Sociology and psychology in production management. Object, subject, objectives of the course and principles of sociology and psychology of management

Management is one of the most complex and at the same time the most subtle areas. social activities. Initially, it belonged to the field of animal management and denoted the art of controlling horses. Later, this word was transferred to the sphere of human activity and it began to denote the field of science and practice of managing people and organizations.

In the context of the transition to a market economy, the terms "management", "managerial activity", "director", "manager", "manager" easily came into use. And this is fully justified, because in order to solve management problems in a market economy, a business entity must:

• use economic, sociological and psychological methods of management;
• focus on demand and market conditions;
• to produce those types of goods that are in great demand among buyers and can guarantee the receipt of the intended profit;
• constantly strive to obtain optimal results at minimal cost;
• constantly orient production programs to the needs of the market, etc.

In a market economy, the final result of the activity of an economic entity can be obtained only in the process of exchange. A business entity must make reasonable and optimal decisions, and this necessitates multivariate calculations involving multilateral information based on computer technology.

The work of a manager (leader or manager) arose in a high-tech production environment that requires multilateral specialization of workers to ensure the continuity of the stages and stages of the entire production process. Therefore, various specialists act as leaders ("managers"): economists, engineers, accountants, psychologists, planners, etc., who work under the guidance of a manager who manages a company or its subdivision. At the same time, regardless of the level of management, the term "manager" means belonging to professional activity as a manager. independent view activities. This requires the presence of a subject - a professional - a leader whose work is aimed at the object - the economic activity of the organization as a whole or its specific area (production, marketing, finance, etc.).

Attitude to management with scientific point vision originated in the 20s and 30s of the XX century, but even now it continues to arouse interest all over the world. In the public understanding, management is the ability to achieve goals using labor, intelligence, motives for the behavior of other people.

Thus, management can be considered as a professional activity for managing people in any sector of the economy (industry, agriculture, trade, construction, transport, banking, etc.) and in any field of activity (production, marketing, finance, etc.). ), if it is aimed at making a profit (entrepreneurial income) as an end result.

1. Management is a field of science, human knowledge, which makes it possible to provide a theoretical and practical basis, providing practical activities of a manager (manager) with scientific recommendations.

2. Management can also be considered as the organization of activities by an enterprise, i.e. establishing permanent and temporary relationships between the divisions of the enterprise, determining the procedure and conditions for its functioning.

3. Management is also considered as a process of making managerial decisions. Maintaining the continuity of the production process is accompanied by many situations, problems that require the manager to make a decision.

So what is the essence of governance?

Management is understood as a systematic impact based on reliable knowledge of the subject of management (management system) on a social object (managed subsystem), which can be society as a whole, its individual areas: economic, social, political, spiritual, as well as various links (organizations , enterprises, institutions, etc.) in order to ensure their integrity, normal functioning, improvement and development, achievement of a given goal. The management process includes many different-quality components, as a result of which it is studied by various sciences: political science, sociology, psychology, and economic sciences.

Each specialty or qualification, type of labor activity has its own professiogram. Professiogram- this is a comprehensive description of the profession, giving an idea of ​​what and how should be performed by one or another worker, specialist, with the help of what tools, in what production and technical conditions. It also includes the requirements that the performer must meet. The professiogram includes, as a rule, the following characteristics: production and technical, economic, hygienic, medical, social, pedagogical and psychophysiological. Accordingly, managers as subjects of management at each enterprise work in accordance with the requirements and norms that are prescribed to them.

So, a modern leader is a person who owns a set of theoretical and practical skills acquired as a result of special training and is able to manage intellectual, financial, material and raw materials in order to obtain the final result. He must understand the nature of management decisions, know the basics of organizational structure, functional responsibilities, planning and forecasting, customer relations, marketing, understand modern information technology and communication tools. One of the main qualities is the art of managing personnel, selection, training and distribution of personnel, motivation, leadership, conflict resolution, and improvement of the psychological climate. A modern manager is a philosopher, engineer, doctor, psychologist, diplomat, politician and artist all rolled into one. He is also a scientist with knowledge in the field of sociology and psychology of management, and necessarily a moral person.

An object the study of sociology and psychology of management are people who are part of various forms of social production: industries, associations, joint-stock companies, enterprises, individual labor activity or organizations, groups of people, individual individuals, the purpose of which is to perform certain functions. The subjects of sociology and psychology of management are people, state structures, etc., endowed with managerial functions and capable of making managerial decisions.

Thing sociology and psychology of management - management relations in various types of communities, organizations, social institutions and society as a whole, each of which is a specific system of social interactions of individuals and groups.

In other words, the subject of sociology and psychology is the socio-psychological side of the whole variety of managerial relations that involve people as members of a labor collective (labor organization). This diversity can be represented in the very general view as managerial relations:

1) between the control and managed systems or their individual elements;

2) in the control system;

3) in a managed system.

Concretizing the subject of sociology and psychology of management as a set of social and mental phenomena and relations in an organization, they can be represented as follows:

various kinds of social phenomena and processes and taking them into account in the activities of the manager;

· psychological factors of effective activity of managers;

Social and psychological features of making individual and group decisions;

social and psychological problems of leadership;

· problems of motivation of behavioral acts of subjects of managerial relations and more.

It can be argued that the subject of study of sociology and psychology of management organically includes traditional socio-psychological phenomena (leadership, psychological climate, psychology of communication, etc.), socio-psychological problems of labor activity (mental states in the framework of labor activity, for example), general psychology ( psychological theory activity, personality theory, development theory) and other applied areas of psychology.

In the sociology and psychology of management, the following main tasks can be distinguished.

First- the study of real facts of constantly developing socio-psychological characteristics of managerial activity.

Second- from the huge variety of facts of managerial activity, the selection of the most important and, on this basis, the definition of development trends, the development of sociological and psychological aspects of the activity of a person, group and organization as a whole.

Third– construction of the most pronounced directions and scenarios for the development of management activities in the future.

Fourth- development of scientifically based recommendations for improving the management system, development of ways to improve the efficiency and quality of life of organizational systems.

The main functions of sociology and management psychology also follow from the designated tasks.

First- cognitive. Its purpose is informational - to acquaint with the existing problems, how and in what way they can be solved.

Second- appraisal. Its purpose is to assess the extent to which the existing system of leadership and management meets (or does not meet) the requirements of social development.

Third- prognostic. Its task is aimed at identifying innovations in management activities and building a promising model social management.

Fourth- educational. Its task is to equip management personnel with new advanced theories and technologies based on the study of management theories and concepts existing in the world.

The solution of the tasks outlined above is based on certain principles of sociology and management psychology. Principles are the initial, fundamental provisions of any theory, doctrine or science. Thus, the principles of sociology and psychology of management can be represented as the fundamental ideas and rules of behavior for managers in the implementation of managerial functions, the most important requirements, the observance of which ensures the effectiveness of management. There is different approaches to the gradation and characteristics of the principles*. It seems to us that the most successful principles are given in the textbook by E.M. Babosov "Sociology of Management". The most significant of them are:

* See Social Management: Textbook / Ed. D.V. Gross. - M. CJSC "Business School "Intel-Sintez", ATiSO, 1999. S. 124-135

1. The principle of organic interdependence and integrity of the subject and object of management. Management as a process of purposeful and organizing influence of the subject on the object (collective, group, organization, system, etc.) should be a single complex system that has one goal, communication with the external environment in order to achieve the goal.

2. The principle of state legality of the management system of an organization, firm, institution. Its essence is as follows: the organizational and legal form of the company must meet the requirements and norms of state legislation.

3. The principle of ensuring internal legal regulation creation, functioning and development of the firm (organization). All activities of the company must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the internal charter (contract), the content of which must comply with the laws of the country and be registered with the Ministry of Justice.

4. The principle of hiring a leader: in accordance with which the issue of appointing or electing a leader is decided. This is determined by the content of activities, goals and objectives of the organization.

5. The principle of unity of specialization and unification management processes. Specialization increases its effectiveness, but it is not always possible to use it, so it must be supplemented by the universalization of management, the development of common methods.

6. The principle of multivariate management decisions is dictated by the need to select one rational and effective solution from a variety of possible, including alternative solutions for the performance of the system's functions and the achievement of its goal.

7. The principle of ensuring the stability of the system in relation to the external environment. The sustainability and stability of the management system is determined by the quality of strategic management and operational regulation, leading to better adaptability of the system (organization) to changes in the external environment.

8. The principle of mobility of the management process. Management must be mobile and able to adapt to market conditions, to the requirements of scientific and technological progress.

9. The principle of control automation. The higher the level of control automation, the higher the quality and the lower the costs. The condition for automation of management is the development of unification and standardization of elements of the management system, production, specialization of the functions performed.

10. The principle of unity of leadership: in one organization there should be one leader, there should be one program for different operations pursuing one common goal.

With regard to the sociology and psychology of management, one can also use such principles as: the principle of complexity and consistency, objectivity, political approach, openness and pluralism of opinions, democratic centralism, the principle of the main link, problem orientation, end-target orientation and targeting, and others.

Of course, a manager needs not only to know the principles of management, but also to be able to operate with them. After all, the sociology and psychology of management provides a huge field for creative initiative and initiative of leaders in the process of their management activities.

Sociology and psychology of management as a science is designed to provide sociological and psychological preparation managers, form or develop their managerial culture, create the necessary prerequisites for theoretical understanding and practical application critical issues management areas, which include:

Understanding the nature of management processes;

knowledge of the basics of organizational structure;

a clear understanding of the responsibility of the manager and its distribution by levels of responsibility;

Knowledge of ways to improve management efficiency;

knowledge of information technology and communication tools necessary for personnel management;

the ability to express one's thoughts orally and in writing;

competence in relation to managing people, selecting and training specialists capable of leadership, optimizing service and interpersonal relationships among employees of the organization;

the ability to plan and predict the activities of the organization using computer and computer technology;

the ability to evaluate one's own activities, draw the right conclusions and improve one's skills, based on the requirements of the current day and expected changes in the future;

· a developed understanding of the characteristics of organizational behavior, the structure of small groups, the motives and mechanisms of their behavior.

How to manage people, taking into account the sociological and psychological preparedness of the manager, can be seen from the following example (Fig. 1).

Installation- this is the constancy of a person's reaction to the same situations, events, the general orientation of a person to a certain social object, expressing a predisposition to act in a certain way with respect to this object.

where in– high level of development, C– medium, N– short

Rice. 1. People management system

social values- in broad sense significant phenomena and objects of reality, their importance for an individual, group or society.

social norms- facilities social regulation behavior of individuals and groups. social norms direct, control and regulate various activities and behavior of people.

