The most famous psychologists of our time. Sigmund Freud

The article mentions 9 of the most talented geniuses in psychology, without whom this science would not be so useful to society.

Psychology - this is perhaps the only science that allows you to at least slightly open the curtain over the mysterious world of your own soul (from medical sciences, certainly). Therefore, its modern rapid development does not surprise anyone, because the current conditions of progress and computerization have simply driven many into a dead end with their hasty and hectic rhythm.

And since numerous ratings and top lists have become especially fashionable now, it would be unfair not to mention the 9 most famous psychologists in the world who have done a lot for the development of psychology as a science.

So, B. F. Skinner leads such a rating , which at one time helped behaviorism develop almost to its current state. It is thanks to this person that effective methods of therapy regarding behavior modification are now widely used in the world.

In second place in this top is the famous. It is this man who is considered the founder of psychoanalysis, and only this scientist proved for the first time that cultural and social differences strongly influence the formation of personality and the formation of the main features of character.

The third place was deservedly received by Albert Bandura , because his works and psychological developments are considered an integral part of all cognitive psychology. This specialist devoted the lion's share of his life and professional activity to the study of learning as a necessary social phenomenon.

Fourth place occupies the psychologist who has made a considerable contribution to the development of child psychology. Jean Piaget almost all his life he studied the features of the development of children's intellect and the influence of such features on later adult life. The research of this psychologist also brought a lot of benefits to such areas of mental science as: genetic epistemology, cognitive psychology and prenatal psychology.

In fifth place you can see Carl Rogers , which was distinguished by special humanism and the promotion of democratic ideas of psychology. In his numerous works, Rogers emphasized the human spiritual and intellectual potential, which made him an outstanding thinker of his time.

Next comes the father of American psychology, William James , who worked as a social pedagogue for 35 years. This man brought a lot of value to modern pragmatism, and also helped develop functionalism as a separate trend in psychology.

The seventh place of honor is occupied by Erik Erickson , whose writings on the stages of psychosociological development have helped scientists more adequately assess not only the events of adult life, but also the events of early childhood and late old age. This psychologist sincerely believed that each person does not stop his development, right up to old age, which earned him the respect and reverence of many generations.

Ivan Pavlov rests in eighth place. The same Pavlov who worked hard for the development of behaviorism. The same scientist at one time helped to significantly move psychology, as a science, from subjective introspection to a completely objective method of measuring behavior.

And the last, ninth place of this psychological top is occupied by Kurt Lewin , father of the current social psychology. It is Levin who is considered the most brilliant theoretician who was able to prove in action all his innovative theories and open the eyes of many scientists to the true state of affairs in social psychology.

This list includes only those scientists who devoted their entire lives to the study and development of social and other psychology for the benefit of their generation and all the next.

Somehow I already wrote about the 100 most prominent psychologists of the twentieth century. But psychology does not stand still, and younger generations of researchers are stepping on the heels of the classics. A group of researchers led by Ed Diener compiled a list of the 200 most eminent psychologists modernity, referring to those whose careers peaked in the period after the Second World War. List article published in APA's new open access journal Archives of Scientific Psychology .

At the first stage, they compiled a list of 348 psychologists who could potentially claim the title of the most prominent. In compiling this list, the authors used 6 sources: 1) recipients of APA awards for outstanding contributions to science, 2) recipients of APS awards, 3) members of the American National Academy of Sciences, 4) members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 5) authors of the most cited articles according to the Institute for Scientific Information, 6) researchers frequently mentioned in 5 introductory psychology textbooks.

Further, these 348 psychologists were ranked according to integral assessment, based on three criteria: 1) the presence of APA and APS awards for contributions to psychology, 2) the number of pages in 5 introductory psychology textbooks dedicated to the researcher or his research (plus the number of lines in Wikipedia articles), 3) citations (combined total citations, h-index, most cited papers). The number of citations was determined by Google data Scholar, so don't be surprised by the huge absolute numbers, Google Scholar is known to take into account citations not only from peer-reviewed journals, so it finds them much more than, for example, Web of Science.

The list of the first 200 most prominent turned out as follows:

