The governors in the grand duke's administration performed functions. Administrative positions incl.

The course provides an extended study of tools software product ArcGIS with adaptation for the needs of nature management enterprises.

Please note that due to the specifics of training in this course, combined groups are not trained. Course participants must be employees of the same organization or industry.

Training directed for the development of geoinformation technologies; obtaining skills in the development and maintenance of a corporate GIS; solving problems related to control, analysis of the state of objects environment; evaluation of user activity natural resources; identification of potential violators; calculation of integral indicators of the state of complex natural objects and forecasting environmental situation. Workshops are presented in the form of a number of specific tasks, the solution of which requires knowledge of the basic methods of spatial analysis.

The uniqueness of the course lies in the fact that it was implemented using the Russian cartographic fundamentals and built on the basis of real data and methods developed on the basis of existing normative documents and standards.

Form of study- full-time, with a break from production.

Course instructors

Academic plan

No. p / p	Section names	Total hours	Including
No. p / p	Section names	Total hours	Lectures	Practical and laboratory classes	form of control
	Introduction to the basic concepts of spatial analysis in GIS				Thematic map
	Creating a project in GIS. Basic data types				Thematic map
	Spatial referencing of object locations, map projections				Thematic map
	Data display. Layer symbology, display of qualitative and quantitative values				Thematic map
	Creating labels and annotations				Thematic map
	Connection of spatial and attributive information. Queries and selections				Thematic map
	Editing Spatial and Attribute Data				Thematic map
	Basic cartographic concepts, questions of cartographic design. Create a layout				Thematic map
	Spatial Analysis Functions and Geoprocessing				Thematic map
	The concept of building a system environmental assessment in a GIS environment. Goals, components, stages of creating a GIS project				Thematic map
	Developing and populating an environmental geodatabase				Thematic map
	GIS-based monitoring. Tasks, tools, requests				Thematic map
	Study of the dynamics of pollution of water bodies in the control sections. Construction of normalized characteristics				Thematic map
	Assessment of activities of water users and regulation of environmental load				Thematic map
	Accounting and analysis of the state of hydraulic structures				Thematic map
	Management of water users' activities based on the control of license agreements				Thematic map
	Air quality prediction models water environment s.				Thematic map
	Spatial modeling of water pollution using the Geostatistical Analyst module				Thematic map
	Comprehensive assessment of the state of complex natural objects based on heterogeneous data				Thematic map
	Building a distributed evaluation and control system natural objects GIS-based, documentation of analysis results				Thematic map
	course design				Thematic map
Total:

Contact Information

	mon. - Fri. from 10:00 to 17:00
	197376, Russia, St. Petersburg, st. Professor Popov, house 5, bldg. D, pom. D402
	+7 812 346-28-18, +7 812 346-45-21
	+7 812 346-45-21
	[email protected]

Environmental problems often require immediate and adequate action, the effectiveness of which is directly related to the efficiency of processing and presenting information. At integrated approach characteristic of ecology, it is usually necessary to rely on the generalizing characteristics of the environment, as a result of which, the volumes of even the minimum sufficient background information, of course, must be large. Otherwise, the validity of actions and decisions can hardly be achieved. However, the simple accumulation of data is also, unfortunately, not enough. This data should be easily accessible, systematized in accordance with the needs. It is good if it is possible to connect heterogeneous data with each other, compare, analyze, just view them in a convenient and visual form, for example, by creating the necessary table, diagram, drawing, map, diagram based on them. Grouping data into desired form, their proper representation, comparison and analysis entirely depend on the qualification and erudition of the researcher, the approach he has chosen to interpret the accumulated information. At the stage of processing and analyzing the collected data, an important, but by no means the first, place is occupied by the technical equipment of the researcher, which includes hardware suitable for solving the task and software. As the latter, modern powerful technology of geographic information systems.

GIS has certain characteristics that rightfully allow us to consider this technology as the main one for the purposes of information processing and management. GIS tools far exceed the capabilities of conventional cartographic systems, although, of course, they include all the basic functions for obtaining high-quality maps and plans. The very concept of GIS contains comprehensive possibilities for collecting, integrating and analyzing any data distributed in space or tied to a specific place. If it is necessary to visualize the available information in the form of a map, graph or diagram, create, supplement or modify a database, integrate it with other databases - the only the right way there will be an appeal to the GIS. In the traditional view possible limits integration of heterogeneous data is artificially limited. Close to ideal is, for example, the possibility of creating a map of field yields by combining data on soils, climate and vegetation. GIS allows you to go much further. To the above data set, you can add demographic information, information about land ownership, welfare and income of the population, the volume of capital investments and investments, zoning of the territory, the state of the grain market, etc. As a result, it becomes possible to directly determine the effectiveness of planned or ongoing conservation activities, their impact on people's lives and the economy. Agriculture. It is possible to go even further and, by adding data on the spread of diseases and epidemics, to establish whether there is a relationship between the rate of degradation of nature and human health, to determine the possibility of the emergence and spread of new diseases. Ultimately, it is possible to accurately assess all the socio-economic aspects of any process, such as the reduction of forest land or soil degradation.