Needs- the need for something necessary to maintain the vital activity of the organism, the human person, the social group, society as a whole.

Social interests- the focus of the subject, group or society on significant objects for him (their) associated with the satisfaction of needs, utility. This is the real reason for the activity of social subjects, aimed at satisfying certain needs underlying immediate motives, motives, ideas, etc., determined by the position and role of these subjects in the system public relations.

Social activity- an integrated indicator, consisting of labor, socio-political and cognitive activities.

Labor activity is an activity for the sake of obtaining some result. In production activities, it is characterized by the following indicators: fulfillment of production targets (production standards), savings and thrift, participation in scientific and technical creativity (rationalization and invention), participation in improving the quality of work (labor, products), growth of qualifications, labor discipline, etc. .d.

Social and political activity– participation in various kinds of social and political events (meetings, demonstrations, activities of public organizations, etc.

cognitive activity– participation in the acquisition of information, knowledge, artistic creativity, etc.

The sequence (mechanism) of managerial activity is as follows: a person perceives information from various sources, compares it with what he has, learns or rejects a new one. On the basis of this information, attitudes, values, needs, interests and norms are formed or revised. Subsequently, he compares them with socially recognized ones, accepting or rejecting them. If these values ​​and norms are rejected by society, then the person will be persecuted, not perceived by society. If not, then the person implements them in a certain form of his activity, behavior approved by society.

The diagram above shows that by dosed supply of a certain kind of information, it is possible to form in most people a certain level of knowledge, consciousness (with certain attitudes, values ​​and norms) and expect behavior corresponding to the selected type or type.

essence sociological approach it lies precisely in the fact that in this mechanism of managerial activity, a person is considered through his socio-demographic, institutional characteristics, taking into account the existing situation (taking into account certain social processes and phenomena). Subject sociological study management activities are social processes occurring in organizations (enterprises, institutions, forms, etc.), considered and interpreted from the point of view of the interaction of the people participating in them, united in family, professional, territorial and other groups and included in the diverse processes of cooperation, mutual assistance , rivalry.

essence psychological approach consists in considering individuals and groups, taking into account the type of nervous activity, the psychology of interpersonal relations, its active and cognitive processes. The subject of psychological study of managerial activity is the psychological components that induce, direct and regulate the labor activity of the subject and implement it in performing actions, as well as the personality traits through which this activity is realized. The main psychological properties of activity are activity, awareness, purposefulness, objectivity and systemic nature of its structure. At the heart of managerial activity is always some motive (or several motives).

Obviously, knowledge of psychology and sociology can and should be widely used in management activities. When making any managerial decision from the position of knowledge sociology it is necessary to take into account gender, age, education, social status of individuals, as well as social processes and phenomena that will follow the adoption of a managerial decision and which must be foreseen and taken into account. In terms of knowledge psychology it is important, if possible, to know when making managerial decisions, the type of nervous activity of individuals, their likes and dislikes to each other, the reactions and susceptibility of these decisions, formal and informal relationships.

At present, there is a growing interest in sciences and disciplines, the subject of which is the inner world of a person, his worldview on the world around him. Psychology occupies a leading place among such sciences. Its study contributes to a person's knowledge of himself, the culture of communication, understanding of people with whom he has to communicate in the course of professional duties, makes it possible to correctly build a line of conduct in conflict situations, and also take timely measures to prevent them. Each person at the very beginning of his career path should be able to correctly assess his strengths, weaknesses and strengths of his character, the potential of his capabilities, and also be able to understand both himself and in difficult situations that arise and find a way out of them without harming his psyche.

The science of psychology at the present stage includes several branches that are united by a common subject of study - the patterns and facts of the psyche. The human psyche is the object of study of such branches as:

1) developmental psychology;

2) social psychology;

3) educational psychology.

Psychology is not only a theoretical science, but also a practical one. This is due to the fact that information obtained from various branches of this science can serve as a means of solving problems that have arisen in specific people. Accordingly, a new direction in the science of psychology stands out - practical psychology. It helps in such situations when a young specialist, after graduating from a higher educational institution, is in search of a job, when he has to correctly present himself as an applicant for a certain position, correctly correct his behavior during an interview with an employer.

There are currently many points of view regarding what constitutes leadership:

1) leadership is a kind of power, a feature of which is the direction from top to bottom, and not the majority, but a certain person has such power, or separate group persons;

2) leadership is a natural socio-psychological process in a team, which is built through the influence of the authority of one person on the other members of the team. Influence is a behavior through which a change in the behavior, relationships of other people is carried out. The influence can be expressed in the most various forms, namely: by persuasion, suggestion, coercion, and also with the help of ideas;

3) leadership is an indicator of the emotional and psychological community of the group and a model of behavior for its members. This definition finds recognition in domestic psychology.

According to Krichevsky: “The role of a leader arises spontaneously, it is not in the staff lists, leadership is a psychological phenomenon, while leadership is a social one”;

The ability to effectively manage people depends primarily on the totality of the socio-psychological qualities of the individual, where one of the main roles is played by the ability to gain respect and trust from all members of the team. However, the leader himself is dependent on the team, since a group of workers, having the image of a leader, requires a real leader to fully comply with this image, the leader must be able to express the interests of the group. Natural leadership is the superiority of one leader that is recognized by other leaders. What matters is not the fact of having the qualities of superiority, but the fact that it is recognized by the team.

2. Subject area of ​​sociology and psychology of management

The subject of management psychology is a complex of mental phenomena and relationships in a particular organization.

1. The emergence of psychological problems related to leadership.

Leadership is the ability to influence both one specific person and the entire team as a whole. Accordingly, a leader is a person who has this ability. The leader must have followers. The main task of the leader is the ability to lead the team behind him, to organize cohesion in the actions of people, as well as the ability to gain authority among colleagues.

Thus, the leader is an element of ordering and systematizing the activities of people.

Leadership is expressed in the degree and strength of influence, which directly depend on the ratio of the personal qualities of the leader and the qualities of those people on whom he has a direct influence, as well as on the situation in which this group is located.

Regarding the importance of the tasks facing the leader, there are several types of leadership:

1) household leadership (in the family, in school and student groups);

2) social leadership (in trade unions, in production, in various sports and creative communities);

3) political leadership (state and public figures).

AT foreign literature The concepts of "manager" and "leader" differ in the following ways:

2) the impact on the staff - the famous American management theorist and practitioner Lee Jackson argued: “Managers make people do what needs to be done; leaders make people want to do what needs to be done. Leaders are people who are able to bring out the best in others. There can be as many managers as you want in an organization, there are always few leaders.”

2. Psychological problems of the relationship between the leader and subordinates.

The communication of a manager is such a communication that appears due to the need to exercise managerial influence on people in the process of carrying out professional activities.

There are several forms of relationship between the leader and his subordinates.

Subordination, where the basis of communication is administrative and legal norms. This is communication that occurs between leaders of different levels, as well as between the leader and the performer.

Service uniform. Here, administrative and moral norms are put in the basis, and communication occurs between colleagues at work.

A friendly form of relationship, which is based on moral and psychological standards. This communication can develop both between managers, between subordinates, and between managers and subordinates.

Depending on certain conditions, as well as the individual psychological qualities of people, each leader chooses a certain form of managerial communication.

The subject of study of management psychology may also include problems of labor activity, separate theories of general psychology (psychological theory of activity, theory of personality, theory of development), traditional socio-psychological phenomena (psychology of communication, psychological climate, leadership).

3. Goals and objectives of the discipline

At the moment, experts in the field of management psychology identify the following psychological problems that are most important for the organization:

1) search and activation of human resources in the organization;

2) selection and evaluation of managers for the needs of the organization;

3) increasing the effectiveness of methods for training and retraining managerial personnel;

4) assessment and improvement of the socio-psychological climate, rallying employees around the tasks of the enterprise.

Management psychology as a science and practice should provide psychological training for managers, form and develop their psychological culture, and also create prerequisites for theoretical understanding and practical application of the most important areas of management, which include:

1) knowledge of the basics of the organizational structure;

2) competence in managing people;

3) knowledge of the characteristics of organizational behavior, the structure of small groups;

4) the ability to predict and plan the activities of the organization using the means of computing and computer activities;

5) knowledge of information technologies and means of communication that are necessary in the implementation of personnel management;

6) a clear understanding of the responsibility of the manager and its distribution to the appropriate levels of management.

4. Methods for studying objects and subjects of management

There are the following methods of studying objects and subjects of management.

1. Method of observation and its variety – introspection

Observation is a scientific method of research, which consists in the fact that the researcher systematically observes the behavior of another person, as well as external manifestations his psyche and, on the basis of this, draws conclusions about the mental processes, states and properties of a given person. The purpose of observation is to move from characterizing a fact to explaining its inner essence. Scientific observations are distinguished by an organized and planned character. Observation has mandatory conditions, such as:

1) the construction of a hypothesis, through which the observed phenomena are explained;

2) verification of the correctness of the hypothesis in the process of subsequent observations;

3) observation plan;

4) fixing the results of observation in special observation maps.

Introspection(introspective method) is one of the most ancient methods used in psychology, which consists in observing a person of his own inner mental world. Observation is divided into immediate and delayed (in diaries, memoirs, memoirs, where a person analyzes his thoughts, feelings, as well as various events that happened to him). This method can be characterized as an auxiliary in the application of other research methods and in the provision of self-help in difficult situations, in self-realization.

2. Experimental method is a central method of psychological study, which can be implemented both in the laboratory and in natural conditions.

The laboratory experiment takes place under special conditions using special equipment. In this case, the subjects know that an experiment is being conducted, they act according to specially developed instructions, but they may not guess the essence of the experiment itself. The experiment is carried out repeatedly in order to be able to establish general mathematical and statistical reliable patterns of the appearance and development of mental phenomena.

During the experiment, variable factors are used, which are divided into 3 groups:

1) independent variables are factors that are used in the experiment in order to assess its impact on the process;

2) dependent variables are indicators that are interconnected with the behavior of the subjects and depend on the state of their body;

3) Controlled variables are factors that are controlled during the process of the experiment.

Respectively, natural experiment carried out in normal conditions of communication, study, work, etc.

3. Method of questioning and testing

Through questionnaires, it is possible to identify different trends and set the path for further, more complex psychological research through testing or experimentation. Through questionnaires, researchers have the opportunity to be informed about large groups people by interviewing only a small part of these people, who make up a representative sample.

Testing is a test method aimed at establishing the specific mental qualities of a person that are the object of research. A test is a short-term task that is the same for all participants, the results of which can reveal the level of development of intellectual abilities, temperament, character, etc.