Bandura, Albert
PIAGET, Jean
KAHNEMAN, Daniel
LAZARUS, Richard
SELIGMAN, Martin
SKINNER, B.F.
CHOMSKY, Noam
TAYLOR, Shelley
TVERSKY, Amos
DIENER, Ed
Simon, Herbert
ROGERS, Carl
SQUIRE, Larry
ANDERSON, John
EKMAN, Paul
TULVING, Endel
ALLPORT, Gordon
BOWLBY, John
NISBETT, Richard
CAMPBELL, Donald
MILLER, George
FISKE, Susan
DAVIDSON, Richard
MCEWEN, Bruce
MISCHEL, Walter
FESTINGER, Leon
MCCLELLAND, David
ARONSON, Elliot
POSNER, Michael
BAUMEISTER, Roy
KAGAN, Jerome
LEDOUX, Joseph
BRUNER, Jerome
ZAJONC, Robert
KESSLER, Ronald
RUMELHART, David
PLOMIN, Robert
SCHACTER, Daniel
BOWER, Gordon
AINSWORTH Mary
MCCLELLAND, James
MCGAUGH, James
MACCOBY, Eleanor
MILLER, Neal
RUTTER, Michael
EYSENCK, Hans
CACIOPPO, John
RESCORLA, Robert
EAGLY, Alice
COHEN Sheldon
BADDELEY, Alan
BECK, Aaron
ROTTER, Julian
SMITH, Edward
LOFTUS, Elizabeth
JANIS, Irving
Schachter, Stanley
BREWER, Marilynn
SLOVIC, Paul
Sternberg, Robert
ABELSON, Robert
MISHKIN, Mortimer
STEELE, Claude
SHIFFRIN, Richard
HIGGINS, E. Tory
WEGNER, Daniel
KELLEY, Harold
MEDIN, Douglas
CRAIK, Fergus
NEWELL, Allen
HEBB, Donald
CRONBACH, Lee
MILNER, Brenda
GARDNER, Howard
GIBSON, James
THOMPSON, Richard
GREEN, David
Berscheid, Ellen
Markus, Hazel
JOHNSON, Marcia
HILGARD, Ernest
MASLOW, Abraham
DAMASIO, Antonio
ATKINSON, Richard
ERIKSON, Erik
BROWN, Roger
SPERRY, Roger
COHEN, Jonathan
ROSENZWEIG, Mark
TOLMAN, Edward
GREENWALD, Anthony
Harlow, Harry
DEUTSCH, Morton
SPELKE, Elizabeth
GAZZANIGA, Michael
ROEDIGER, H.L.
GUILFORD, J.P.
HETHERINGTON, Mavis
PINKER, Steven
Treisman, Anne
Ryan, Richard
BARLOW, David
FRITH, Uta
ASCH, Solomon
SHEPARD, Roger
ATKINSON, John
COSTA, Paul
JONES, Edward
SPERLING, George
CASPI, Avshalom
EISENBERG, Nancy
GARCIA, John
HEIDER, Fritz
SHERIF, Muzafer
GOLDMAN-RAKIC, P.
UNGERLEIDER, Leslie
ROSENTHAL, Robert
SEARS, Robert
WAGNER, Allan
DECI Ed
DAVIS, Michael
ROZIN, Paul
GOTTESMAN, Irving
MOFFITT, Terrie
Mayer, Steven
ROSS, Lee
KOHLER, Wolfgang
Gibson, Eleanor
FLAVELL, John
FOLKMAN, Susan
GELMAN, Rochel
LANG, Peter
NEISSER, Ulrich
CSIKSZENTMIHALYI, Mihalyi
MERZENICH, Michael
MCCRAE, Robert
OLDS, James
TRIANDIS, Harry
DWECK, Carol
HATFIELD, Elaine
SALTHOUSE, Timothy
HUTTENLOCHER, J.
BUSS, David
MCGUIRE, William
CARVER, Charles
PETTY, Richard
Murray, Henry
Wilson, Timothy
WATSON, David
DARLEY, John
STEVENS, S.S.
SUPPES, Patrick
PENNEBAKER, James
MOSCOVITCH, Morris
Farah, Martha
JONIDES, John
SOLOMON, Richard
Scheier, Michael
CHINAMAMA, Shinobu
MEANEY, Michael
PROCHASKA, James
FOA, Edna
KAZDIN, Alan
SCHAIE, K. Warner
BARGH, John
TINBERGEN, Niko
KAHN, Robert
CLORE, Gerald
LIBERMAN, Alvin
LUCE, Duncan
BROOKS-GUNN, Jeanne
LUBORSKY, Lester
PREMACK, David
NEWPORT, Elissa
SAPOLSKY, Robert
ANDERSON, Craig
GOTLIB, Ian
BEACH, Frank
MEEHL, Paul
BOUCHARD, Thomas
ROBBINS, Trevor
BERKOWITZ, Leonard
THIBAUT, John
TEITELBAUM, Philip
CECI, Stephen
MEYER, David
MILGRAM, Stanley
SIEGLER, Robert
AMABILE, Teresa
KINTSCH, Walter
Carey, Susan
FURNHAM, Adrian
BELSKY, Jay
OSGOOD, Charles
MATTHEWS, Karen
STEVENSON, Harold
UNDERWOOD, Brenton
BIRREN, James
KUHL, Patricia
COYNE, James

The list includes researchers representing 16 subject areas of psychology. The three most common are social psychology (16%), biological psychology (11%), and developmental psychology (10%).

Outstanding psychologists almost always have very a large number of articles (usually hundreds, but some have much more: Adrian Furnham - more than 1100, Robert Sternberg - more than 1200!), some of which are mega-cited. This is facilitated by the fact that most often they do not retire and continue to conduct research all their lives. Probably because they really like it. And since the average age of those who have already died is 80 years old, and many of them live to be 90 years old (for example, Jerome Bruner), their academic experience often exceeds 50 and even 60 years.
Recognition from professional organizations comes late. Average age receiving the APA award - 59 years. Only one Paul Meehl received the award at 30, while Kahneman and Festinger at 40.
38% of psychologists on this list received PhD degree at 5 universities: Harvard, University of Michigan, Yale, Stanford, University of Pennsylvania. If you add 5 more to them - the University of California at Berkeley, the University of Minnesota, Columbia University, the University of Chicago and the University of Texas - then there will be 55% of those who defended themselves in this ten. Since there are about 285 graduate schools in psychology in the United States, the authors note a large inequality among them. However, this disparity decreases over time as among those born before 1936, 38% received their PhD from an Ivy League university (i.e. a total of 8 universities). Among those born after 1936, there are already 21% of them. There is greater diversity at the undergraduate and graduate levels. The first 5 places here are occupied by Harvard, the University of Michigan, the City University of New York, Stanford and the University of California at Berkeley. These universities graduated 20% of the most prominent psychologists.
Most of the researchers on this list have at least some time worked at these most prestigious universities: 50 people worked at Harvard, 30 at Stanford, 27 at the University of Pennsylvania, 27 at the University of Michigan, 25 at Yale.
Despite the fact that 75% to 80% of psychologists graduating from universities are women (the same is true at the level of PhD degrees), the list of the most prominent women is a minority. However, over time, their number increases. Among those born before 1921, only 10% are women, between 1921 and 1950 - 22%, between 1951 and 1965 - 27%.

It is interesting to separately look at the list of the 50 most cited publications.

anticipating possible questions and comments, I'll tell you right away. Yes, this list consists only of researchers, there are no practitioners. That's how it was intended. The list was built on the basis of specific criteria, and if some of your favorite psychologists are not on it, then according to these criteria, it is below the rest. The list is up to date this moment but it may change over time. New people can get into it, and those already in it can change their place.

And the last. If suddenly you want to become an outstanding psychologist, the analysis of the list of the most prominent psychologists can give you some tips that can help you in this. First, you need to graduate from one of the most prestigious universities in the world and get a PhD degree from one of them. At the same time, it is not so important what exactly you will do inside psychology and what you will study, although it seems to be more profitable to study the psychology of sensations and perceptions or social psychology. Secondly, you need to work hard, do a lot of research and publish a lot of articles, at least a hundred. Thirdly, you must love to do research and do it all your life, which should be long (you should try to live at least up to 80 years). Fourth, you have to be patient, in psychology, fame comes late.

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Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Park, J. Y. (2014). An Incomplete List of Eminent Psychologists of the Modern Era. Archives of Scientific Psychology, 2(1), 20–32. doi:10.1037/arc0000006

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Psychology as an independent science was known in ancient antiquity. It was there that it arose and originated. Over the years, this science has changed, developed and been supplemented or refuted by many psychologists of the world more than once. But, nevertheless, psychology is relevant and develops as a science to this day. Throughout the centuries, psychology has included a huge number of scientific papers, treatises, articles, books, and the most famous scientists, who as a result have been repeatedly mentioned as the most famous psychologists in the world. All these psychologists have made an enormous contribution to the development of psychology in general, and at each of its individual stages. They were able to discover the latest trends in this industry, and they managed to tell the world about something of their own, new, never before driven. Today, in this article, we tried to bring them all together and introduce you to the most famous representatives of this science.

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Photo gallery: The most famous psychologists in the world

So, we present to your attention a list of the most famous psychologists in the world who were able to turn the whole understanding of psychology. After all, these famous psychologists have repeatedly proved that this science is part of their lives.

