The national language is the means of oral and written communication of a nation. Along with the common territory, historical, economic and political life, as well as mental makeup, language is a leading indicator of the historical community of people, which is usually called the term nation(lat.natio – tribe, people).

Russian national language by kinship, belongs to to the Slavic group of the Indo-European family of languages. Indo-European languages ​​are one of the largest language families, including Anatolian, Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Italic, Romance, Germanic, Celtic, Baltic, Slavic group, as well as Armenian, Phrygian, Venetian and some other languages.

Slavic languages ​​come from single pre-Slavic a language that emerged from the base Indo-European language long before our era. During the existence of the Proto-Slavic language, the main features inherent in all Slavic languages ​​developed. Around the 6th-7th centuries AD, the pre-Slavic unity disintegrated. The Eastern Slavs began to use a relatively common East Slavic tongue. (Old Russian, or language Kievan Rus). Around the same time, they formed West Slavic(Czech, Slovak, Polish, Kashubian, Serbian Sorbian and “dead” Polabian) and South Slavic languages (Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian, Slovenian, Ruthenian and “dead” Old Church Slavonic).

In the 9th – 11th centuries, based on the translations of liturgical books made by Cyril and Methodius, the first written language Slavs – Old Church Slavonic Its literary continuation will be the language used to this day in worship – Church Slavonic .

As feudal fragmentation intensified and the Tatar-Mongol yoke was overthrown, Great Russian, Little Russian and Belarusian nationalities were formed. Thus, the East Slavic group of languages ​​falls into three related languages: Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian. By the 14th – 15th centuries, the language of the Great Russian people took shape, with Rostov-Suzdal and Vladimir dialects at its core.

Russian national language begins to take shape in the 17th century in connection with the development capitalist relations and the development of the Russian people into nation. Phonetic system, grammatical structure and basic lexicon Russian national language inherited from the language Great Russian people, formed in the process interaction between northern Great Russian and southern Great Russian dialects. Moscow, located on the border of the south and north of the European part of Russia, has become the center of this interaction. Exactly Moscow business vernacular had a significant impact on the development of the national language.

The 18th century became an important stage in the development of the Russian national language. During these times, our compatriots spoke and wrote using a large number of Old Church Slavonic and Church Slavonic elements. What was required was the democratization of the language, the introduction of living elements into its structure, colloquial speech merchants, service people, clergy and literate peasants. Main role in theoretical foundation of Russian language played by M.V. Lomonosov. The scientist creates a “Russian grammar”, which has theoretical and practical significance: ordering literary language and development rules for using its elements. “All sciences,” he explains, “have a need for grammar. Oratorio is stupid, poetry is tongue-tied, philosophy is unfounded, history is incomprehensible, jurisprudence without grammar is dubious.” Lomonosov pointed out two features of the Russian language that made it one of the most important world languages:

- "the vastness of the places where he dominates"

- “your own space and contentment.”

In the Petrine era, due to the appearance in Russia of many new objects and phenomena The vocabulary of the Russian language is updated and enriched. The flow of new words was so enormous that even a decree of Peter I was needed to normalize the use of borrowings.

The Karamzin period in the development of the Russian national language is characterized by the struggle for the establishment of a single language norm in it. At the same time, N.M. himself Karamzin and his supporters believe that, when defining norms, it is necessary to focus on Western, European languages ​​(French), free the Russian language from the influence of Church Slavonic speech, create new words, expand the semantics of those already used to denote those emerging in the life of society, mainly secular, new objects, phenomena, processes. Karamzin’s opponent was the Slavophile A.S. Shishkov, who believed that the Old Church Slavonic language should become the basis of the Russian national language. The dispute about language between Slavophiles and Westerners was brilliantly resolved in the works of the great Russian writers of the early nineteenth century. A.S. Griboyedov and I.A. Krylov showed the inexhaustible possibilities of lively spoken language, the originality and richness of Russian folklore.

Creator the same national Russian language became A.S. Pushkin. In poetry and prose, the main thing, in his opinion, is “a sense of proportionality and conformity”: any element is appropriate if it accurately conveys thought and feeling.

In the first decades of the 19th century, the formation of the Russian national language was completed. However, the process of processing the national language in order to create uniform spelling, lexical, spelling and grammatical norms continues, numerous dictionaries are published, the largest of which is the four-volume Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian language" IN AND. Dalia.