There are two main types of tests - questionnaires and projective tests. Questionnaires provide a person with the opportunity to consciously evaluate themselves and their actions. Projective tests are aimed at the subconscious sphere of a person and help to reveal to a person such features of his personality that he had not previously suspected.

Everything psychological tests used for research should be reliable, evidence-based, and be capable of identifying persistent psychological characteristics.

5. The importance of the human factor in management

The word "manager" originally meant the ability to ride and manage horses. The English verb to manage (manage) comes from the Latin manus - "hand". Thus, the term "management" means "leading people".

There are a huge number of personality theories used in management, the most famous of which are the theories of the three main directions.

Freudianism, developed by the famous Austrian physician, psychologist and psychopathologist Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), who called this direction term "psychoanalysis".

Psychoanalysis is a general theory of the mechanisms of the human subconscious, which serves as the basis for a holistic understanding of man, as well as a system special methods, with the help of which you can study the human subconscious in order to extract nervous and mental illnesses.

According to Z. Freud, the personality structure consists of three levels: "It", "I" and "Super-I".

"It" is the central part of the personality structure, which consists of components inherited at birth. The content of "It" is almost entirely unconscious, saturated with biological innate instinctive drives and needs. “It” is “unconscious and irrational” and falls under the rule of pleasure, i.e. pleasure and happiness are the main components in the life of any person.

"I" obeys the principle of rationality, reality and is constantly in connection with the external environment, develops effective ways of communicating with the outside world.

"Super-I" are the moral rules of human behavior that determine the acceptability or unacceptability of any behavior for this person; it is the judge and censor of the individual. The essence of the "Super-I" is conscience, self-observation and the formation of ideals.

behavioral psychology- one of the first directions in the development of psychology of the twentieth century. presented by the Russian physiologist I. P. Pavlov (1849–1936), American psychologists B. Skinner, D. Watson, E. Tolman and others.

It was I.P. Pavlov who made the discovery of the significance of conditioned reflexes, thanks to which the human body has the ability to adapt to the changing conditions of life, acquiring new forms of its behavior that differ from innate reflexes.

So, Hippocrates (5th century BC), for example, argued that the degree of productivity of each person depends on the personal qualities of his character. When communicating, it is important to anticipate the possible reactions of the interlocutor and be able to adequately respond to them, i.e. important aspect communication is the temperament of the individual. Hippocrates distinguished four types of temperament:

1) sanguine (from Latin sanguis - "blood");

2) choleric (from the Greek. chole - "bile");

3) phlegmatic (from the Greek phlegma - "phlegm");

4) melancholic (from the Greek melaina chole - "black bile").

Humanistic psychology, which was studied by K. Rogers, A. Maslow and G. Allport. They believed that human behavior is primarily guided by spiritual goals and needs, and reflexes and instincts play an unimportant role here. A person should strive for moral perfection, where the main place will be occupied by morality and culture. Thus, life purpose personality should be the development of moral and spiritual harmony, and the satisfaction of biological needs plays a secondary role.

Managerial activity is associated with solving various problems, where the main tool is thinking. It is a mental process aimed at establishing relationships between objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality. Mental operations for the implementation of the basic functions of management (control, organization, motivation, planning) are performed by two models of thinking:

1) creative thinking (from the Latin creation - "creation");

2) logical thinking.

6. Types of social relations

There are the following types of social relations: interpersonal, personal-group, personal-mass, intergroup, mass-group, planetary (global-mass).

The interpersonal type is subdivided into the following varieties.

Formal relationships where there is no goal to understand and accept the personality traits of the interlocutor. In this case, the usual masks are used (politeness, severity, indifference, etc.), which hide real feelings and emotions, the very attitude towards the interlocutor.

Primitive relationships are relationships that consist of evaluating some other person as a necessary or a hindrance. Accordingly, the style of communication with him depends on this: either friendly and polite, or rude or indifferent communication. And when the desired result is achieved in the future, interest in the communication partner is lost.

Functional-role relations are relations at the level of social roles of partners (boss - subordinate, teacher - student). In this case, the personality of the interlocutor recedes into the background after his social role.

Business relations, where there is taking into account the characteristics of the individual, her character, mood. However, the main role here is played by the interests of the case. In this type of relationship, there is always a goal, a focus on obtaining some substantive agreement, and this goal must be realized.

Spiritual interpersonal relationships are relationships between close people. Here, in the process of communication, people can understand each other by facial expressions, voice intonations, and movements.

Secular relations are relations in which the communication of people meets the norms accepted "in the light". In this case, the interlocutors do not say what they think, but what should be said in certain situation. Secular relations are closed, because the points of view expressed by people do not matter and do not clarify the nature of communications.

Manipulative relationships are relationships, the essence of which is to benefit from communication with the interlocutor through the use of various techniques (flattery, deceit, blackmail). As a rule, the choice of this or that technique primarily depends on the personality of the interlocutor and the goals pursued.

7. The concept of social institutions

Each society is a classical institution - ethnic, class, confessional, etc. Any institution has special needs and diverse interests that diverge in many respects and even come into conflict (interethnic, family, labor, etc.). This is enshrined in historically developed spiritual and material values ​​that are unique for each institution.

The term "institution" has several meanings. From the Latin language institutum is translated as "device, establishment."

In sociology, an institution is understood as an association of people into an organizational structure in which the process of interaction and dynamics takes place.

Social institution is one of the main concepts in sociology as a science. Social institution allows you to reveal the essence of society. Since society has many concepts, one of the signs that characterizes society is the rationality of the interaction of social institutions. The institution is one of the most important components of the structure of society and its development.

social institution is a stable set of formal and informal rules, stereotypes, norms, attitudes that control various areas of society and the individual, as well as the organization of a system of roles and statuses of a person.

The social institution is aimed at the realization of specific and especially important needs both for the individual and for society as a whole. The satisfaction of needs is served by such institutions as the family, the economic institution.

One of the main features of a social institution is a kind of system of interrelated and interacting cultural elements, focused on meeting a set of specific social values, needs and goals.

Thus, a social institution is:

1) role system; customs, traditions, rules of conduct;

2) a set of norms and institutions regulating the sphere of specific relations and a certain sphere of human activity;

This manual presents the course "Sociology and Psychology of Management" for all pedagogical specialties. The book reveals the socio-psychological problems of teaching staff management, examines the psychological and pedagogical aspects of people's relationships in the process of organized joint activities.
The main attention is paid to the description of the activities of the leader - the bearer of managerial and psychological-pedagogical functions. Distinctive feature benefits is the desire to determine the specific psychological and pedagogical conditions for effective interaction of people in a joint organized activity.
For students of higher pedagogical educational institutions. It may also be useful to educators, leaders of organizations and anyone interested in management issues.

Definition of the concept of personality.
The concept of personality is a recent acquisition of humanity. It would be more correct to write - the modern perception of the individual, which was formed in the Enlightenment in connection with the understanding and interpretation of human rights.

Here is how N.V. Gogol of the personality of the ladies of the city N in “Dead Souls”: “The author finds it extremely difficult how to name both ladies in such a way that they will not be angry with him again, as they were angry in the old days. It is dangerous to call by a fictitious name. Whatever name you come up with, it will certainly be found in some corner of our state, the blessing is great, someone who wears it, and will certainly be angry not with his stomach, but with death, will begin to say that the author came on purpose secretly in order to find out everything that he himself is, and in what sheepskin coat he goes, and what Agrafena Ivanovna visits, and what he likes to eat. Call me by rank - God forbid, even more dangerous. Now all the ranks and estates are so irritated among us that everything that is in a printed book already seems to them a person: such, apparently, is the disposition in the air. It is enough to say only, i.e. in one city a stupid person is already a person; suddenly a gentleman of respectable appearance jumps out and shouts: “After all, I am also a man, therefore, I am also stupid,” in a word, he will instantly realize what the matter is.

But back to the topic of the lecture. Modern understanding personality does not exclude the consideration of its development, dynamics, changes. But these changes and this development are not connected with the transition from the state of “non-personality” to the state of “personality” (let us recall the saying “one is not born a person, one becomes a person”), but with the dynamics of the personality itself, the structure of its properties, its relation to the world and to herself. Let us repeat once again: for the sociology and psychology of management, the question is impossible: is this person a person or is a child a person? - precisely because for her every person in any of his states is a personality in its manifestation or at a certain stage of development.

CONTENT
Preface 3
From author 6
SECTION I. INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
Lecture 1. Scientific status of the course "Sociology and Psychology of Management" 8
1. Purpose and objectives of the course 8
2. The human factor as a concept of the course "Sociology and Psychology of Management" 9
3. Course "Sociology and Psychology of Management" in the context of related scientific disciplines 10
Lecture 2. Methods of sociology and psychology of management 17
1. Diagnostic methods 17
2. Regulatory methods 22
3. Features of the application of socio-psychological methods in the practice of pedagogical management 25
SECTION II. OBJECTS OF CONTROL
Lecture 3. Personality of an employee 29
1. Definition of the concept of personality 29
2. The structure of personality traits 32
2.1. Organic properties 33
2.2. Mental properties 43
2.3. Social properties 46
Lecture 4. Dynamics and development of personality traits 51
1. Age changes 51
2. Functional changes 53
3. Changes in the process of education and upbringing 56
4. Changes in the process of self-regulation 59
Lecture 5
1. Types of groups 64
2. The main directions and methods of studying groups 67
3. Exploring the collective 69
4. Stages of team development 71
Lecture 6
1. Types of relationships in the group 73
2. Forms of mutual influence of people in the process of communication 76
3. Compatibility of people in group 80
4. Leadership in groups 82
5. Who becomes the leader? 84
Lecture 7. Educational institution as a social organization 89
1. Organization and team 89
2. The main directions in the research of the organization abroad 91
3. Development of ideas about organization in the domestic practice of social management and in the management of educational institutions 97
3.1. Stage of organization of rational bureaucracy 98
3.2. Stage of pseudo-bureaucratic organization 100
3.3. Stage of dynamic organization 102
4. Types of organizations 103
Lecture 8
1. Which organization is better to work in 106
2. The authority of the individual 109
3. The specifics of the activity of the teacher-leader 110
4. Leadership style and conditions for its effectiveness 112
4.1. Factors and conditions that determine the effectiveness of leadership styles 115
SECTION III. MANAGEMENT TASKS
Lecture 9. Motivation of work 121
1. The problem of labor motivation 121
2. The main solutions to the problem of labor motivation in foreign science 122
2.1. Interdependence of motivation and labor productivity 123
2.2. Motivation based on the social needs of the employee 125
2.3. The theory of labor motivation F. Herzberg 126
2.4. Results of the analysis of the development of ideas of labor motivation 130
3. Psychological conditions conducive to initiative-creative and responsible attitude to work 131
Lecture 10
1. Assessing the role of conflict in the life of an organization 134
2. Varieties of conflicts 136
3. Forms of leader's behavior in conflict situations 139
4. Emergence and resolution of conflict 141
Lecture 11
1. Specificity of the managerial decision and types of managerial tasks 145
2. The main stages of preparation and implementation of management decisions 149
2.1. Collecting the necessary information 149
2.2. Finding a solution 151
2.3. Making a decision 154
2.4. Organization of execution 158
2.5. Monitoring the execution of decision 162
3. Business meeting as a collective form of making a management decision 164
Lecture 12
1. Main trends in work with personnel 168
2. Main directions of personnel work 171
3. Career planning 174
3.1. Career planning methods 174
3.2. HR strategies 177
Conclusion 181
Application 183.