Fix according to Freud.

Sigmund Freud, he is Sigismund Shlomo Freud - this is the first psychologist that we decided to tell you about. Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Austria-Hungary, now Příbor, Czech Republic. He is known in the world as a famous Austrian neurologist, who became the founder of the so-called psychoanalytic school with a therapeutic inclination. Sigmud is the "father" of the theory that everything nervous disorders of a person are due to a number of unconscious and conscious processes that interact very closely with each other.

Vladimir Lvovich Levy, psychologist-poet.

MD and psychologist Vladimir Lvovich Levy was born on November 18, 1938 in Moscow, where he lives to this day. After graduating from the medical institute, he worked as an ambulance doctor for a long time. Then he moved to the post of psychotherapist and became an honorary worker of the Institute of Psychiatry. Vladimir Levy became the first founder of such a new direction in the science of psychology as suicidology. This direction included a complete and detailed study of suicide and the psychological state of people who are suicidal. For all the time he worked in psychiatry, Levy published 60 scientific papers.

In addition to psychology, Vladimir is fond of poetry. Therefore, it was not in vain that in 1974 he became an honorary member of the Writers' Union. Levy's most popular books are The Art of Being Oneself, Conversation in Letters, and the three-volume Confessions of a Hypnotist. And in 2000, his personal collection of poems called "Crossed Out Profile" saw the light of day.

Abraham Harold Maslow and his name in psychology

Abraham Harold Maslow is an American psychologist who became the honorary founder of humanistic psychology. His famous scientific work include such a thing as "Maslow's Pyramid". This pyramid includes special diagrams that represent the most common human needs. It is this theory that has found its direct application in economics.

Victor Emil Frankl: Australian psychologists in science

Famous Austrian psychiatrist and psychologist Viktor Emil Frankl was born March 26, 1905 in Vienna. In the world, his name is associated not only with psychology, but also with philosophy, as well as the creation of the Third Vienna School of Psychotherapy. Most Popular scientific works Frankl include a work called Man's Search for Meaning. The names of this work became the basis for the development of a new method of psychotherapy called logotherapy. This method includes the desire of a person to realize his meaning of life in the existing external world. Logotherapy can make human existence more meaningful.

Boris Ananiev - the pride of Soviet psychology

Boris Gerasimovich Ananiev was born in 1907 in Vladikavkaz. Ananiev was included in the list of "famous psychologists of the world" for a reason. He became the first and honorary founder scientific school psychologists in St. Petersburg. Such famous psychologists as A. Kovalev, B. Lomov and many others became students of this school and, accordingly, of Ananiev himself.

It was in St. Petersburg, on the house where Boris Ananiev lived, that a memorial plaque was erected in his honor.

Ernst Heinrich Weber - the famous psychologist of all eras

Brother of the famous physicist Wilhelm Weber, German psychophysiologist and part-time anatomist Ernst Heinrich Weber was born on June 24, 1795 in Leipzig, Germany. This psychologist owns much advanced scientific work on anatomy, sensitivity and physiology. The most popular of these are works that involve the study of the senses. All of Weber's work formed the basis for the development of psychophysics and experimental psychology.

Akop Poghosovich Nazaretyan and mass psychology

Famous Russian specialist in cultural anthropology and psychology of mass behavior Akop Poghosovich Nazaretyan was born on May 5, 1948 in Baku. Nazaretyan is the author of a huge number of publications that talk about the theory of the development of society. In addition, the psychologist became the founder of hypotheses about the techno-humanitarian balance, which is compared with the development of culture and technological progress.

Viktor Ovcharenko, the pride of Russian psychology

Viktor Ivanovich Ovcharenko was born on February 5, 1943 in the city of Melekess, Ulyanovsk region. Ovcharenko is legendary person in the development of psychology. Ovcharenko has a huge number of scientific titles and weighty works that have made a huge contribution to psychology as a science. The main theme of Ovcharenko's work was the study of sociological psychologism, as well as problems related to personality and interpersonal relationships generally.

In 1996, a psychologist suggested with scientific point view for the first time to revise the periodization of the entire history of Russian psychoanalysis. In addition to all of the above, Ovcharenko has been repeatedly called the best psychologist, and his famous works have been published more than once in well-known scientific collections far beyond the borders of Russia.

Last update: 22/03/2015

Overview of prominent thinkers in psychology

The breadth and variety of psychology can be seen by looking at some of the most famous thinkers. While each theorist may have been part of the most important philosophical school, each brought unique contributions and new perspectives to the development of psychology as a science.

A study that appeared in July 2002 « » created a ranking of the 99 most influential psychologists. The ranking was based primarily on three factors: journal citation frequency, textbook introductory citations, and survey results. 1725 members of the American Association psychologists.

10 Influential Thinkers in Psychology

AT next list provides an overview of 10 psychologists from this survey. These people are not only some of the most famous thinkers in the field of psychology, they also played an important role in the history of psychology and made important contributions to our understanding of human behavior. This list is not an attempt to determine who was the most influential or which schools of thought were the best. Instead, this list provides insight into some of the theoretical perspectives that influence not only psychology but also the cultural environment in which we live.

Tops the list in a 2002 study of the 99 most prominent psychologists of the 20th century. Skinner made a huge contribution to the development and promotion of behaviorism. Therapies based on his theories are still widely used today, including behavior modification techniques.

When people think of psychology, many tend to think of Freud. His work supports the view that not all mental illness have physiological causes, and he also offered proof that cultural differences affect psychology and behavior. His works and writings have contributed to our understanding of the individual, clinical psychology, human development, and pathopsychology.

The works are considered part of the cognitive revolution in psychology that began in the late 1960s. His social learning theory emphasized the importance of observational learning, imitation and modeling. “Training would be extremely laborious, not to say dangerous, if people had to rely solely on the results of their own actions in order to understand what they should do. Bandura explained in his book Social Learning Theory.

The work of Jean Piaget had a profound impact on psychology, especially in our understanding of children. intellectual development. His research contributed to the growth of developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, genetic epistemology, and educational reform. Albert Einstein once described Piaget's observations regarding children's intellectual growth and thought processes as a discovery, "So simple that only a genius could think of it."

Carl Rogers emphasized human potential, which had a huge impact on psychology and education. He became one of the most important humanistic thinkers. As his daughter Natalie Rogers writes, he was "He treated people through life with empathy and understanding, and embodied his democratic ideals in his work as a teacher, writer and therapist."

Psychologist and philosopher William James is often referred to as the father of American psychology. His 1,200-page text, Principles of Psychology, became a classic on the subject, and his teachings and writings helped establish psychology as a science. In addition, James made contributions to functionalism, pragmatism, and influenced many psychology students during his 35 years of teaching.

