with the adaptation of borrowed affixes: useful, Ukrainian. fit - cf. Russian come in handy; independence, Ukrainian independence–cf. Russian independence.

Syntactic:

Ukrainian language		Material
Preposition + case
behind+ Tv.p.	behind Canadian program; robila tse behind project; practice behind specialty; behind principle	on+ D.p.
h+ R.p.	yak mi vchili h history; organization h right undertaking; h tієї chi inshoi cause
zgidnoh/ atlinkh+ Tv.p.	zgidno h by decree; on the chosen at link zі right evidence
on the+ V.p.	on the looking on the pledge
on+ P.p.	on lightingix mortgageOh
behind+ V.p.	put behind fault	in / at+ V.p. at+ P.p.
on the+ V.p.	on the proof love; on the before the year ambitions; once on the month
pidhour+ R.p.	pid hour choice; pid hour training

Golovko, S. Rusky jazyk in Ukraine. Bakalarska prace. ZČU: Plzeň, 2015, s. 17-20.

Outside of Odessa, S. is most often referred to as the wild mixture of Russian and Ukrainian spoken by most rural Ukrainians. Indeed, many of them believe that
they speak the state language. About learning for the present Ukrainian language proper obra-yum is out of the question for the time being. After all, S. suits very many nationally concerned politicians: let people speak whatever they like, as long as they don't speak Russian. However, this is not only the case villager who, next to many high-ranking officials, may look like subtle connoisseurs of the state language. Even the popular TV channel "1 + 1", thanks to which some of the citizens of Ukraine began to understand official language, sometimes goes astray to S. For example, almost daily the word “kozel” is heard from television speakers, although in Ukrainian the meaning of the goat is called “tsap”. In Odessa, where there is National language, originally and deliberately built on the C system, such a problem simply does not exist. Therefore, S. is referred to here only as children who appeared as a result of mixed marriages. Characteristic S. aged - if Jewish blood flowed in the veins of one of the parents, the surname and nationality of the second parent were put in the birth metric. At the present time, due to the change in priorities regarding the notorious Jewish question, in many cases with this category of S. everything happens exactly the opposite. If before they tried not to accept Jews in higher educational establishments(the term “national cadres” was not coined, but was famously implemented in Odessa), they limited their rights in employment, now Jewish children, including C, thanks to help from outside the country, got the opportunity to study at the very prestigious school “Or Sameach” . Its educational conditions are not even jokingly comparable to privileged high schools, not to mention ordinary ones. Graduates of this school have the opportunity to complete in truth free education in foreign universities, to find a job abroad, not to mention the opportunity to go abroad forever, which is a dream of many in our country. I myself would gladly send my son to such a school, if Russia decided to actually prove devotion to its high ideals by opening in Odessa national school at the Ohr Sameach level. Until this happens, I hasten to note: according to the observations of some scientists, the mixing of blood often leads to the birth of talented men and smart people. beautiful women. For this reason, Odessa has never been lazy to make high-quality products of the most domestic production - surzhiks.
Surzhik was the son of a tailor and a Russian, almost like the artist Valentin Serov, who understood both girls and Persians.
ON THE GO - instantly; instantly; very fast.
Before a sorceress with a seventh degree in her bosom and magical knowledge under a cap on her head, they turned.
when in people's lives a streak came on the move, blacker than crepe on the lid of a coffin.
The poet immediately drew the exact conclusion and began to ram all the newspapers with Ilyich, starting from the Shepherd's Horn of the Naddnipryansky district and ending with such cool publications as the Ovidiopol city newspaper Mayak Kommunizma.
And even though the philolukh did not like the Malans too much, even under Pasternak's sauce, he immediately set about fulfilling the next task of his homeland, actively pretending to be a passive homosexual.

Previous word -

The explanatory dictionary of the Ukrainian language offers two meanings of this word:

direct: a mixture of grains of wheat and rye, rye and barley, or barley and oats;
portable, colloquial: elements of two or more languages, combined artificially, without observing the norms of the literary language (in a word, an unclean language).

I think you have heard more than once how your interlocutor says “can”, “too”, “harasho”, “understand”, etc. “Russian words in the Ukrainian manner” is a very common phenomenon.

Scientists believe that surzhik occurs when people communicate in one language at home, and in another - where they study and work. Some philologists are even convinced that at the household level, surzhik is a normal trend for any state. But the fact is that Ukrainians mix languages in the professional sphere of communication.

Another platform for specific language mixing is the Internet. Very often it becomes something like a space of freedom. On the Internet, even those young people who “live” quite skillfully communicate in literary language, allows herself to mix Ukrainian and Russian expressions as she pleases. Whether it is worth calling this a 100% negative phenomenon - who knows, but you should remember: Surzhik can only be used consciously and in moderation.

You will agree that sometimes you understand well: the word that you are going to use is not at all literary. But You choose it for some reason: either because you want to express your irony with it, or because it has some special shade of meaning that you cannot convey in any other way. That's why surzhik is a phenomenon not only linguistic but also psychological.

A similar phenomenon exists in many countries of the world: in Belarus - trasyanka, in Canada - jual, in the USA - spanglish. Linguists convince: all modern languages were once something like surzhiks. So surzhik is a very ambiguous and multifaceted phenomenon.

If you use surzhik in certain special situations ( emotional communication with the closest friend, comments in social networks) - that's not fatal. However, make sure you do it consciously and try not to overdo it. And also - think about it: maybe you will still find such picturesque words in the literary language that will turn out to be even more suitable!

If you are often not sure what language the word you just said belongs to, it is worth considering. What if you speak Surzhik all the time - at school, on the street, in a store - and don't even notice it? It is this form of existence of Surzhik that threatens the Ukrainian language the most. And so my advice for today is this: listen to how you speak - does your Ukrainian sound as beautiful as the language of the Great Kobzar?