Under the general editorship of Doctor of Economics, Professor A.A. Semenova

Reviewers:

P.G. mushrooms, cand. economy Sciences, Assoc. Department of Foreign Economic Activity of the Russian Academy National economy and public services under the President of the Russian Federation,

N.N. Matnenko, cand. economy Sciences, Assoc. Deputy Dean of the Polar Branch of the IDO FGBOU VPO "MGIU"

Introduction

At present, there is a growing interest in sciences and disciplines, the subject of which is the inner world of a person, his worldview on the world around him.

In the Russian Sociological Encyclopedia, the sociology of management is defined as a branch of sociological knowledge that studies the system and processes of management under the conditions of social relations taking shape in society.

A specific feature of the sociology of management is that it belongs to active sociology. The sociology of management, using the conceptual and methodological apparatus of applied sociology, allows real changes to be made at various levels of people's interaction. Thus, the sociology of management, as part of general sociology, considers the process of formation, functioning and development of a certain sphere of life; explores the mechanism of social change and social relations, patterns of social actions and behavior in the management process.

Management is understood as a systematic impact based on reliable knowledge of the subject of management (manager) on a social object (managed), which can be society as a whole, its individual areas: economic, social, political, spiritual, as well as various links (organizations, enterprises , institutions, etc.) in order to ensure their integrity, normal functioning, improvement and development, achievement of a given goal. Management is carried out by purposefully influencing living conditions; people, their holistic orientations, behavior and has as its main task the provision of well-coordinated purposeful activities of both individual participants in joint efforts (labor, political, sports, etc.), and the social organization (system) as a whole.

The management process includes many components of different quality, as a result of which it is studied by various sciences - political science, sociology, psychology, economic sciences.

The discipline "Sociology and Psychology of Management" studies the diverse activities of government bodies, state and public, primarily as social systems:

The whole complex of selection, placement, formation of managerial personnel.

Relationships and interactions that develop between employees of the management apparatus and subordinate employees and organizational structures.

Research and formation of management goals in terms of socio-economic and socio-psychological criteria, their compliance with the interests and expectations of the managed;

Analysis and assessment of the social consequences of managerial decisions, determination of the effectiveness of managerial actions.

Study and improvement social mechanisms systematic, based on reliable knowledge, the impact of the subject of management (management subsystem) on a social object (managed subsystem) to preserve its qualitative specificity and integrity, ensure its normal functioning, successful movement towards a given goal.

Chapter 1
Sociology and psychology of management as an academic discipline

1.1. Object, subject, tasks, general functions and principles of sociology and psychology of management

A specific feature of the academic discipline of sociology and management psychology is that it refers to active sociology. Sociology, as a science of society, makes it possible to obtain reliable information about society as a whole and about the problems of social groups and society. Knowledge of sociology can help influence social processes and change them in the right direction. The sociology and psychology of management allows these real changes to be made at various levels of human interaction. Thus, the sociology and psychology of management considers the process of formation, functioning and development of a certain sphere of life; explores the mechanism of social change and social relations, patterns of social actions and behavior in the management process.

Sociology and psychology of management as a scientific discipline was formed in the 20th century. And this is the result of the interaction of management theories, general sociology, cybernetics, and management.

object sociology and psychology of management is social management, i.e. management in society (political, economic, social, sociocultural) or organizations (enterprises, institutions), which is the interaction of managers and managed entities, in the process of which programs for the effective functioning of various social communities.

The object of sociology and psychology of management (SiPu) includes:

Real C&P processes.

Methods and mechanisms for achieving goals and objectives.

Social information about the processes of sociology of management, using the method of empirical social research.

Thing sociology and psychology of management is study, evaluation and improvement of management processes in various types of communities, organizations, social institutions and society as a whole, each of which is a specific system of social interactions between individuals and their groups.

Sociology and psychology of management studies the diverse activities of government bodies: state and public; patterns of functioning of social relations in the management process, problems of social interaction within the organization, between the leader and subordinates.

The sociology of management in its development is based on the principles of scientific management of social and industrial organizations formulated by F. Taylor, A. Fayol, M. Weber, E. Mayo, and other major theorists and practitioners of management activity.

The main objectives of the discipline "Sociology and Psychology of Management"

One of the main tasks sociology of management consists in the knowledge of social laws and patterns of management, basic principles, in the organization of management on the basis of revealed laws, and in the study of real facts. This discipline also involves the study of the characteristics of the interaction of people who manage various social communities and organizations.

Second The task of the sociology of management is to extract from the diverse accumulation of real facts of management activity highlight the most important, typical. And also to identify trends in the development of management processes, their changes from the constantly changing socio-economic, political, socio-cultural conditions of life of people, groups, communities and society as a whole.

Third the task of the sociology of management is due to the need explain why in the system and structure of management activities innovations appear and due to what circumstances new practical ways of their implementation in management arise.

4th the task consists of constructing the most probable directions and scenarios for the development of management activities in the future and the forecast of its improvement

And this means that having determined the most probable trajectory for the further development of managerial activity, the sociology of management gets the opportunity to more or less successfully solve and fifth its task is to formulate evidence-based recommendations for improving the management system, i.e. to become a real effective means of increasing the efficiency of management activities.

Having studied the main tasks of the sociology of management, one can determine its main functions.

The first function is cognitive. Purpose: to study the main features of management as a specific area of ​​labor activity, to determine its role and significance in development! society and its subsystems, organizations, groups.

The second function is estimated: Its essence is to assess the extent to which the management system corresponds or does not correspond to its main trends, social expectations, needs and interests of the majority of the population; whether it is democratic, authoritarian or totalitarian, it develops or fetters the initiative of individual individuals, their groups and communities.

The third function is prognostic. It is aimed at identifying the most probable and desirable changes in management activities within the near or more distant future, i.e., at determining possible trajectories for the development of management, on its forecasting.

The fourth function is educational (training). Its essence is to disseminate knowledge about management, that is, about its main tasks, functions, implementation mechanisms. Dissemination of knowledge should take place through a system of educational institutions, centers for advanced training, retraining and retraining of personnel, helping them to acquire knowledge, skills and abilities in the practical implementation of managerial activities.

The sociology of management can also perform another important social function (fifth) - arm management personnel new tricks, management technologies, i.e. improvement control systems.

1.2. The historical path of development of managerial thought

Sociology and psychology of management studies practically all social phenomena, the most diverse manifestations of human life and activity.

For a more complete study and understanding of the subject, it is necessary to consider the history of the formation and development of managerial thought.

One of the most important stages in the historical development of the science of sociology is period XIX- the beginning of the 20th century, or the so-called classical period.

The idea of ​​progress, originally developed in social philosophy, receives gradually natural-scientific confirmation. Of particular importance in this respect was the concept evolutionary development in biology. After the publication of Charles Darwin's works, the idea of ​​evolutionism is firmly established in philosophy and science, stimulating the formation of new research programs and methodological guidelines. This idea also penetrates into sociology, determining the theoretical status of the emerging science, focusing the attention of researchers on the genetic explanation of the phenomena being studied. In this direction, sociology closely linked with historical disciplines aimed at the study of primitive formations, ethnography, folklore, etc. Therefore, not only pure sociologists, but also a number of prominent specialists in the field of auxiliary disciplines of history acted as representatives of this trend in sociology.

The specialization of the methods of social cognition gradually led to an understanding of the specifics of the cognitive object, that is, society.

In the 19th century, large-scale deployment social studies due to socio-economic, political, spiritual needs and the logic of the development of the most scientific knowledge of reality. The development of mathematics causes the emergence of new methods of logical and worldview ideas about society. The achievements of political economy, social and moral statistics, the fundamental ideas of the philosophy of history about the integrity and unity of mankind and the general laws of its development were the impetus for the knowledge of the social.

In studying mass social behavior, sociology and management psychology closely interacts with social psychology. However, social psychology does not study social relations proper (for it, communication is a key category). Sociology, on the other hand, studies the behavior of people precisely in social relations and systems. For her, this behavior is the behavior of social systems, and not just psychological complexes that arise and function in social communication. At the same time, social psychology played an important role in the development of sociology. Even at the end of the 19th century. a psychological direction has developed in sociology and a crisis of biological-naturalistic concepts is beginning.

Psychological sociology has never been a unified whole from a theoretical point of view. The only thing that united this trend was the desire to reduce the social to the psychological. Depending on the nature of the problems put forward and explanatory categories within this trend, one can single out: evolutionism, instinctivism, "the psychology of peoples", group psychology and interactionism - interpersonal interactions.

By this time, the successes of psychology have raised its prestige high. Psychologism is becoming a general trend in the substantiation of scientific knowledge. From the positions of psychology, more diverse knowledge is beginning to be substantiated, which contributes to the strengthening of the psychological trend in sociology. In addition, to last third In the 19th century, theories appeared in psychology that require taking into account complex social factors. In turn, in sociology there is a need to study the motivational mechanisms of human activity. The result of these counter movements was the psychological trend in sociology.

Supporters of psychological evolutionism were L.F. Ward, F. Giddens. They believed that "social forces are the same mental forces operating in the collective consciousness of man." The primary social forces are the desires associated with the maintenance of life. On their basis, more complex desires arise, with the help of which the progressive development of society takes place. Lester Ward (1841-1913) - American scientist, first president of the American Sociological Association - believes that the fundamental social demands are to increase pleasure and reduce pain. The desire to be happy is the main stimulus of all social movements. psychic powers, mental factors act as the main explanation for the operation of universal social forces.

The psychological direction in sociology is one of the directions that explains social phenomena and processes psychological factors and therefore reducing, in essence, sociology to one degree or another, respectively, to social psychology.

The main merit of the psychological direction is concentration close attention on clarifying the place and role of social and individual consciousness, their relationship in socio-political life, on the analysis of the motivation of social and political actions of people and its mechanism. At the same time, within its framework, most often there was a one-sided exaggeration of the significance of the psychological moment (feelings, inclinations, instincts, etc.) to the detriment of others, including the social and political ones proper. Public relations were unjustifiably reduced to interpersonal relations, and the personality itself to its self-awareness.