Erik Erikson's psychosocial developmental stage theory helped spark interest and research in human development across lifespan. The psychologist expanded the theory by examining development throughout life, including the experiences of childhood, adulthood, and old age.

He was a Russian physiologist, whose research influenced the development of such a direction in psychology as behaviorism. Experimental Methods Pavlova helped move psychology away from introspection and subjective assessments to an objective measurement of behavior.

List of psychologists

Gradually, we will expand on this page the list of psychologists who have contributed to the development of psychology. (born 1916) - English psychologist, one of the leaders of the biological direction in psychology, the creator of the factor theory of personality. Founder and editor of the journals Personality and Individual Differences and Behavior Research and Therapy. (1878-1949) - Austrian psychoanalyst. Tried to use psychoanalytic methodology in relation to young delinquents. From 1932 he was engaged in private practice. In 1946 he revived the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. (1891-1964) - American psychoanalyst. He dealt with the problems of the psychoanalytic theory of neuroses, explaining their occurrence as a violation of self-control, criminal psychology. One of the pioneers of psychosomatic medicine. He deduced the main psychosomatic diseases from typical human conflicts. showed that long emotional stress associated with the development of diseases such as stomach ulcers, hypertension, asthma, colitis, arthritis. (1864-1915) - German psychiatrist and neurologist, discovered the disease named after him. (born 1920) - German psychologist. He paid special attention to the problem of the structure of the intellect. Developed the intelligence structure test (one of the most popular intelligence tests). (born 1908) - American psychologist. President of the American Psychological Association (1971-72). Worked on the problems of differential psychology, the formation of abilities, psychological diagnostics. She considered creativity in the context of an individual's life, in particular the conditions of his upbringing. Developed a number psychological tests. (born 1924) - domestic psychologist. Founder of the Moscow School of Social Psychology. A specialist in a wide range of problems of social psychology (theory and methodology of social psychology, methods of empirical social research, cognitive processes in a group, psychology of work collectives, etc.). (born 1924) - domestic psychologist. One of the leading specialists in the field of methodology, theory and history psychological science, she paid special attention to the principle of development. Developed the problems of the theory of thinking as a reflective analytical and synthetic activity. (born 1904) - American psychologist. From 1933 to 1938 he worked in International Institute educational films in Rome. From 1940 he worked in the USA. Since 1968 Professor of Psychology at the Center for Visual Studies at Harvard University. Specialist in the field of psychology of visual thinking. (born 1923) - American psychologist, specialist in the field of psychology of motivation. In the studies of 1948-53. showed that certain motivational states (for example, hunger) affect the content of the imagination. To take into account individual differences in motives, he introduced the achievement motivation as a factor into the formula of the motive of real behavior in the current situation (the value of behavior x the probability of success), which is steadily manifested in different situations. (1871-1946) - German psychologist, representative of the Würzburg school. Known for his experiments using the method of systematic introspection, in which he showed that the emergence of certain associations is controlled by the so-called determining tendency and the thinking process is built for a specific task. He also created a methodology for the formation of artificial concepts, which was then modified by L.S. Vygotsky and L.S. Sakharov under the name of the "double stimulation" technique. (1896-1970) - Hungarian-English psychotherapist. From 1949 to 1956, together with E. Balint, he conducted seminars for doctors on the topic "Mental disorders in medical practice", which brought him worldwide fame. Such workshops of doctors discussing their therapeutic and psychiatric experience under the guidance of the group leader in order to identify their own subjectivity and relieve fear, and thereby develop best method metacommunications and "psychosomatic thinking", began to be called "Balint's groups". (1883-1971) - English psychologist. Specialist in the field of psychology of intelligence. In the 1930s, he was one of the first in psychology to conduct factor studies of intelligence. He also dealt with the problems of abnormal children, juvenile delinquents. (born 1886) - English psychologist. Worked in the field of experimental psychology of thinking, perception, memory, then - in the field military psychology. He considered the functions and structure of memory in the context of culture. American psychiatrist. She dealt with the problems of childhood schizophrenia, mental development, methods of psychotherapy. Developed a visual-motor gestalt test. (1902-1970) - American psychotherapist and psychologist, creator of "transactional analysis". By analogy with classical psychoanalysis " transactional analysis" is focused on identifying the "scenarios" of the individual's life plans, which are often imposed by parents. This analysis was expanded at the expense of "structural analysis", with the help of which three states are distinguished in the self of an individual in various communicative situations: the parent to the child, the Adult who objectively assesses reality, and the Child acting according to the type of the child's relationship to the parents.(1857 - 1927) Founder of reflexology.Supported Sechenov.There is not a single conscious or unconscious process of thought that would not be expressed sooner or later in objective manifestations Studied the speed and form of the course of reactions Studies of the therapeutic use of hypnosis, including in alcoholism Works on sex education, the behavior of a young child, social psychology Investigated personality based on a comprehensive study of the brain by physiological, anatomical and psychological methods. Founder of reflexology. (1857-1911) - French psychologist, one of the founders of testology. At the beginning of the twentieth century. Together with T. Simon, he began to create tests for the level of mental development of children, summarizing their developments in the study of memory, attention, and thinking. According to Binet, this level does not depend on training. Introduced the concept of mental age as the level of intellectual development, which is determined only by genetic factors. He also dealt with the problems of the pathology of consciousness, mental fatigue, individual differences in the processes of memory, suggestion, and graphology. (1878 - 1950) German psychiatrist and psychologist. In the work "The Structure of Psychosis" he made an attempt to solve the problem of constructing the architectonics of personality, replacing the traditional clinical and descriptive method adopted in psychiatry with his own structural analysis, which combines predispositional and provoking factors in the pathogenesis of psychosis. He wrote the "History of Psychiatric Science" and the first dictionary of medical psychology .I studied many problems of criminal psychology, in particular, "prison psychoses", inducibility in various psychopathological typologies. (1857-1939) - Swiss psychiatrist and pathopsychologist. Professor of psychiatry, from 1898 to 1927 director of the psychiatric clinic at the University of Zurich. From 1909 to 1913, together with Z. Freud, he published the Yearbook of Psychoanalytic and Psychopathological Research. Conducted research on schizophrenia. (1876-1939) - French psychologist. Professor of Psychology at the Universities of Strasbourg and Paris. A follower of E. Durkheim and A. Bergson. Specialist in social psychology. Developed the problem of social psychology of emotions. (1884-1942) - Russian teacher, psychologist and philosopher. Considered as a subject of psychology conscious behavior closely related to social relations. The author of one of the classifications of types of memory, carried out on a genetic basis. He also dealt with the problems of the development of thinking, sexual development. (1908-1981) - domestic psychologist, student of L.S. Vygotsky, an employee of