After the October Revolution of 1917, important changes took place in the Russian language. Firstly, a huge layer of secular and religious vocabulary, which was very relevant before the revolution, “dies out.” The new government destroys objects, phenomena, processes and at the same time the words denoting them disappear: monarch, heir to the throne, gendarme, police officer, privat-docent, footman and so on. Millions of believing Russians cannot use openly Christian terminology: seminary, deacon, Eucharist, Ascension, Our Lady, Savior, Dormition, etc. These words live among the people secretly, latently, awaiting the hour of their revival. On the other side. a huge number of new words appear, reflecting changes in politics, economics, culture : Soviets, Kolchak member, Red Army soldier, security officer. A large number of complex abbreviated words appear: party contributions, collective farm, Revolutionary Military Council, Council of People's Commissars, commander, Prodrazverstka, tax in kind, cultural enlightenment, educational program. One of the striking distinctive features of the Russian language Soviet period – interference of the opposite, The essence of this phenomenon lies in the formation of two opposing lexical systems, positively and negatively characterizing the same phenomena that exist on opposite sides of the barricades, in the world of capitalism and in the world of socialism : scouts and spies, liberating soldiers and occupiers, partisans and bandits.

Nowadays, the Russian national language continues to develop already in post-Soviet space. Among the modern characteristic features of the language, the most important are:

1) replenishment of the vocabulary with new elements; first of all, this is borrowed vocabulary denoting objects and phenomena of the political, economic and cultural life of the country: electorate, extreme sports, business center, conversion, clone, chip, iridology, HIV infection, audio cassette, cheeseburger, jacuzzi;

2) the return to use of words that seemed to have lost such an opportunity forever; first of all this religious vocabulary: lord, communion. Annunciation, Liturgy, All-Night Vigil, Epiphany, Metropolitan;

3) the disappearance, along with objects and phenomena, of words characterizing Soviet reality: Komsomol, party organizer, state farm, DOSAAF, pioneer;

4) destruction of the system formed as a result of the action interference of the opposite.

The Russian language has come a long way historical development. There are three periods of development of the Russian language:

• · Early period(VI-VII - XIV centuries).
• · Middle period(XIV-XV - XVII centuries).
• · Late period(XVII-XVIII - end of XX - beginning of XXI century).

I period (early) begins after separation Eastern Slavs from pan-Slavic unity and the formation of the language of the Eastern Slavs (Old Russian language) - the predecessor of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages. This period is characterized by the presence of Old Church Slavonicisms, Church Slavonic vocabulary, and Turkic borrowings in the language. The second period (middle) begins with the collapse of the language of the Eastern Slavs and the separation of the Russian language proper (the language of the Great Russian people). By the second half of the 17th century, the Russian nation was taking shape and the Russian national language was taking shape, based on the traditions of the Moscow dialect.

Period III is the period of development of the Russian national language, design and improvement of the Russian literary language.

• Period 1 (October 1917 - April 1985) is characterized by the presence of the following processes in the language:
  • · Care in passive stock a huge layer of secular and church vocabulary (lord, king, monarch, governor, gymnasium; Savior, Mother of God, bishop, Eucharist, etc.);
  • · The emergence of new words reflecting changes in politics and economics. Most of them were official abbreviations of words and phrases: NKVD, RSDLP, collective farm, district committee, tax in kind, educational program, etc.;
  • · Interference of the opposite. The essence of this phenomenon is that two words are formed that positively and negatively characterize the same phenomena of reality that exist in different political systems. After October events 1917 in the Russian language gradually formed two lexical systems: one for naming the phenomena of capitalism, the other - socialism. So, if we were talking about enemy countries, then their intelligence officers were called spies, soldiers - occupiers, partisans - terrorists, etc.;
  • · Renaming the denotation. Denotation is an object of extra-linguistic reality to which it refers language sign as part of a statement. Thus, not only the names of cities and streets are renamed (Tsaritsyn - to Stalingrad, Nizhny Novgorod- to Gorky; Great Noble - in Revolution Avenue), but also social concepts(competition - into socialist competition, harvesting - into the battle for the harvest, peasants - into collective farmers, etc.). As a result of the renaming, the authorities, firstly, managed to sever ties with the pre-revolutionary past, and secondly, to create the illusion of universal renewal. Thus, through the word, the party and government oligarchy influenced public consciousness.