The history of each science testifies that at first only individual elements of science are born, formed and developed, and then the name is clarified and fixed, explaining its essence and content. In other words, the point is not in the term and not in when and how it appeared. Each science arises as a response to the needs of social development.

Control questions on the topic:

1. Prerequisites for the emergence of scientific management.

2. The difference between "sociology of management" and "management".

3. Object, subject and tasks of the sociology of management.

4. Methods of sociology of management.

Chapter 2
Social nature of management

Management is one of the most complex and at the same time the most subtle spheres of public life. Its importance is constantly growing. Throughout the 21st century, we are faced with attempts to rationalize and “scientificize” it.

Management is internally necessary both for society as a whole and for each of its parts, so the degree of organization of management mechanisms can be considered as one of the essential indicators of the level of development and the society itself, each of its spheres. First of all, labor activity, division of labor, joint work involve management to a greater or lesser extent. And where the process of production acquires the character of a socially organized one, a special type of labor necessarily arises - management.

Two principles of operation of the control mechanism have historically developed in society: spontaneous and conscious. Spontaneous management expresses such an interaction of social forces in which the action of chance is inevitable, it is an average result, consisting of a mass of purposeful conscious actions in which it is impossible to take into account all their consequences. The market can be its model. Our society is at a stage of development when its scientific management based on the knowledge of social patterns is increasingly becoming a conscious process, which requires a comprehensive study and improvement of management mechanisms.

Social management is currently being studied in three aspects: economic (economic management), socio-political and socio-psychological. It must be borne in mind that management, acting in an integral social organism, is a single and indivisible process into separate elements.

2.1. The concept and types of social management

Where there is information, management also acts, and where

management is carried out, information is certainly present.

The starting point of any management process (the main one, among which is the development and adoption of a management decision, as well as its implementation) is the receipt and processing of information. Management is a function of any organized system aimed at maintaining its qualitative certainty, at maintaining a dynamic balance with the environment and at its development.

Management is a kind of response to the total amount of information interactions of the system, aimed at giving it such a behavior and state, such a structural organization and development trend that would correspond to all the information accumulated by this system and would take into account its objective needs. It focuses not only on the information past of the system, but on its future. Management of society is fundamentally different from management in living organisms and technical devices. Being complex structure, which includes material and spiritual processes, it acts as specific kind human activity. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that control action is present in all spheres of society, that is, it is a special type of social relations. And this means that managerial relations form a necessary element of the social environment.

In managerial relations, several aspects can be distinguished - political, economic, ethical - each of which has two interrelated aspects - informational and organizational.

Since management is always a function of social power, in a class society it is a function of political power. state power, and, consequently, managerial decisions in a class society always have a class character.

In the mechanism of social management, a fundamental role belongs to principle feedback : where this principle is violated or absent altogether, the results of social management are absent or distorted. In general form, this principle says: in any interaction, the source (the subject of information and control) and the receiver (the object of information and control) inevitably change places.

Consequently, in the process of social management there is a reverse influence of the object of management on its subject. Further, the principle of feedback assumes as a necessary moment the exchange of information. Hence, social management is an information process with feedback. In the principle of feedback, the informational impact of the control object on its subject is carried out. In society, this principle operates continuously, since the response actions of the controlled system affect the dynamics of management acts of the control system, which constantly takes into account newly incoming information. At the same time, it is important to remember that here the subject and object of control seem to change roles for some time. The commander, commanding the army, is the subject of control, but he acts on the basis of information received from his subordinates - intelligence, etc. And in this case, he already acts not only as a subject, but also as an object of control. In turn, the object of control, for example, an officer, receiving this or that managerial decision of the commander, in the process of its execution acts as a subject of control. Thus, the subject and object of control perform a double subject-object function.

The main link in the management structure is the development and implementation of management decisions. And here the important principle is principle of optimality, which means that when developing a management decision, it is necessary to take into account the maximum possible options for its implementation and choose those that would most fully ensure the achievement of the goals. Consequently, the managerial decision is developed by the subject with a focus on the object of management, taking into account his needs and interests, as well as his real capabilities and conditions for the transformation of these capabilities into the actual implementation of the decision. In the field of public administration, without sufficient scientifically based knowledge of the needs of the people, the principle of optimality loses its effectiveness.

The nature of social management in modern conditions imposes a requirement on the subject of management increased responsibility for making management decisions, which is the complexity of the structural organization of the management object.

So, social management is a purposeful or spontaneous impact based on the principle of feedback on the elements of society as complete system for its optimally organized functioning and development.

The principles of socio-political management of society vary depending on the nature social order, from the forms of state power. For example, they can be rigidly determined, when the control action seeks to uniquely “program” the behavior of the “addressee”, and, so to speak, softly determined, when the control program assumes a relatively wide range of possible types and forms of behavior of control objects. However, hard and soft principles in their “pure” form are rarely found in history: management in social systems, as a rule, in one way or another, combines both of these principles. Most paradoxically, they are combined in systems in which the mechanism of spontaneous control is implemented, which is very clearly seen in the example of the market, where the “invisible hand” that A. Smith wrote about operates. On the one hand, this “hand” directs the free play of elemental forces, allowing for the flexibility and pliability of the competing parties, and on the other, it dictates strict and ruthless rules of the game, inexorable as fate.

As an example of the operation of an exceptionally rigid principle of social control, we can refer to despotic regimes, the extreme form of expression of which has become fascism. A distinctive feature of the latter in comparison with, say, a regime of military dictatorship is, on the one hand, the attraction of the population to its side with the help of all sorts of myths, anti-scientific, utopian ideas, slogans promising "paradise in the future", and on the other hand, the use of sophisticated and sophisticated forms of violence, the fight against dissidents, mass terror elevated to the rank of state policy. The entire system of government of the fascist state is focused on the use of people for the benefit of the ruling elite or even one person - the Fuhrer, whose service has been elevated, in essence, to the level of a religious cult. The apologists of fascism argued that in the state there is no longer a free state of thought: there are only right thoughts and thoughts that are subject to extermination.

The problem of control is being developed most intensively in connection with the development of general theoretical disciplines, in particular, cybernetics, the two fundamental concepts of which are information and control.

Types of social management

Given the historical approach, the types of social management can be classified according to the stages of development of society: tribal management, management in slave, feudal, capitalist and socialist societies.

In the conditions of tribal relations, the leaders of the tribe, endowed with power and enjoying authority, acted as spokesmen for "good will" and coordinated all the main functions of the life of tribal groups. In this control mechanism essential role the group consciousness, embodied in traditions, played, which is associated with the ritual-symbolic nature of collective decisions and practical actions characteristic of tribal thinking. Here, the sphere of the subject and the object of control is still poorly differentiated.

AT slave society already there are legislative principles, differentiation of power, strict delimitation of the spheres of the subject and object of management. If the tribal community was regulated by unwritten laws, then under slavery, written laws appear (for example, the laws of Hammurabi).

His higher development legislative power first reached in Roman law. It was at this stage of the development of society that management acquired a class content. Slaves acted only as an object of control, being subjected to its extremely rigid form, likening them to domestic animals.

Under feudalism, there is a great differentiation of management systems - political, legal, moral, religious, philosophical, artistic and others designed to ensure the appropriate principles of social behavior of people, social groups, society as a whole. Political power here was of an elitist nature (transmitted by inheritance), as, indeed, almost all forms of material and spiritual production (craft, healing, agricultural culture, art, etc.). Feudalism is generally characterized by a complex hierarchy of the subject of management.

The processes of development of material and spiritual production, forms of ownership, various types of competition, and, in this regard, legal relations were at the heart of the change and complication of the mechanisms for managing social processes under capitalism. During its formation, capitalism brought to the arena of life a mass of strong-willed, gifted, enterprising and talented people who knew how to organize their business in the interests of both the development of production and profit. The achievements of science and technology were used to the maximum, and the deep reserves of human capabilities were discovered. In each specific case, the organization of management had a clearly defined purposeful character, while at the same time obeying, on the whole, the spontaneous forces of the market.

In the context of the general democratization of public life political power, having forever lost its hereditary character, it becomes elective, and the ruling elite is formed from people capable of leading various parts of public life. At the state-monopoly stage of development of capitalism, the management system combines recent achievements in the field of organization and management with a system of exploitation of workers. Feedback mechanisms have also become more complex in the form of direct and indirect forms of control over the activities of legislative and executive bodies on the part of the working people: these are both elections and public opinion which is fixed by certain institutions, carefully studied and somehow taken into account, and mass demonstrations of broad sections of the population, primarily fighters for peace, against the nuclear threat, for the preservation of the environment, etc.

Management of various types of material and spiritual production has become an independent profession that requires special education, experience, mentality and even character. A special science of management has been formed, which is based on economic research, sociology, psychology, mathematics, cybernetics, etc. The institution of managers has also formed - hired specialists in managing various fields of activity. Important elements of the management system of the most developed countries are the development of planning tactics, the introduction of effective methods of organizing labor, accounting and control systems, the widespread use of electronic computers, informatics, etc.

Thus, social management has a concrete historical character, while in a class society it has a class character. Any social formation along with the general principles of management, its own specificity is also inherent, which manifests itself in the goals, forms and methods of its implementation. Common to all antagonistic formations is that class contradictions also determine the specifics of management: here each person is manageable, but far from everyone manages, that is, one part of society (the minority) manages, and the other part (majority) turns out to be the object of management.

The task set before our society of accelerating the socio-economic development of the country makes corresponding demands on the improvement of the management system, its organizational principles and structure. It must be based on a deep and comprehensive use of economic laws, the advantages of the socialist economic system, on the growth of education, consciousness, qualifications and experience of the broad masses of working people, that is, the human factor in its concrete expression, and, in addition, take into account and social needs, the needs of the people.

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Sociology and psychology of management

Reviewers - Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Professor Shuvanov V.I. and Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor Romashov O.V.

The textbook was discussed at a meeting of the Department of Sociology and Political Science in December 2004.

The textbook includes materials for the development of a special course (optional course), which allow you to get holistic view on the main forms of using human potential in the field of effective management social processes.