the Kharkov activity school. She mainly dealt with the problems of child psychology: the development of the child's personality and the formation of motivation, affective conflicts, self-esteem and the dynamics of development in childhood claim level. (1861-1934) - American psychologist, sociologist and historian. One of the founders of American social psychology. He developed the concept of "circular reaction", by which he understood the process of constant interaction between the organism and the environment. The main task of psychology was the study of individual differences. I saw in the mental development of the child a manifestation of the biogenetic law. In pedagogy, he advocated the individualization of learning and the use of data from experimental psychology. (born 1904) - Swiss psychiatrist, psychologist, representative of existential psychoanalysis. Collaborated with K.G. Jung (1938). Based on the philosophy of Heidegger. Developed the foundations of existential psychoanalysis, focused on the cure of neurosis and psychosis by eliminating preconceived notions and interpretations of the patient. (1838 - 1917) At one time he was known as an opponent of Wundt. Developed a plan for a new psychology vol. The field of psychology is not sensations per se, or perceptions, but those acts that the subject performs when he turns something into an object of awareness. Outside the act, the object does not exist. He stood at the origins of the direction - function - analysis. Psychology is an experimental and observational science. (1903-1955) - Hungarian-American psychologist, representative of "probabilistic functionalism". Specialist in the problems of perception, in particular the perception of space. Defended the idea that perception is based on the decision-making process. (1818-1903) - English psychologist, representative of associative psychology. He developed ideas about the spontaneous activity of the nervous system, the forms of which tend to consolidate if accompanied by a feeling of pleasure; about the impossibility of forming associations without the presence of a special activity of the mind, the severity of which is different for different people; about the existence of creative associations that are not simply the sum of initial sensations. (1879-1963) - German-Austrian psychologist. Initially he worked at the Würzburg Psychological School, where he offered evidence of the ugliness of thinking. After the First World War, he began to develop the problem of the development of the psyche, which he interpreted as the passage of three stages (instinct, skill and intellect). He also worked in the field of linguistics. (1893-1974) - German psychologist. Since 1970 - President of the Association for Humanistic Psychology. In the 20s - 30s. at the Vienna School she founded developmental psychology conducted research on the level of mental development of the child, for the diagnosis of which she introduced the concept of "development coefficient" (instead of "intelligence coefficient"). Periodization was created on the basis of these studies. life path personality, the main motive of which was recognized as the need of the individual for self-fulfillment. Since 1940, during the American period of her work, she worked in line with humanistic psychology. (1849-1934) - Russian biologist and psychologist, founder of Russian comparative psychology. Author of the books Biological Foundations of Comparative Psychology, 1910 - 1913 and The Emergence and Development of Psychic Abilities, 1924 - 1929. He developed a special research method based on comparing the behavior of loved ones in species relation animals (" biological method"). Conducted research on instinctive behavior, on the basis of which he put forward a hypothesis about the variability of instincts. (1879-1931) - American psychologist, supporter of behaviorism. Treated psychology as a branch of physics. Tried to analyze mental phenomena in physical and chemical terms. (1879-1962 ) - French psychologist, teacher. Proposed a scheme of ontogenetic development stages based on emotional and cognitive development. (born 1921) - American psychiatrist and psychologist. Specialist in social psychology, in particular human communications. (1856-1925) - Russian philosopher and psychologist. Based on the teachings of I. Kant, he developed a philosophical system of "logicism". In the books "On the Limits and Signs of Animation" (1892) and "Psychology without any Metaphysics", he rejected the experimental approach to the analysis of mental life. (1890 - 1964) - German - American psychologist, one of the leading experts in developmental psychology, close in his views to G. Kafka.Werner belonged to pion eras of comparative developmental psychology. In his opinion, the genetic approach can be applied in cases where there are any changes in behavior, i.e. in comparative, child, differential psychology, in pathopsychology and in the psychology of peoples. (1492 - 1540) One of the first to oppose empiric - psychological knowledge to metaphysical teachings about the soul. Formulated the law of association. He proved that the surest way to control feelings is to repress one affect by others, stronger ones. (1870-1915) - German psychologist, representative of the Austrian psychological school. Perceptual specialist. He tried to explain psychopathological phenomena by a decrease in the gestalt-forming activity of the subject. (1869-1962) - American psychologist, representative functional psychology. In the book "Dynamic Psychology" (1918) he developed a position on the fundamental importance of motives in the organization of behavior. He put forward the hypothesis that the formed skills themselves can acquire motivation, regardless of the instincts that led to their formation. (born 1924) - American psychologist. Professor at the University of Pennsylvania. Specialist in the field of psychological aspects of receiving and transmitting information. (1902-1988) - domestic psychologist, member of the Kharkov activity school, author of the concept of systematic and phased formation mental actions and interpretation of psychology as a science about the orienting activity of the subject. During the war, he analyzed the recovery of movements in the wounded on the basis of the ideas of the activity approach. American psychologist, one of the founders of child psychology. Developed a method for observing children's behavior using a camera and a translucent mirror. Introduced child development standards. (1896-1967) - Soviet psychologist, one of the founders of Russian psychotechnics. Conducted research exercises of simple and complex sensorimotor reactions. Dealt with the problems of restoring lost during the war mental functions. (1904-1979) - American psychologist, one of the founders of environmental psychology. Perceptual specialist. Developed the basics new science, which he called ecological optics, the purpose of which is to analyze how the body sees the environment in which it actively operates. In his approach, it was recognized that not only individual sensations, but also integral images are due to the characteristics of external stimulation. (1897-1976) - American psychologist, developer of the model creative personality. He became world famous for his studies in which he, using psychological tests and factor analysis, attempted to mathematical construction creative person models. This model was widely used later to determine creativity in American system education, science and industry. (1878-1965) - German-American neurologist and psychologist. Investigated mental disorders in brain lesions, psychosomatic disorders. He proposed systematization of aphasias. (1861-1946) - German psychologist. Specialist in genetic psychology. The author of the theory of the game, where it was considered as a preparation for life's trials, in which the organs are trained. (1852-1899) - Russian idealist philosopher, psychologist. Since 1886 professor at Moscow University. Chairman of the Moscow Psychological Society. The first editor of the journal "Problems of Philosophy and Psychology" (since 1889). He developed a theory based on the introduction of a special unit of mental analysis - "psychic turnover", in which he saw the union of sensation, feeling, thinking and will. (1886-1959) - American psychologist. Specialist in child psychology and psychological testing. She developed the "Draw a man" method, which serves to measure the intellectual development of children. (born 1906) - domestic psychologist. Specialist in the problems of psychophysiological differences and psychodiagnostics. Proposed an integrated approach to professional suitability that