During the 2nd period (April 1985 - present), serious political, economic, ideological changes took place, leading to significant changes in the Russian literary language:

• Significant expansion vocabulary due to:
  • a) foreign vocabulary (barter, business, legitimate);
  • b) the formation of a mass of new words in the Russian language itself (post-Soviet, denationalization, de-Sovietization);
• · Return to the active vocabulary of words that left the language during the Soviet period (Duma, governor, corporation; communion, liturgy, all-night vigil);
• · Relegation to a passive stock of Soviet words (collective farm, Komsomolets, district committee);
• · Changes in the meanings of many words, occurring due to ideological and political reasons. For example, in the dictionary of the Soviet period the following is written about the word God: “God - according to religious and mystical ideas: a mythical supreme being who allegedly rules the world” (Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian Language. - M., 1953). The definition includes indicators unreliability (particle allegedly and adjective mythical). The purpose of this interpretation is to impose an atheistic worldview on the user of the dictionary, corresponding to totalitarian ideology. In the modern dictionary - “God - in religion: the supreme omnipotent being...” (Ozhegov S.I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: 80,000 words and phraseological expressions. - M., 2006);
• Vulgarization - use in speech, it would seem, educated people slang, colloquial and other extra-literary elements (bucks, rollback, disassembly, chaos);
• · “Foreignization” of the Russian language - that is, the unjustified use of borrowings in speech (reception - reception, reception point; gang - criminal association, gang; show - spectacle, etc.).

How often do we, Russian speakers, think about this? important point What is the history of the emergence of the Russian language? After all, how many secrets are hidden in it, how many interesting things can be learned if you dig deeper. How did the Russian language develop? After all, our speech is not only everyday conversations, it is a rich history.

History of the development of the Russian language: briefly about the main thing

Where did our native language come from? There are several theories. Some scientists (for example, linguist N. Guseva) believe that Sanskrit is the Russian language. However, Sanskrit was used by Indian scholars and priests. This was Latin for the inhabitants ancient Europe- “something very smart and incomprehensible.” But how did the speech that was used by Indian scientists suddenly end up in our favor? Is it really true that the formation of the Russian language began with the Indians?

The Legend of the Seven White Teachers

Each scientist understands the stages of the history of the Russian language differently: these are the origin, development, alienation of the book language from the folk language, the development of syntax and punctuation, etc. All of them may differ in order (it is still unknown when exactly the book language separated from the folk language) or interpretation. But, according to the following legend, seven white teachers can be considered the “fathers” of the Russian language.

There is a legend in India that is even studied in Indian universities. In ancient times, seven white teachers appeared from the cold North (the Himalaya region). It was they who gave Sanskrit to people and laid the foundation of Brahmanism, from which Buddhism was later born. Many believe that this North was one of the regions of Russia, which is why modern Hindus often go there on pilgrimage.

A legend today

It turns out that many Sanskrit words completely coincide with - this is the theory of the famous ethnographer Natalya Guseva, who wrote more than 150 scientific works on history and religion of India. Most of them, by the way, have been refuted by other scientists.

This theory was not taken out of thin air by her. Her appearance was caused by most interesting case. Once Natalya accompanied a respected scientist from India, who decided to arrange tourist trip along the northern rivers of Russia. While communicating with residents of local villages, the Indian suddenly burst into tears and refused the services of an interpreter, saying that he was happy to hear his native Sanskrit. Then Guseva decided to devote her life to studying the mysterious phenomenon, and at the same time to establish how the Russian language developed.

This is truly amazing! According to this story, beyond the Himalayas live representatives of the Negroid race, speaking a language so similar to our native one. Mysticism, and that’s all. Nevertheless, the hypothesis that our dialect originated from Indian Sanskrit is valid. Here it is - the history of the Russian language in brief.

Dragunkin's theory

And here is another scientist who decided that this story of the emergence of the Russian language is true. The famous philologist Alexander Dragunkin argued that truly great language comes from a simpler one, in which there are fewer word forms and shorter words. Supposedly Sanskrit is much simpler than Russian. And the Sanskrit writing is nothing more than Slavic runes slightly modified by the Hindus. But this theory is just where is the origin of language?