The manual was prepared in unity with the course program and the plan of seminars.

sociology managerial psychological

Introduction

1. Object and subject of sociology and psychology of management

2. The main stages of the formation and development of sociology and psychology of management

3. social entity management

4. Modern Russian society as an object and subject of management

5. Basic principles of management and types of management relations

6. Methods, styles and functions of management

7. Communication in the control system

8. Applied aspects of sociology and psychology of management

9. Socio-technological specificity of management in new historical conditions

10. Sociological and psychological features of management activities in organizations

11. Use of innovative social technologies for creating a productive working environment in the practice of human resource management

12. Theoretical and methodological and methodological features sociological and psychological study of management problems

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

At the turn of the century and millennium, in connection with a radical change in the living conditions of the people of Russia, the problem of increasing the efficiency of the realization of human potential in the field of managing social processes is of particular relevance. The need to introduce the course "Sociology and Psychology of Management" is due to the need to train a specialist who has professional knowledge, skills and abilities scientific analysis features of social interactions of individuals and social groups in the integral system of society, its individual subsystems and various types of social organizations.

Mastering sociological and psychological specifics management is becoming more and more important component Not only professional competence, but also the general culture of the personality of a specialist of any profile. In this manual, the author tried to consider from the entire vast arsenal of concepts, methodologies and methods on the basis of which management activities are carried out, only those that are directly related to the sociology and psychology of management, deliberately excluding many materials, to one degree or another, studied by related disciplines. (sociology, psychology, social psychology, management, personnel management, pedagogy, statistics, marketing, etc.).

The purpose of this manual, which was prepared on the basis of the curriculum of the specialty 062100, is to develop a scientifically based approach to professional activity among students, which will help them in the future to correctly assess the true state and degree of efficiency of their own work, confidently plan and predict the results of the management process, successfully apply advanced social technologies of human resource management.

Text This manual was formed on the basis of summarizing the results of many years of scientific research on management problems and the experience of the author's leadership work in various state organizations, educational institutions and public associations of citizens, as well as in the process of teaching the academic discipline "Sociology and Psychology of Management" at the Russian State University of Trade and Economics.

Wishing students success in mastering this course, the author expresses the hope that the prepared textbook will contribute to the formation and development of their interest in sociological and psychological problems management.

1. An objectandthingsociologyandpsychologymanagement

Among actual problems modern social science management issues are becoming increasingly greater value, since with the development of civilization and culture, many social processes that previously proceeded spontaneously become possible consciously regulate. Therefore, success in the scientific development and practical use of the theory, methodology and methodology of management largely determines at what cost and at what pace further social progress will be carried out. natural resources, not the economic basis or technology, not even the talent of the people, but the effectiveness of management. Cit. Quoted from: Kravchenko A.I. Applied sociology and management. M., 1995. P.3. . It is no coincidence, apparently, that some countries are now rapidly moving forward, while others, like Russia, are moving further and further. behind on the level and quality of life of the people.

In this regard, it is not so much the correction of the course of reforms carried out in Russia that is of particular importance, but indigenouschange socio-economic policy, content and forms of management, which has always been one of the most important functions of society, allowing it to survive in various, even the most difficult natural and social conditions.

Mastering the problems of the sociology of management is advisable to begin with the disclosure of the content of the basic concepts. In the broadest sense of the word control is a function of organized systems of various nature (technical, biological, social), ensuring the preservation of their structure, the implementation of the program or the purpose of the activity.

It should be noted that socialcontrol there is such an impact on society as a whole or its individual links, which is aimed at preserving their qualitative specifics, streamlining and normal functioning, improvement and development, successful progress towards a given goal See: Afanasiev V.G. Man in control systems. M., 1975. P.5. . This concept reflects the property of any society, arising from its systemic nature, the collective nature of labor, the need for people to communicate in the process living together, the exchange of products of material and spiritual activity. K. Marx compared control with the function of the conductor of a large orchestra, in which each participant leads his own part, but they all unite in the harmonious sound of a common melody.

Specificity economicmanagement lies in the desire the best way to regulate economic relations in order to achieve the maximum effect at the minimum cost of the resources used. At the enterprise level, such an approach is most often manifested in the form of risk management, quality management, financial and commodity flows, etc.

social(in the narrow sense) control associated with the directed impact on the system of specific ties between people as representatives of specific communities, large or small groups (national, territorial, professional, gender and age, confessional, etc.). In civil society, which is a diverse set of forms of self-activity of people, communities or individuals act in accordance with their specific interests, realize themselves most fully, organizing the structure of their own social relations, that is, they act as subjects of self-government.

Controlpoliticalsphere involves the impact on various social processes, relationships, organizations and institutions through the power functions of the state and the rule of law.

Controlspirituallife society and each of its individual members extends to such areas of activity as science, culture, art, education, enlightenment and upbringing. It is important to note that the division of management into separate varieties is possible only in abstraction, in reality, all types of management are independent only relatively and their interaction is based on economic relations gives management a special quality of a holistic social phenomenon.

Since management problems cover the widest range of natural and social phenomena, they require a comprehensive approach to their solution using the theory, methodology and methods of various sciences. materialistic dialectics constitutes the methodological basis for the analysis of management issues, contributing to the consideration of the subject of study, taking into account the whole variety of relationships both within itself and with the environment. It reveals the universal rules of thinking, focuses on understanding the management processes based on the real contradictions in the development of a particular reality.

Specificity systemicapproach to management lies in the fact that it involves the disclosure of the integrity of the object, the identification of the basic principles and patterns of formation, functioning and development of the object as a system of a certain type that implements a specific program or goal and operates on the basis of special procedures and rules.

Cybernetican approach helps to understand the essence of management from the point of view of what unites it with regulatory processes of a different kind, similar in all integral dynamic systems. The categories and laws of cybernetics mainly give an idea of ​​how management functions are carried out, that is, they focus on its formal side: receiving a task, collecting the necessary information, choosing from a variety of options for a method of action, organizing execution, and obtaining a result in the form of information about the state of an object. after the execution of the command (by the principle of "feedback"). The regulation of a technical device, the flow of blood in the body, or the circulation of money in the economy are characterized from the point of view of cybernetics as separate examples of a universal form of control.

Closest to the problems of management is the subject of study theoriessocialorganizations, which studies the patterns of construction, functioning and development of various associations of people jointly realizing their interests, programs or goals on the basis of certain norms and rules. Based on the combination of various elements of the organization into a single whole, a cooperative effect is found, which means synergy, that is, a new quality, an increase in additional energy that exceeds the sum of the individual efforts of the participants in the association. The main problem of this science is the correlation of formal and informal structures, personal and impersonal factors of organizations, individual and common in them, leadership and subordination; search for criteria for the effectiveness of organizations; development of methods for improving their work, etc.

Economictheory helps in the development of management problems in terms of economic mechanisms, exploring the processes of production, exchange, distribution and consumption of material goods and services with limited resources.

There are many points of contact between the science of management and political science, which explores the essence, nature, specific forms of existence and functioning of power, political processes, relations and institutions through the prism of the analysis of society as an integral system. Power structures, primarily state bodies, pursuing a certain policy, affect almost all spheres of society.

Jurisprudence reveals what role legal mechanisms play in the governance structure.

Socio-psychologicalan approach to management involves the study of the characteristics of people's relations both at the level of small, that is, contact groups, and at the level of large social groups - nations, social strata, classes, etc. This science explores the specific patterns of communication between individuals: the problems of cohesion, leadership and leadership, conformism and non-conformism, the process of making group decisions, the effectiveness of joint activities, the formation of value orientations of the individual, ways of social determination of its activities, as well as mass forms of behavior and types of communication (customs, traditions, panic, rumors, fashion, etc.).

AT last years Quite successful attempts are made in the literature to consider management from the point of view of social anthropology, that is, through the prism of the main question about a person and his position as central in the system of social relations. Such an orientation is sometimes accompanied, unfortunately, by the reduction of the entire historical diversity of sociocultural phenomena to a narrow circle of general species (generic, community, etc.) properties of the individual and his life world.

Specificitysociologicalapproach to management lies in the fact that it is considered from the perspective of the interests of certain social groups, communities, institutions, organizations and individuals that are in a relationship of leadership - subordination. The sociology of management forms an independent area of ​​special and systematized knowledge, which has its own subject and specific research methods. She studies the goals of management in terms of their correspondence to the interests of certain groups of people or specific individuals; social consequences management decisions and the attitude of performers to them.

The problems of sociology and psychology of management include the effectiveness of the functioning of the system for taking into account the opinions and proposals of the masses, the whole complex of selection, placement and education of managerial personnel, as well as the relationship that develops between employees of the administrative apparatus, and the specifics of their needs.

This science also explores issues of discipline, responsibility and diligence, which are not just social qualities of the individual, but are an expression of certain social relations that arise in the management process. It is advisable to consider this science as one of the particular theories, the most important task which is the analysis of the patterns of managerial relations, both at all levels of the functioning of society, and in all subject areas of the life of society.

Within the framework of this particular theory, management problems are considered based on the idea of ​​the ways of self-organization and reproduction of forms of human community, that is sociality. The fundamental principle of sociality lies in the processes of exchange of matter, energy and information between a person and the environment, between social institutions and between people themselves. The most important characteristics of these processes are efficiencyjointproductivelabor, leveldevelopmentpublicconsciousnessandmeasurehumanizationhumanrelations.

It should be noted that most of the social problems in the history of civilization were often solved not on the basis of scientific knowledge about the laws of the development of society, but at the behest of kings, emperors, dictators, political parties. At the level of individual enterprises, the task was usually set to produce products with the lowest costs and the highest profit, while the technocratic approach prevailed and the “human factor” was almost not taken into account.

humanization human relations is largely connected not only with the correct understanding of the essence of the social form of the movement of matter as a set of specific interactions between people, but also with the formation, functioning and development civil society based on the ideas of equality, justice, freedom, etc. It should be emphasized that the sociology and psychology of management are called upon to play an important role in understanding this phenomenon, revealing the patterns of the influence of the “human factor” on managerial relations and offering practical recommendations for improving the efficiency of management systems.

It should be noted that the main efforts of sociology and psychology of management in Russia have long been aimed at adapting the concepts and ideas of the general theory of systems to the social sphere, the conditions of a particular type of socio-economic formation. It was only in the 1990s that the need for a significant revision of the theory, methodology and methods of sociology and psychology of management began to be more acutely realized in order to identify and implement the internal reserves of all participants in joint life activity in the renewal and revival of the country.

Summing up the previously presented material, we can conclude that the object of study of sociology and psychology of management is the system of social institutions and organizations, and the subject is the patterns, forms and methods of purposeful influence on the processes occurring in these structures, the nature of managerial relations.

Three levels can be distinguished in the structure of sociology and management psychology. First - leveltheoreticalgeneralizations, where the main types and principles of managerial relations can be deeply comprehended (from the point of view of the "human factor").

On the secondlevel -methodological- are special knowledge associated with the development and justification of methods and means of research and transformation of managerial relations. At this level, the methods, style and functions of management are usually considered as an expression of the humanistic content of this specialized activity.