combines analysis social factors development of a professional, in particular professional requirements and prestige of the profession, on the one hand, and psychophysiological characteristics, on the other. (1875-1949) - American psychologist. Specialist in general, social psychology, psychology of religion. (1833-1911) - German philosopher and psychologist. He divided psychology into two disciplines fundamentally different in their methodology: analytical ("nomothetic") psychology, explanatory psychology, the purpose of which is to isolate "atoms" in introspective experience and the subsequent "synthesis" of higher processes of consciousness from them, and descriptive ("ideographic") psychology. , which is engaged in understanding, on the basis of the values inherent in a particular culture, the spiritual life of an individual in its integrity and uniqueness. The values of culture, according to Dilthey, are "objectified" in the psyche of an individual. (1922-1985) - domestic psychologist. Specialist in emotional regulation of human behavior and activity. He developed the concept of the emotional orientation of the personality, based on the understanding of emotions as a special kind of value. Created a number of techniques for identifying individual characteristics of emotions. (1859-1952) American philosopher and educator. Based on the philosophy of Hegel, he developed his ideas, according to which the consciousness and thinking of a person are conditioned by the content practical action. Author of the first American textbook on psychology. (1901-1977) - domestic psychologist. Studied under L.S. Vygotsky. Specialist in the field of defectology. Conducted experimental studies development of abnormal children, in which the conditions for their effective learning were revealed. He considered the problem of the factors of learning and development of students, in particular the interaction of the word and visualization in teaching. (1900-1988) - Soviet psychologist. She received her education in psychology in the 1920s. in Germany in the laboratory of K. Levin, where she carried out world-famous studies of forgetting completed and incomplete actions. In these studies, it was shown that unfinished actions are remembered better than completed ones by 1.9 times, which is called the Zeigarnik effect. Founder of Russian pathopsychology. (1881-1944) - German psychologist, employee of the Würzburg School of Psychology. Author of the book "Laws of productive and reproductive spiritual activity" (1924). Conducted research on thinking, in which he discovered the determinism of thought processes from the side of the structure of the problem being solved. The task before the subject appears as a kind of "problem complex", the completion of which can only be achieved by finding the missing element. He described a number of intellectual operations, thanks to which such completion is possible (abstraction, reproduction of properties, etc.). (1903-1969) - domestic psychologist. In the 30s. in the framework of research conducted at the Kharkov Psychological School, he developed problems of memory, in particular, involuntary memorization. Came to the conclusion that involuntary memorization has a direct dependence on the nature and structure of human activity. So, it is better to remember what is related to the purpose of the activity, and not just in the field of view, but not included in the activity. He studied the dynamics of forgetting and reproducing school knowledge. (born 1923) - American psychologist. Specialist in the problem of human emotions. Author of the differential theory of emotions. In the analysis of emotions, he identified three levels: neurophysiological, expressive, subjective. He gave a description of such fundamental emotions as: interest-excitement, joy, surprise, grief-suffering-depression, anger-disgust-contempt, fear-anxiety, shame-shyness, guilt. (1864-1944) - German biologist, zoopsychologist, philosopher, one of the founders of zoosemiotics. Author of the functional circle theory. (1883 - 1940) - German psychologist, head of the Marburg Psychological School. Specialist in the study of eideticism. He singled out three levels in the structure of consciousness: the level of sequential images, the level of eidetic images and the level of images-representations. (1876-1956) - American psychologist. Specialist in the field of animal behavior, in particular primates. (1870-1920) - German psychologist, specialist in experimental psychology. Worked in Göttingen. (1884-1953) - Western European psychologist. He worked together with E. Rubin under the direction of E. Husserl. Specialist in the field of theory of psychology, comparative, genetic, social psychology. Dealt with problems of tactile perception. Coming close to Gestalt psychology, he believed, however, that the psychology of personality cannot be adequately described when referring to the concept of Gestalt. (born 1921) is an American social psychologist. Specialist in the problems of interpersonal relationships, attribution, group dynamics. In accordance with his theory, predicting the behavior of another person is due to three factors, which include the degree of similarity of behavior this person on the behavior of other people (consensus), the variability of its response to different stimuli (originality), the stability of response to the same stimulus (consistency). (1905-1966) - American psychologist, author of the theory of personality constructs. Within the framework of this theory, each person is considered as a kind of researcher who builds an image of the world around him using certain categorical scales, or "personal constructors" that are peculiar to him. Based on this image of the world, hypotheses are put forward about events, planning and implementation of certain actions. To study these constructs, the method of "repertory grids" was developed, named after him. (1860-1944) - American psychologist, one of the founders of psychological testing. Student of G. Lotze and W. Wundt. One of the first specialists in experimental psychology in America. Developed a psychophysical method of paired comparisons. He also dealt with the problems of reaction time, associations, attention, anticipation. (born 1905) - Anglo-American psychologist. Developed a structural theory of personality traits. (1872-1956) - German psychologist, founder of scientific graphology. Character specialist. (1873-1940) - Swiss psychologist, representative of functionalism. Since 1908 professor at the University of Geneva. One of the founders Pedagogical Institute them. J.-J. Rousseau. Specialist in comparative, child and occupational psychology. (1879-1957) - domestic psychologist, author of the reactological doctrine. In the 20s. put forward the demand for the construction of psychology on a Marxist basis, but his own implementation of such an approach was only a mechanical combination of an introspective psychology of consciousness and an objective, behavioral approach. (1890 -?) - American psychologist. Specialist in child psychology, author of tests of intellectual development. (1886-1941) - German psychologist. In 1911-1924. worked as a Privatdozent at the University of Hesse, since 1927 - professor at Smith College in Northampton in the USA. Together with M. Wertheimer and W. Köhler, he is the founder of Gestalt psychology. Investigated the practical aspects of using the principles of Gestalt psychology in the field of perception, learning, development of the psyche, social relationships. Author of the book "Principles of Gestalt Psychology" (1935). Publisher of the journal "Psychologische Forschung". dealt with problems mental development child. (1912 - 1977) - American psychologist. Problem Specialist special psychology, psychodiagnostics of personality. During the Second World War, he was involved in the development of survey methodology. public opinion. He is best known for his studies of conformity. (1916-1994) - American psychologist. Engaged in educational issues, including the development of military training programs. Substantiated the main criteria for the development and conduct of psychological testing, primarily for the diagnosis of intelligence and personality. (born 1917) - domestic psychologist. Specialist in the field of age and educational psychology. He dealt with the problems of abilities in various activities of schoolchildren. Popularizer of psychological knowledge. (1874-1948) - German philosopher and psychologist, founder of the "Leipzig school" in psychology. Since 1906 professor of psychology, since 1917 director of the Institute of Experimental Psychology in Leipzig. He built his theory of the mental