Scientific version

And here is the version that most scientists approve and accept. She claims that 40,000 years ago (the time of the appearance of the first man) people had a need to express their thoughts in the process collective activity. This is how the language appeared. But in those days the population was extremely small, and all people spoke the same language. Thousands of years later, a migration of peoples took place. People's DNA changed, tribes became isolated from each other and began to speak differently.

Languages ​​differed from each other in form and word formation. Each group of people developed their native language, supplemented it with new words, and gave it form. Later, there was a need for science that would describe new achievements or things that people came to.

As a result of this evolution, so-called “matrices” arose in human heads. I studied these matrices in detail famous linguist Georgy Gachev, who studied more than 30 matrices - language pictures peace. According to his theory, Germans are very attached to their home, and this served as an image of a typical German speaker. And the Russian language and mentality came from the concept or image of a road, a path. This matrix lies in our subconscious.

The birth and development of the Russian language

About 3 thousand years BC among Indo-European languages the Proto-Slavic dialect stood out, which a thousand years later became the Proto-Slavic language. In the VI-VII centuries. n. e. it was divided into several groups: eastern, western and southern. Our language is usually classified as eastern.

And the beginning of the path of the Old Russian language is called the formation of Kievan Rus (IX century). At the same time, Cyril and Methodius invented the first Slavic alphabet.

It developed rapidly, and in terms of popularity it has already become equal to Greek and Latin. It was the Old Church Slavonic language (the predecessor of modern Russian) that managed to unite all the Slavs; it was in it that they wrote and published important documents and literary monuments. For example, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.”

Normalization of writing

Then came the era of feudalism, and the Polish-Lithuanian conquests in the 13th-14th centuries led to the fact that the language was divided into three groups of dialects: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, as well as some intermediate dialects.

In the 16th century in Muscovite Rus' they decided to normalize the written language of the Russian language (then it was called “prosta mova” and was influenced by Belarusian and Ukrainian) - to introduce the predominance coordinating connection in sentences and the frequent use of conjunctions “yes”, “and”, “a”. The dual number was lost, and the declension of nouns became very similar to the modern one. And the basis of the literary language became character traits Moscow speech. For example, “akanie”, consonant “g”, endings “ovo” and “evo”, demonstrative pronouns(yourself, you, etc.). The beginning of book printing finally established the literary Russian language.

Peter's era

It greatly affected my speech. After all, it was at this time that the Russian language was freed from the “tutelage” of the church, and in 1708 the alphabet was reformed so that it became closer to the European model.

In the second half of the 18th century, Lomonosov laid down new norms for the Russian language, combining everything that came before: colloquial speech, folk poetry and even command language. After him, the language was transformed by Derzhavin, Radishchev, and Fonvizin. It was they who increased the number of synonyms in the Russian language in order to properly reveal its richness.

A huge contribution to the development of our speech was made by Pushkin, who rejected all restrictions on style and combined Russian words with some European ones to create a complete and colorful picture of the Russian language. He was supported by Lermontov and Gogol.

Development trends

How did the Russian language develop in the future? WITH mid-19th century- at the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian language received several development trends:

1. Development of literary norms.
2. The convergence of literary language and colloquial speech.
3. Expansion of language through dialectisms and jargon.
4. Development of the “realism” genre in literature, philosophical issues.

Some later socialism changed the word formation of the Russian language, and in the twentieth century the media standardized oral speech.

It turns out that our modern Russian language, with all its lexical and grammar rules originated from a mixture of various East Slavic dialects that were widespread throughout Rus', and Church Slavonic language. After all the metamorphoses, he became one of the most popular languages peace.

A little more about writing

Tatishchev himself (author of the book “Russian History”) was firmly convinced that Cyril and Methodius did not invent writing. It existed long before they were born. The Slavs not only knew how to write: they had many types of writing. For example, cutting traits, runes or initial letters. And the scientist brothers took this very initial letter as a basis and simply modified it. Perhaps about a dozen letters were thrown out to make it easier to translate the Bible. Yes, Cyril and Methodius, but its basis was the initial letter. This is how writing appeared in Rus'.

External threats

Unfortunately, our language has repeatedly been exposed to external danger. And then the future of the entire country was in question. For example, at the turn of the 19th century, all the “cream of society” spoke exclusively French, dressed in the appropriate style, and even the menu consisted only of French cuisine. The nobles gradually began to forget their native language, stopped associating themselves with the Russian people, acquiring new philosophy and traditions.