The thirdlevel can be labeled as socio-technologicalorsocial engineering. This includes all areas related to the activities of specialists in management practice: consulting (both external and internal), functional management, substantiation and formation of social structures, etc.

There are three main functions of sociology and psychology of management as a science and academic discipline. First-epistemological(or cognitive, ideological, theoretical, informational, methodological) function is determined by the need to study an integral system (whole set) of objective social conditions and subjective factors related to the field of management, that is, obtaining reliable information about the essence of processes, relationships and the most important, typical problems (real contradictions) of management activities, as well as possible ways to effectively resolve them, taking into account all available (always limited) resources (human, socio-economic, political, socio-cultural, and others). This function is associated with the identification of patterns and trends in social change, the correct assessment and reasonable determination of the most likely prospects for the further development of society as a whole, a particular social group or organization.

Second-applied(or practically-transformative, socio-technological) function of sociology and psychology of management is manifested in teaching the skills, abilities and methods of developing the main directions, forecasts, options, scenarios, models and innovative methods development of managerial activity in the future with the aim of improving both society as a whole and individual social communities or organizations.

Third the function of this science and academic discipline - value-oriented(or humanistic, ideological and educational, ideological) is determined by the need and importance of developing modern specialists patriotism, social responsibility, a benevolent approach to oneself and others, the assertion of the moral principles of the behavior of each person in all spheres of public life.

In sociology and psychology of management, as in any other science, there are two main components: knowledge and the means of obtaining it, which should be considered as the result of the activities of scientists and research teams.

First component - knowledge - includes knowledge about the subject and methodological knowledge (knowledge about knowledge). Knowledge about a subject is a specially constructed classification or typology, conceptual or mathematical models, theories and statistics used by sociology and management psychology.

Methodological knowledge includes worldview and methodological principles; the doctrine of the subject of sociology and psychology of management; knowledge about scientific methods research, their development and application in sociology and psychology of management; the doctrine of the forms, types and levels of knowledge, which is built within the framework of the sociology and psychology of management; knowledge about the process of sociological and psychological research, its structure and functions.

Second component - these are individual methods, and sociological and psychological ones proper. It should be noted that according to the scale of application in sociology and psychology of management, general scientific, interdisciplinary (interscientific) and specific methods are distinguished, which are a means of obtaining and systematizing knowledge about social reality, a way of constructing and substantiating the information received. They include the principles of organizing cognitive activity, regulatory norms or rules, a set of techniques and operations for the theoretical and practical development of reality.

To general scientific methods include materialistic dialectics, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, extrapolation and interpolation, assumption and hypothesis, etc. Interdisciplinary(i.e. applied in at least two sciences) methods include observation, experiment, expert opinions, historical and logical analysis, systematic approach, information-theoretic, probabilistic, model and other methods of research based on the mathematical apparatus.

But there is also specific methods of sociology and psychology of management, due to the peculiarity of the object and subject of this science, are not only specific sociological and psychological studies carried out in a special way, but also organizational-structural, sociotechnical, communicative and innovative types of studying social reality.

In conclusion, however, it is worth noting that no matter what the classification of the methods used in sociology and psychology of management is, they all become effective only in complex use, which allows us to consider various aspects of the life of any organization as a whole, thereby protecting the researcher from one-sided , simplified approach to social reality.

2. The main stages of the formation and development of sociology and psychology of management

For thousands of years, mankind has accumulated experience in organizing joint labor, exchanging products of material and spiritual activity. However, the formation of a specific industry scientific knowledge- Sociology and psychology of management as an independent special (private) discipline began only at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century. An American engineer, production organizer and researcher F.U. Taylor (1856-1915).

He developed a number of methods for the scientific organization of labor (based on the study of the movements of the worker using timing, standardization of techniques and tools) in four areas: 1) rationing (any work can be structured and measured); 2) the ratio of time and tasks (the result should be achieved by a certain point, otherwise the remuneration should be reduced; 3) selection and training of personnel (any entrepreneur striving for long-term success must constantly take care of improving the company's personnel); 4) incentives (monetary remuneration is determined not for activities, but for the final result of labor).

In the book "The Scientific Organization of Labor", F. Taylor wrote that "the main task of enterprise management should be to ensure maximum profit for the entrepreneur in combination with maximum welfare for each employee employed in the enterprise." Taylor F. Scientific organization of labor // Management is a science and an art. - M., 1992. S. 244. This idea of ​​the author (especially its second part) remains relevant for the current stage of resuscitation of market relations in Russia. F. Taylor paid much attention to the motivation of labor, attaching particular importance to two factors: the firm assimilation by the employee of the task given to him and the bonus.

According to the author, scientific management ensures the fair interests of both workers and entrepreneurs and benefits the entire nation as a whole only with the strict implementation of the "four great" principles of management: 1) the development of true scientific foundations of production, the introduction of economical methods of work; 2) professional selection and training of employees; 3) rational placement of personnel; 4) friendly cooperation between the administration and workers.

Another American production organizer G. Emerson (1853-1931) developed an integrated approach to the organization of management, the main provisions of which are set out in his book "The Twelve Principles of Productivity". These principles were outlined by him in the following sequence: precisely set goals; common sense; competent advice; discipline; fair treatment of staff; prompt, reliable, complete, accurate and permanent accounting; dispatching; norms and schedule; normalization of conditions; normalization of operations; written standard instructions; reward for productive work.

One of the classics of sociology, the German M. Weber (1864-1920), contributed a lot to the enrichment scientific concept management, having developed an "ideal type" of administrative management, designated by him by the term "bureaucracy theory". According to the scientist, who attached paramount importance to the formally organized aspects of management, it is necessary to divide all activities aimed at achieving the goals facing a particular structure into simple operations. This implies a strict definition of the tasks of each of the elements of the system.

The maximum possible division of labor creates conditions for the use of specialists (experts) in all levels of management who are fully responsible for the effective performance of their duties. Management activity is based on the principles of the administrative hierarchy, that is, the subordination of the lower to the higher. Service in the management system should be based on the qualifications of the employee for the position he occupies. The HR policy is designed to form a "corporate spirit" among employees, to promote the development of their initiative, to assert loyalty to the organization.

The most prominent representative of the Western European school of scientific management at the end of the 19th - 20s. 20th century was a French entrepreneur, organizer and scientist A. Fayol (1841-1925), who is the founder of the "administrative school of management". He defined the content of five main management operations: 1) to anticipate (take into account the future and develop a program of action); 2) organize (build a double - material and social - the body of the enterprise); 3) to dispose (to force the personnel to work properly); 4) coordinate (link, unite, harmonize all actions and all efforts); 5) control (make sure that everything is done according to the established rules and given orders).

A. Fayol singled out 14 (equally important) management principles: division of labor, power, discipline, unity of command, unity of leadership, subordination of individual interests to common goals, remuneration, centralization, hierarchy, order, equality, staff stability, initiative, corporate spirit. In his opinion, a manager must have a combination of such qualities as intellectual and organizational skills, a good general education, high competence in his field, the art of dealing with people, energy, independence, perseverance, a sense of duty, and others.

In the 30s of the twentieth century, the theory of “human relations” arose, the main contribution to the development of which was made by the Americans E. Mayo, D. MacGregor, A. Maslow and others. only material interest, this theory showed the great importance of such factors of the psychosocial activity of the individual as the cohesion of the group in which the person works, relationships with management, a favorable atmosphere in the workplace, employee satisfaction with their work.

The essence of the concept of E. Mayo (1880-1949) was that the work itself, the production process, are of less importance for the worker than his social and psychological position in production. Therefore, the heads of enterprises must put at their service the socio-psychological motives of the employees' activities, navigate in more on people than on products, since this ensures the satisfaction of the individual with his work and the social stability of society.

D. McGregor (1906-1964) proposed in the theory and practice of leadership styles to take into account the fundamental difference between two dichotomous theories - "X" and "Y". The first of the theories, reflecting the traditional approach to management as an administrative-command process, focuses on three psychological and social factors: 1) an ordinary person is characterized by an internal rejection of labor and he seeks to avoid it in any way: 2) an ordinary person seeks to avoid responsibility and prefers to be controlled; 3) a simple person is characterized by the need for protection and he does not have ambitions. In accordance with this, the manager must not only resort to coercion and control, but also carry out certain measures to maintain the good condition of the employee.

The starting points of the second theory, which is based on the perception of the employee as a person with certain intellectual abilities, are as follows: 1) people are not passive by nature, they become so as a result of the work of an organization that is poorly managed; 2) the expenditure of physical and intellectual forces in labor is completely natural for a person, therefore coercion to work, the threat of punishment are not the only means to achieve the goal; 3) a person in the process of activity exercises self-government and self-control; 4) an ordinary person, under appropriate conditions, is not only able to learn to take responsibility, but also looks for an opportunity to show his abilities. In accordance with this, the task of management becomes qualitatively different: the creation of optimal conditions for the most full development intellectual abilities of a person as a guarantee of increasing the efficiency of his work.

A. Maslow (1908-1970) developed hierarchical theory needs, highlighting five levels of behavioral motives depending on the needs dominating at one time or another: 1) vital, physiological needs (for food, clothing, housing, procreation, breathing, rest, physical movement, etc.); 2) the need for the security of one's existence (confidence in the future, stability of living conditions, a certain constancy and regularity of the surrounding society, guaranteed employment, accident insurance, etc.); 3) social needs (in social ties, belonging to a team, identifying oneself with others, communication, participation in joint labor activities, caring for others and attention to oneself); 4) the need for self-respect (in recognition of the dignity of the individual by "significant others", career growth, status, prestige, appreciation, etc.); 5) spiritual needs (in self-expression through creativity, self-actualization, realization of one's own abilities, talents, inclinations, talents, that is, the full use of one's capabilities, which is the meaning of every person's life.

The social practice of the doctrine of human relations was based on the principle of replacing individual remuneration with collective, economic - socio-psychological (creating a favorable moral climate, increasing job satisfaction, establishing a democratic leadership style).

An important role in the development of structural-functional analysis in relation to the problems of sociology and psychology of management belongs to the American R. Merton (born 1910), who, along with the study of explicit and latent management functions, introduced the concept of "dysfunction". In his opinion, the content of the term "function" reflects the visible or hidden consequences of management activities that contribute to the adaptation of a given system to the environment, and "dysfunction" is such observable consequences that reduce the adaptation of the system.

Domestic scientists have made a significant contribution to the development of sociology and psychology of management. A.A. Bogdanov (1873-1928) in the book “Tectology. General organizational science” outlined the concept of universal types and regularities of structural transformation of any systems developed by him. The main idea of ​​textology as "the doctrine of building art" is the identity of the organization of systems of different levels - from the microworld to biological and social.