on the basis of the idea of the integrity of any mental experience. As the genetic basis of Gestalt, he considered "complex-qualities", which appear as diffuse, undifferentiated and affectively colored formations. American social psychologist and sociologist, professor at the University of Michigan, one of the presidents of the American Sociological Society. (1857 - 1926) - French psychotherapist, who became famous thanks to the method of arbitrary self-hypnosis he developed ("Cue method"). Influenced Y.G. Schultz, the creator of the autogenic training method. (1862-1915) - German psychologist and philosopher who founded the Würzburg psychological school. One of the first made subject experimental analysis the so-called higher mental functions (thinking and will). To do this, he developed a method of systematic introspection, in which there is a retrospective reproduction of the actions taken by the subject to solve the problem. (1874-1917) - Russian doctor and psychologist. He developed a doctrine of personality and character types based on the allocation of two mental spheres: innate features, which included temperament and character ("endopsyche"), and developing throughout life, primarily in the form of a person's relationship to the world around him ("exopsyche"). He proposed a strategy for studying personality in the usual conditions of its activity. (1858-1921) - Russian psychologist, one of the founders of domestic experimental psychology. He dealt with the problems of perception, attention, memory, thinking based on the understanding of motor reactions as primary in relation to the actual mental processes. (1857-1939) - French philosopher and psychologist, representative of the French sociological school, who developed the problem of primitive thinking. He conducted research on the life of the tribes of Australia, Oceania and Africa, on the basis of which he came to the conclusion that in some areas primitive thinking manifests itself qualitatively differently than the thinking of a modern, civilized person, namely, as prelogical thinking. The works of Levy-Bruhl made a great contribution to the criticism of the concept of the English anthropological school, where mental operations people of different times and cultures were considered identical. (1890-1972) - domestic psychologist. Engaged in the development and implementation diagnostic tests for career guidance and counselling. He gave a comprehensive coverage of the essence, dynamics and genesis of mental states. considered mental states as the most real facts psyches, occupying an intermediate place among other, to one degree or another, constructed formations (mental processes and psychological properties of a person). (1904-1988) - German neurologist, psychiatrist and psychologist. Professor of Neurology at the Neurological Clinic of the University. Humboldt in Berlin. Specialist in the field of psychology of accentuated personalities. Developed a typology of accentuated personalities. (1890-1958) - American psychologist. He developed the problem of localization of mental functions, using the method of removing various parts of the brain from animals. Initially, he proceeded from the assumption of the equivalence of any parts of the brain, but later moved away from it. Began to use the maze to study learning in rats. (born 1900) - German-American psychologist. Specialist in social psychiatry. He dealt with the problems of psychology and psychopathology of perception, psychopharmacology, psychology of communication, psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. (1880-1933) - German psychologist and psychotechnician. A student of G. Ebbinghaus and W. Stern. Specialist in the problems of general and special giftedness, studied the features practical intelligence. Offered, in contrast to the quantitative characteristics of the intellectual development of the child, qualitative. He made a significant contribution to the development of industrial psychology. (1903-1988) - Austrian biologist, founder of ethology. Conducted research on animal and human behavior, in particular imprinting and aggressiveness. Author of the books "King Solomon's Ring" (1970), "A Man Finds a Friend" (1971), "Aggression". (1902-1977) - Russian psychologist, founder of Russian neuropsychology. He created an original psychophysiological method of "conjugated motor reactions", which is aimed at the analysis of affective complexes. He was engaged in the development of methods for restoring mental functions that were impaired in local brain lesions. (1866-1950) - American psychiatrist. Supporter of the psychobiological direction. He created the concept of ergasiology, on the basis of which he proposed a systematics of psychopathological disorders corresponding to various ergastic reactions. Maier Heinrich- (1867-1933) - German philosopher and psychologist. Since 1900 he has been a professor at the University of Zurich, since 1901 - in Tübingen, since 1911 - in Göttingen, since 1918 - in Heidelberg, since 1920 - in Berlin. He proposed a classification of thinking. (1888-1983) - French psychologist, founder of the school of comparative historical psychology. Book author " Psychological functions and works "(1948). Personal development was interpreted as a historically determined process of objectification of mental functions in the products of culture. (born 1900) - Swiss psychologist. Specialist in the field factor analysis personal and intellectual traits, genetic psychology. (1862-1915) - German teacher and psychologist, founder of experimental pedagogy. The main goal of experimental pedagogy was the study general patterns and individual characteristics of the physical and spiritual development of the child in the conditions of the use of certain didactic techniques. Experiment was used as a method systematic observation for children and analysis children's creativity. He was a supporter of the theory of development as a function of heredity and environment. (1853-1920) - Austrian philosopher and psychologist, student of F. Brentano, chief representative Grace school. He stood close to the positions of Gestalt psychology. In 1894 he founded the first experimental psychology laboratory in Austria. (1989-1982) - domestic psychologist. He dealt with the problem of the connection between volitional action and conditioned reflex mechanisms, then - with the problems of differential psychophysiology. The main attention was paid to the neurodynamic and psychodynamic features of a person's individuality. Developed the concept of integral individuality, in which the concept individual style activity occupies a key place, acting as a mediating link between the multi-level personality traits. (1863-1931) - American philosopher, sociologist, social psychologist. Based on the works of W. James and J. Dewey. Interpreted objective reality as a field of activity of the individual. Under the I meant an instance determined by social influence, the history of social relationships becomes the structure of the I, in which self-control appears as an internalization of the external social control. His ideas influenced the formation of interactionism. (1901-1978) - American sociologist and ethnographer, specialist in the field of ethnopsychology. Investigated the processes of socialization of children in different cultures. (born 1920) is an American psychologist. Professor at Harvard University. was engaged experimental study speech communications. (1892-1974) - American psychiatrist, social psychologist, author research method sociometry and psychotherapeutic methods of psychodrama. Researched connections subjective well-being experienced by a person, with its socio-psychological status. (born 1925) - French psychologist, sociologist. Head of the laboratory of socio-psychological research in high school social studies at the University of Paris. Specialist in the field of social psychology. (born 1909) - American psychologist, representative of humanistic psychology. Tried to combine psychoanalysis and existentialism. He interpreted love and will as the basic needs of human existence. (1850-1934) - German psychologist, one of the founders of experimental psychology in Germany. Conducted research in the field of psychophysics, psychology of memory, visual representations. He proceeded from the principle of isomorphism of mental and physical phenomena. Considered associations as largely conditioned by the realization of a conscious attitude. (1863-1916) - German-American psychologist, one of the founders of psychotechnics (introduced the term "psychotechnics" himself), a student of W. Wundt and W. James. He dealt with the problems of management, professional