As a result of this implementation French speech Russia could lose not only its language, but also its culture. Fortunately, the situation was saved by the geniuses of the 19th century: Pushkin, Turgenev, Karamzin, Dostoevsky. It was they, being true patriots, who did not let the Russian language die. They were the ones who showed how handsome he was.

Modernity

The history of the Russian language is complex and not fully studied. There is no way to summarize it. It will take years to study. The Russian language and the history of the people are truly amazing things. And how can you call yourself a patriot without knowing native speech, folklore, poetry and literature?

Unfortunately, modern youth have lost interest in books, and especially classical literature. This trend is also observed among older people. Television, the Internet, nightclubs and restaurants, glossy magazines and blogs - all this has replaced our “paper friends”. Many people have even stopped having own opinion, to use the usual clichés imposed by society and the media. Despite the fact that the classics were and remain in school curriculum, few people read them even in summary, which “eats up” all the beauty and uniqueness of the works of Russian writers.

But how rich is the history and culture of the Russian language! For example, literature can provide answers to many questions better than any forums on the Internet. Russian literature expresses the full power of the wisdom of the people, makes us feel love for our homeland and better understand it. Every person must understand that their native language, native culture and people are inseparable, they are one whole. What does he understand and what does he think about? modern citizen Russia? About the need to leave the country as quickly as possible?

Main danger

And of course, the main threat to our language are foreign words. As mentioned above, this problem was relevant in the 18th century, but, unfortunately, has remained unresolved to this day and is slowly acquiring the features of a national catastrophe.

Not only is society too keen on various slang words, obscene language, made-up expressions, and also constantly uses foreign borrowings in his speech, forgetting that in the Russian language there are much more beautiful synonyms. Such words are: “stylist”, “manager”, “PR”, “summit”, “creative”, “user”, “blog”, “Internet” and many others. If this came only from certain groups of society, then the problem could be combated. But, unfortunately, foreign words are actively used by teachers, journalists, scientists and even officials. These people bring their word to people, which means they introduce a bad habit. And it happens that a foreign word settles so firmly in the Russian language that it begins to seem as if it were original.

What's the matter?

So what is it called? Ignorance? Fashion for everything foreign? Or a campaign directed against Russia? Perhaps all at once. And this problem must be solved as quickly as possible, otherwise it will be too late. For example, more often use the word “manager” instead of “manager”, “business lunch” instead of “business lunch”, etc. After all, the extinction of a people begins precisely with the extinction of the language.

About dictionaries

Now you know how the Russian language developed. However, that's not all. The history of Russian language dictionaries deserves special mention. Happened modern dictionaries from ancient handwritten and later printed books. At first they were very small and intended for a narrow circle of people.

The most ancient Russian dictionary is rightfully considered a short appendix to the Novgorod Helmsman's Book (1282). It included 174 words from different dialects: Greek, Church Slavonic, Hebrew, and even biblical proper names.

After 400 years, much larger dictionaries began to appear. They already had systematization and even an alphabet. The dictionaries of that time were mainly educational or encyclopedic in nature, and therefore were inaccessible to ordinary peasants.

The first printed dictionary

The first printed dictionary appeared in 1596. This was another supplement to the grammar textbook of the priest Lawrence Zizanius. It contained more than a thousand words, which were sorted alphabetically. The dictionary was explanatory and explained the origin of many Old Church Slavonic languages ​​and was published in Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian.

Further development of dictionaries

The 18th century was a century of great discoveries. They also did not bypass explanatory dictionaries. Great scientists (Tatishchev, Lomonosov) unexpectedly showed increased interest in the origin of many words. Trediakovsky began writing notes. In the end, a number of dictionaries were created, but the largest was the “Church Dictionary” and its supplement. More than 20,000 words have been interpreted in the Church Dictionary. This book laid the foundation normative dictionary Russian language, and Lomonosov, along with other researchers, began its creation.

The most important dictionary

The history of the development of the Russian language remembers such a significant date for all of us - the creation of " Explanatory dictionary living Great Russian language" by V. I. Dahl (1866). This four-volume book has received dozens of reprints and is still relevant today. 200,000 words and more than 30,000 sayings and phraseological units can safely be considered a real treasure.