The most fundamental achievements of A.A. Bogdanov are to identify classes of regulated (organized) and self-regulating (self-organizing) systems, as well as to put forward the idea of ​​a bioregulator - a mechanism for direct and reverse regulatory impact on the system. He managed to connect organizational (organizing) activity with the concept of "interest" (goal), reveal the dynamics of organizational structures with the formation of the organization's goal, which is carried out by the governing body.

The scientist considered society as an organized whole, which is the sum of human activities unfolding in the natural environment. In his opinion, each branch of the national economy, enterprise, employee, as part of the organizational system, performs its specific function in it and for it. He justified the need to develop a model of a single economic plan for the country's economy, formulated the most important principles of the economy, showed that the stability of the balance of all organizational systems is determined by the strength of the weakest link.

A.A. Bogdanov is credited with developing personal tektology (the science of organizing and disorganizing life), which is based on consciousness and self-awareness. He believed that the knowledge of the rules, norms and methods of organizing life that are of universal importance, leading to agreement and mutual understanding, is of great value to leaders.

An important merit of the outstanding Russian sociologist P.A. Sorokin (1889-1968) was the development of the theory of social stratification, revealing the forms of economic, political and professional differentiation of a specific set of people into classes, communities, layers in a hierarchical rank. He proved that any social group is stratified precisely because of its constancy and organization. The scientist substantiated the idea of ​​horizontal and vertical social mobility, by which he understood any transition of an individual ( social object) from one social position to another.

A major role in the development of one of the most important areas of sociology and psychology of management - social engineering - was played by the developments of A.K. Gastev (1882-1938), who created the doctrine of “labor attitudes”, which meant both specific reflexes brought up as a result of a well-thought-out system of labor training, and the general state of the body, “tuned” to perceive innovations, and most importantly, the very dynamics of the worker’s restructuring on new organizational style. The scientist argued that the era of accurate measurements should come in the social field, with the borrowing of experimental methods from the natural sciences. He put forward the task of transforming a modern enterprise into a huge social laboratory. In his opinion, scientific experiment and technical rationalization are the logical conclusion of the restructuring of production itself.

The main idea of ​​A.K. Gastev - "introduction is an integral part of the internal evolution of production itself" - became the core of his innovation program. For the introduction of new forms of labor organization, he was responsible for a staff of special instructors who developed the project of the organization, conducted a thorough analysis of the labor process, applied the new system, and then engaged in its debugging and operation. He believed that the introduction of progressive methods is inseparable from teaching workers new methods of labor .

In the 60s - 70s. of the twentieth century in the sociology and psychology of management, a systematic approach began to increasingly come to the forefront, the constructive role of which is to provide more opportunities for studying the prospects for the development of a particular object, as well as for studying critical variables and constraints that arise in the process of interaction of a hierarchical (multilevel) object with the environment. A large amount of management activity of a complex system is usually distributed both by content and by management levels. At the same time, some of the forms of distribution of managerial activity are horizontal, while others are vertical.

In the 60s. of the twentieth century in sociology and psychology of management, along with a systematic approach, many scientists also use a situational approach, which is based on the understanding that optimal, effective management is possible only when the internal functioning of the organization is clearly consistent with the requirements of the tasks facing it, with its technical equipment, the needs of personnel (internal variables) and the external environment (external variables determined taking into account the specific circumstances in which the system is located at a given time).

At the same time, in the 50s - 70s. In the twentieth century, a process (functional) approach was intensively developed, a feature of which is the increased attention of scientists and practitioners to self-management and such managerial functions as planning, organization, leadership, coordination, control, motivation, decision-making. Computerization of management has made it possible to use quantitative and statistical methods of analysis and modeling more widely in management.

In the early 70s. of the last century in the United States, a humanistic approach arose in the sociology and psychology of management, representing a well-known compromise between two areas of personnel management - personnel management (a paradigm of human relations) and human resource management. To a certain extent, this was due to the transformation of workers into owners of enterprises, which brought the relationship "employer - employee" to a level where other shareholders, public authorities, and consumers are also included in the relationship of mutual responsibility.

According to this approach, which focuses on the human side of the organization, culture is seen as the process of creating a reality that allows people to be aware of events, actions, situations in a certain way and give specific meaning and meaning to their own behavior. At the same time, effective organizational development is understood not only as a change in structures, technologies and skills, but also as a change in the values ​​that underlie the joint activities of people.

In modern management, there is also a non-classical direction, which includes a synergistic (initiating-resonating) model and an “activity approach”. Synergetics focuses management on the use of the laws of self-organization in order to increase the effectiveness of the control action, opens up new principles for building a complex evolutionary whole from parts, that is, creating such multi-level developing structures from simple ones, when the formed system already has a different quality, not reducible to the sum of the qualities of its individual elements .

At the same time, management is considered from the point of view of determining potentially possible options for the evolution of the system, choosing one of them and initiating the possible ways of its self-development that are preferable for the manager. The synergistic idea of ​​management is based, therefore, on the resonant impact on the system or bringing it to its own development attractor desirable for management.

According to the "activity approach" social organization can be managed based on the creative potential of people. At the same time, the management process is divided not just into a subject and an object, but into certain stages of studying the situation and making a choice, acquiring a long-term and innovative character, when the cycles of calculations and formalization are replaced by cycles of democratic procedures and creative development.

Another promising area of ​​modern sociology and management psychology is existential management, which emphasizes the importance of personal experiences and life situations of the subjects of action that are not amenable to empirical verification.

In recent years, innovative management has also been developing, the essence of which can be defined as a management method that helps a person to better use own possibilities. One of its varieties is such reflexive-innovative methods (helping to open distant horizons for improving social systems and give them a new impetus for managerial self-development at the deepest level), such as the creation of tools that allow organizing a special psychological space (other world), which, by its formal characteristics, is maximally remote from reality and is as uncertain as possible for professional and personal life creation.

Another direction in the field of innovative approaches is reengineering as a fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve sharp, leap-like improvements in such decisive indicators of an organization's activity as product cost, its quality, and others.

Here we should also mention the neo-institutional approach in the sociology and psychology of management, which considers the process of forming and changing the structure as a rational, exogenous, environmental-adaptive process of adapting an organization to the external environment, described in terms of balance models and focused on the planned outcome.

In conclusion, we note that since the pace of change in social conditions is accelerating in the twenty-first century, the use of innovative social technologies in the field of managerial activity is becoming increasingly relevant.

3. Social essence of management

The laws of history, unlike the laws of nature, force their way through disparate social action people endowed with consciousness and will. In this regard, in a certain sense, it can be argued that a person myself creates its history, guided in its activities by certain ideals, values ​​and goals, choosing specific means to achieve them. The basis of all human activity is their desire to satisfy their material and spiritual needs on the basis of social production, which is possible only under certain natural and historical conditions.

The natural conditions of social production are natural conditions (ecology) and population, and the historical (man-made) conditions are the means of labor (technology), the use and improvement of which becomes a specific characteristic of human life. People who are engaged in the production of means of subsistence in a certain way enter into certain social (economic, social, political, legal, moral, ideological, managerial, etc.) relations that exist objectively.

Constantly occurring throughout the history of civilization, qualitative changes in the productive forces required a corresponding transformation of social relations. In this regard, the testing of new forms of interaction, cohesion and coordination of people's behavior (based on the division, specialization and cooperation of labor) became effective tool improvement of society. However, the consolidation of society was far from always carried out in the direction of a spiritually uplifting association of individuals on the basis of truth, goodness and beauty.

That is why, in the process of the development of society, the importance of goal-setting and value-oriented management activity, which determines such sources, alternatives and prospects for the further self-propulsion of civilization, is increasingly increasing so that its historical development does not occur with considerable dehumanizing costs.

It should be emphasized that the managerial impact is carried out for such a change in the state, parameters, properties of the object of management, which is associated with the improvement of the content and the realization of the interests and needs of communities, social groups and individuals, the regulation of the direction of their activities for the progressive development of society.

So, society as a whole and each of its subsystems up to the individual in the process of its functioning and development need in the implementation of management, the laws of which science is called upon to reveal. At the same time, it is important to understand that the laws formulated by the sociology and psychology of management regulate the behavior of people and their groups, determine the relationship between individuals and/or communities, and manifest themselves in the activities of people and their associations.

Here it is necessary to note the main features of the social law: a) any of them can come into effect only under certain conditions; b) under these conditions, the law operates always and everywhere without any exceptions; c) the conditions under which the law operates are not fully implemented, but partially and approximately. Since the laws of sociology and psychology of management are applied by specific people and in specific conditions, they manifest themselves as laws-trends.

The classification of the laws of sociology and psychology can be carried out on various grounds. By degreescommonality distinguish between the laws that determine the functioning and development allsocialsystemsasthe whole, and specific laws specific to certain stage of development of society or part of it: a separate element of the social system, sphere, structure, community, institution, etc.

Sociology and psychology of management considers from a special angle the laws of life, general for various types of social systems (not only modern, but also past ones), analyzes the most important parameters of all socio-economic formations and civilizations, since any social phenomenon is only a certain moment in the implementation of the integrity of the existence of society in its historically special form. It is important to emphasize that the nature of management has been steadily changing, has always acted in specific forms associated with the specifics of each stage of development of society.

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term paper, added 06/04/2012


Object, subject, functions and methods of sociology, types and structure of sociological knowledge. The history of the formation and development of sociology: formation sociological ideas, classical and Marxist sociology. Schools and directions of modern sociology.

course of lectures, added 06/02/2009


The study of the concept of personality in modern psychology and sociology. Features of the psychological approach to the study of personality. Basic definitions of personality in sociology. Features of the application and interpretation of the concept of "personality". Socialization and identification.

term paper, added 06/18/2010


The sociology of law is one of the branches of sociological science designed to explore the phenomenon of law from the standpoint of sociology. Sociology of law as a science and academic discipline. The history of the formation of the sociology of law. The main scientific schools of sociology of law.

abstract, added 06/17/2008


The concept of sociology as a science, the subject and methods of its research, the history of its origin and development, the role of Auguste Comte in this process. Types of sociological knowledge and its main directions. The main functions of sociology and its place among other sciences.

presentation, added 01/11/2011


Subject, object and method of sociology, its functions and connection with other sciences. Structure and levels of sociological knowledge, laws and categories. Ways and main stages of the process of socialization of the individual. The essence and significance of social interaction in society.

tutorial, added 11/11/2010


Cognition, sociological substantiation and interpretation of management as the most important social institution is the main function of the sociology of management, its formation at the present stage. Models foreign sociology management and the evolution of its methodology.