selection, vocational training. Developed strategies for the study of labor processes in the laboratory. (1893 - 1988) - American psychologist. Special meaning for world psychology were the developments of Murray in the field of the theory of personality diagnostics. His personology, which is largely based on the works of Z. Freud on early childhood fixations and complexes and includes modified concepts of "I", "It", "Super-I", is aimed primarily at the analysis of individual manifestations. Unlike Z. Freud and A. Adler, he introduced big number basic needs, where, along with primary, or vital, needs, secondary (psychogenic) ones characteristic of a person were distinguished. (1893-1973) - domestic psychiatrist, psychotherapist, psychologist. Specialist in problems of psychophysiology and clinic of neuropsychic disorders. Developed a theory of personality based on its relationships. Conducted research on psychophysiological and socio-pedagogical aspects of psychotherapy. (born 1928) - American psychologist, one of the founders of cognitive psychology. In 1933 his family emigrated to the USA. In 1950 he graduated from Harvard University with a bachelor's degree, in 1952 he defended his master's thesis at Swarthmore College, in 1956 - his doctoral dissertation in psychology at Harvard University. Professor at Elmory University in Atlanta, director of the Center for Cognitive Psychology. Conducted research on the formation of a "scheme" as the basis of cognitive processes. (1903-1978) - domestic psychologist. Specialist in the problems of perception of fiction and imagination. (born 1935) - American psychologist. Professor University of California. Specialist in the field of psychology of perception, memory, attention. (1897-1967) - American psychologist, specialist in personality psychology. He developed a theory of personality based on the concepts of I and self-actualization, which denotes the desire of the individual to achieve something meaningful and significant in life. He showed that the motives that have a source biological needs, when they are satisfied, they can acquire a character that is quite independent of the biological basis (the principle of functional autonomy of motives). (1916-1991) - American psychologist. Engaged in problems of social psychology, psycholinguistics. He developed a theory of meaning, in which meaning was understood as a convoluted reproduction of real behavior in relation to certain objects. Based on this theory, he developed the method of semantic differential. (1886-1963) - American psychologist. Engaged in the development of psychological tests. For the needs of the armed forces, he created Tests alpha and beta. (1907-1978) - domestic psychologist. Author of the concept of operational reflection. The research was based on the position according to which the effectiveness of labor actions is determined by the characteristics of the reflection of the object of labor. In the process of performing a specific action with an object, its operational image is formed, designed specifically for this action. (born 1924) - domestic psychologist. Leading specialist on problems of theory and methodology of Marxist psychology. Author of the socio-psychological theory of the collective. Developed theoretical problems of personality psychology and its development. (1906-1984) - domestic psychologist. Conducted innovative research in the field of labor psychology. He developed new methods of psychological analysis of the pilot's activity, in particular, he created an aircraft laboratory. (1856-1931) - French psychologist. Specialist in the field of research of cognitive processes, primarily thinking, speech, memory. He dealt with the problems of affect. (1903-1942) - French Marxist philosopher, psychologist. Based on a materialistic understanding of society and history, he tried to build new psychology. The "concrete" psychology that he developed was supposed to focus on the meanings and real activities of the individual. (1841-1897) - German physiologist, psychologist, specialist in child psychology. He was engaged in a wide range of issues of general biology, biochemistry, biophysics, embryology, psychophysiology of the sense organs, psychotherapy. Developed the ideas of Ch. Darwin. In contrast to associative psychology, he defended the idea of the important role of heredity in the development of the child. (born 1919) is an American neuropsychologist. Professor at Stanford University. He considered the brain as a holographic structure. (born 1925) is an American animal psychologist. Most famous are his experiments with teaching the chimpanzee Sarah to use signs. Somewhat earlier, the spouses R. and B. Gardner managed to teach chimpanzees complex system signs used by the dumb in America. Primak, on the other hand, used plastic symbols as "words", which the monkey had to lay out on a special magnetic board, while it learned about 130 characters, with the help of which quite complex sequences ("phrases") could be composed. (1873-1956) - priest and psychoanalyst in Zurich. He tried to place the teachings of psychoanalysis on religious grounds. He was in a lively correspondence with Z. Freud. (1881-1964) - French psychologist, one of the founders of French experimental psychology, assistant to P. Janet. Developed a system of psychology based on natural science data. He defended the principle of studying the psyche without resorting to the phenomena of consciousness, but only on the basis of behavioral acts. (1880-1939) - Austrian psychologist, psychotherapist. The basic need of the individual is to return to the original state of intrauterine existence, in which he is one with nature, but this need is frustrated due to memories of the trauma of birth. Overcoming this trauma should be carried out in the conditions of special psychotherapy. Later he formulated the position according to which each stage individual development characterized by the actualization of the trauma of birth, which is subjectively perceived as a feeling of abandonment, but provides an opportunity to establish new relationships with the world. American philosopher, representative of operationalism, biologist, psychologist. He is best known for his analysis of the links between language, thought and action. Conducted research on the use of language in conflict situations. One of the first to apply game theory to the analysis of behavior. (1786 - 1869) Made the first revolution in psychology as a transition to the study of objective psychology. His system was based on two fundamental principles: 1. Reflection, 2. Reality of action. Important role in structuring the human psyche, he assigned speech signs. (1897-1957) - German-American psychologist, psychoanalytically oriented researcher. Since 1922 he has been head of the Vienna Seminar on Psychoanalytic Therapy. He created his own theory of character, in which the leading role is played by the possibility of relieving tension through the experience of orgasm. (1839-1916) - French psychologist, one of the founders of French experimental psychology. Author of the books Diseases of Memory (1881), Diseases of the Will (1883), Diseases of the Personality (1885). Developed problems of attention, imagination, concepts. Based on the application of the pathopsychological method, he built a model of the normal development of the psyche. Formulated the law of regression of memory, called Ribot's law. In his later works, he turned to the problems of affect and emotions. (1850-1935) - French physiologist, psychologist, hypnologist. Author of the books "Experimental and Clinical Studies of Sensitivity" (1877), "Experience in General Psychology" (1887). Established three phases of somnambulism. (born 1933) - American psychologist. Specialist in the field of human communications. Worked at Harvard University. He gave a description of the Pygmalion effect. (born 1907) - American psychologist. Professor at Saint Louis University. He dealt with the problems of schizophrenia, psychological diagnostics. He created the theory of frustration, within the framework of which he developed a test - a drawing technique of frustration. (1884-1922) - Swiss psychiatrist, creator of the projective test of color spots, who received his name. Received medical education, defended his doctoral dissertation in the field of psychiatry. Since 1911, he began experiments with ink spots. (1860 - 1928) The idea of quantifying the ingredients of mental life in order to recreate its individual profile in a healthy and sick person. They identified 11 mental processes, which were divided into five groups:

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Susceptibility