Our days

Unfortunately, the world community is not interested in the history of the emergence of the Russian language. His current situation can be compared with one case that once happened to the unusually talented scientist Dmitry Mendeleev. After all, Mendeleev was never able to become an honorary academician of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (the current RAS). There was a huge scandal, and what’s more: such a scientist would not be accepted into the academy! But Russian empire and her world were unshakable: they declared that Russians, since the times of Lomonosov and Tatishchev, were in the minority, and one good Russian scientist was enough - Lomonosov.

This history of the modern Russian language makes us think: what if someday English (or any other) will supplant such a unique Russian? Notice how much there is in our jargon foreign words! Yes, mixing languages ​​and friendly exchanges is great, but we must not allow amazing story our speech has disappeared from the planet. Take care of your native language!

Approximate list of questions for testing (all specialties)

History of the emergence and development of the Russian language: main stages.

Specifics of speech culture as a scientific discipline.

Functions of language in the modern world.

Language as a sign system.

Culture of speech and culture of language: definition of concepts.

Styles of modern Russian literary language.

Language norm, its role in the formation and functioning of a literary language.

Typology of errors caused by deviation from the literary norm.

Typology of qualities of good speech (general characteristics).

Common language and its components.

Literary language, its features.

Speech interaction. Basic units of communication.

Oral and written varieties of literary language.

Regulatory, communicative, ethical aspects of oral and written speech.

Correctness of speech is important communicative quality.

Purity of speech as its important communicative quality.

Speech accuracy as an important communicative quality.

Logicity as an important communicative quality of speech.

Expressiveness and imagery as communicative qualities of speech.

Accessibility, effectiveness and relevance as communicative qualities of speech.

Wealth as a communicative quality of speech.

Morphological correctness of speech.

Lexical and phraseological correctness of speech.

Syntactic correctness of speech.

The concept of functional style. Functional styles of modern Russian language.

Interaction of functional styles.

Colloquial speech in the system of functional varieties of the Russian literary language. Conditions for the functioning of spoken language, the role of extra-linguistic factors.

Official business style. The scope of its functioning. Genre diversity. Language formulas

official documents . Techniques for unifying the language of official documents. International properties of Russian official business writing. Scientific style. Specifics of using elements of various

language levels in scientific speech. Speech norms

educational and scientific spheres of activity. Journalistic style. Its features. Genre differentiation and selection linguistic means

in a journalistic style.

Features of oral

public speech

. The speaker and his audience. Main types of arguments. Preparation of a speech: choosing a topic, purpose of speech, searching for material, beginning, development and completion of speech. Main types of arguments.

Basic methods of searching for material and types of auxiliary materials.

Verbal design public speaking. Understanding, informativeness and expressiveness of public speech. 1. History of the emergence and development of the Russian language: main stages. The history of the origin of the Russian language goes back to ancient times. Around the 2nd-1st millennium BC. e. from a group of related dialects

Indo-European family languages ​​are highlighted became a means of communication for some Baltic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic, and partly Iranian tribes and nationalities. In the XIV-XVI centuries. the southwestern variety of the literary language of the Eastern Slavs was the language of statehood and the Orthodox Church in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Principality of Moldova.

Feudal fragmentation, which contributed to dialect fragmentation, the Mongol-Tatar yoke (XIII-XV centuries), Polish-Lithuanian conquests led to the XIII-XIV centuries. to disintegration Old Russian people. The unity of the Old Russian language gradually disintegrated. In the XIV-XV centuries. on the basis of this, closely related but independent East Slavic languages ​​are formed: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.

History of the development of Russianlanguage:

Epoch of Moscow Rus'

The Russian language of the era of Muscovite Rus' (XIV-XVII centuries) had complex history. Dialect features continued to develop. 2 main dialect zones took shape - Northern Great Russian (approximately to the North from the line Pskov - Tver - Moscow, south of N. Novgorod) and Southern Great Russian (in the South from the specified line to the Belarusian and Ukrainian regions) - dialects that overlapped with other dialect divisions. Intermediate Central Russian dialects arose, among which the Moscow dialect began to play a leading role. The Moscow dialect is gradually becoming exemplary and forms the basis of the Russian national literary language.

In the 17th century National ties emerge and the foundations of the Russian nation are laid. In 1708, the division of the civil and Church Slavonic alphabet took place. In the 18th and early 19th centuries. Secular writing became widespread, church literature gradually moved into the background and finally became the lot of religious rituals, and its language turned into a kind of church jargon. Scientific, technical, military, nautical, administrative and other terminology developed rapidly, which caused a large influx of words and expressions from Western European languages ​​into the Russian language. Especially big impact from the 2nd half of the 18th century. The French language began to influence Russian vocabulary and phraseology.

The collision of heterogeneous linguistic elements and the need for a common literary language posed the problem of creating unified national language norms. The formation of these norms took place in a sharp struggle between different trends. Democratic-minded sections of society sought to bring the literary language closer to the people's speech, while the reactionary clergy tried to preserve the purity of the archaic “Slovenian” language, incomprehensible to the general population. At the same time, among the upper strata of society began overindulgence in foreign words, which threatened to clog the Russian language.

In the modern Russian language there is an active (intensive) growth of special terminology, which is caused primarily by the needs of the scientific and technological revolution. If at the beginning of the 18th century. terminology was borrowed by Russian from German language, in the 19th century. - from French, then in the middle of the 20th century. it is borrowed mainly from in English(in its American version). Special vocabulary has become the most important source replenishment of the vocabulary of the Russian general literary language, but the penetration of foreign words should be reasonably limited.

About the development of the Russian language

Since the middle of the 20th century. The study of the Russian language is increasingly expanding throughout the world. Information for the mid-70s: Russian language is taught in 87 countries: in 1648 universities; the number of students exceeds 18 million people. In 1967, the International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature (MAPRYAL) was created; in 1974 - Institute of Russian Language named after. A. S. Pushkin.

Modern Russian language by origin is one of the East Slavic languages ​​of Indo-European language family. The sequence of stages of its formation is as follows:

II - I millennium BC - Proto-Slavic language (common Indo-European; Indo-European base language).

I - VIIbb. AD - Proto-Slavic (common Slavic) language. On the basis of the common Slavic language, the East Slavic (Old Russian) language and the languages ​​of the Western and Southern Slavic groups were formed.

VII - XVIIbb. - Old Russian language - the language of the East Slavic tribes that formed the Old Russian nation within the 9th century Kyiv State. As a result of the collapse of the Kyiv state based on single language ancient Russian people arose three independent language, which with the formation of nations took shape into national languages. In general, this process can be represented in the diagram:

XVIIb. - present time - the formation and development of the national Russian language.

This periodization reflects the development of the Russian language as a whole. As for the history of the Russian literary language, the foundations for its periodization were laid by V.V. Vinogradov in the article “The main stages of the history of the Russian language” and were continued in various concepts.

So, in the concept of B.A. Uspensky, the history of the Russian literary language is inextricably linked with the history of the Russian people, their culture and literature. He proposes to divide the history of the Russian literary language into two main periods: pre-national and national, highlighting smaller sub-periods of development in each of them. As a result, the periodization of B.A.

Uspensky looks like this:

I. Period before national development Russian literary language, or the period of development of the literary and written language of the nationality (first Old Russian, Common East Slavic, and then, from the 14th century, Great Russian) (X - XVII centuries).

1. First (Kyiv) subperiod (X - beginning of XII V.). Corresponds to the historical existence of a single East Slavic nation and a relatively single Old Russian (Kievan) state.

2. Second sub-period ( mid-XII- mid-14th century). In the literary and written language, dialectal branches of the unified East Slavic language are noticeably manifested, leading to zonal varieties of the Old Russian literary language in the era of feudal fragmentation.

3. Third sub-period (XIV - XVII centuries). For the northeast, this is the language of the Moscow state, in other areas of East Slavic settlement it is the initial foundations of the subsequently developed independent national languages ​​of the East Slavic peoples (Belarusian and Ukrainian).

II. The period of national development of the Russian literary language (mid-17th century - our days).

1. First sub-period (mid-17th - early XIX century, before the era of Pushkin). This is a transitional sub-period, a time of gradual establishment and formation of comprehensive norms of the modern Russian language as the language of the nation.

2. Second sub-period (30s years XIX V. - beginning of the 20th century).

3. Third sub-period (beginning of the 20th century - our days).

The history of the Russian literary language will be considered by us in accordance with the periodization of B.A. Uspensky.