Introduction

1.1 Habitat degradation

1.2 Pollution

1.3 Protected areas

1.4 Unprotected areas

1.6Monitoring

2.2 System functionality

2.3 Acquisition methods integrated assessment

Conclusion

Literature

geoinformation map oil and gas monitoring

Introduction

All over the world, environmental issues are now receiving increased attention. And this is not surprising. Rapid development economic activity people created all the prerequisites real possibility ecological crisis. In this connection great importance acquires a direction related to the quantitative assessment anthropogenic impacts on the environment, the creation of systems for a comprehensive assessment of the state of the environmental situation, as well as modeling and forecasting the development of the situation. Creation similar systems currently impossible without the use of modern computer tools. One of important tools are GIS technologies.

Assessment of the state of complex natural objects in the environment implies comprehensive analysis impact various factors. Obtaining complex estimates is hampered by the variety of characteristics of the object, the diversity of available information, which increases the urgency of the task of ensuring the metrological comparability of heterogeneous data.

1. The role and place of GIS in environmental protection measures

1.1 Habitat degradation

GIS is successfully used to create maps of the main parameters of the environment. In the future, when new data are obtained, these maps are used to identify the scale and rate of degradation of flora and fauna. When entering data from remote, in particular satellite, and conventional field observations they can be used to monitor local and large-scale anthropogenic impacts. Data about anthropogenic loads it is expedient to superimpose on zoning maps areas with highlighted areas of special interest from a conservation point of view, such as parks, nature reserves and sanctuaries. Assessment of the state and rates of degradation natural environment can also be carried out along test areas selected on all layers of the map.

1.2 Pollution

Using GIS, it is convenient to model the impact and spread of pollution from point and non-point (spatial) sources on the ground, in the atmosphere and along the hydrological network. The results of model calculations can be superimposed on natural maps, such as maps of vegetation, or maps of residential areas in a given area. As a result, it is possible to quickly assess the immediate and future consequences of such extreme situations, as the spill of oil and other harmful substances, as well as the impact of permanent point and area pollutants.

1.3Protected areas

Another common area of application for GIS is the collection and management of data on protected areas, such as sanctuaries, nature reserves and national parks. Within protected areas, it is possible to carry out full-fledged spatial monitoring of plant communities of valuable and rare species of animals, determine the impact of anthropogenic interventions, such as tourism, laying roads or power lines, plan and bring to implementation environmental protection measures. Multi-user tasks are also possible, such as grazing management and productivity forecasting land. GIS solves such problems on scientific basis, that is, solutions are chosen that ensure a minimum level of impact on wildlife, maintaining the required level of cleanliness of air, water bodies and soils, especially in areas frequently visited by tourists.

1.4 Unprotected areas

Regional and local governments are widely using the capabilities of GIS to obtain optimal solutions problems related to distribution and controlled use land resources, settling conflict situations between the owner and tenants of the land. It is useful and often necessary to compare current land use boundaries with land zoning and long-term plans their use. GIS also provides the ability to match land use boundaries with wilderness requirements. For example, in some cases it may be necessary to reserve wildlife migration corridors through developed territories between nature reserves or national parks. Continuous collection and updating of data on land use boundaries can be of great help in the development of environmental, including administrative and legislative measures, monitor their implementation, timely make changes and additions to existing laws and regulations based on basic scientific environmental principles and concepts.

1.5Habitat restoration

GIS is effective tool to study the environment in general, certain types flora and fauna in spatial and temporal aspects. If specific environmental parameters are established that are necessary, for example, for the existence of any kind of animal, including the availability of pastures and breeding grounds, the appropriate types and stocks of food resources, water sources, requirements for the cleanliness of the natural environment, then GIS will help you quickly find areas with a suitable combination of parameters within which the conditions for the existence or restoration of the abundance of this species will be close to optimal. At the stage of adaptation of a relocated species to a new area, GIS is effective for monitoring the nearest and long-term effects measures taken, assessing their success, identifying problems and finding ways to overcome them.

1.6Monitoring

With the expansion and deepening of environmental protection measures, one of the main areas of application of GIS is monitoring the consequences of actions taken at the local and regional levels. Sources of updated information may be ground surveys or remote observations from air transport and from space. The use of GIS is also effective for monitoring the living conditions of local and introduced species, identifying cause-and-effect chains and relationships, assessing the favorable and unfavorable effects of environmental protection measures taken on the ecosystem as a whole and its individual components, making operational decisions on their adjustment depending on changing external conditions .

2. Comprehensive assessment of the natural environment

2.1 Basic foundations of the integrated environmental assessment system

The geoinformation system for the integrated assessment, modeling and forecasting of the state of the environment (EPS)a is based on a topographic basis with unified system coordinates, on databases that have single organization and structure and being a repository of all information about the analyzed objects, on a set of software modules for obtaining estimates according to previously developed algorithms. The system allows:

· collect, classify and organize environmental information;

· explore the dynamics of changes in the state of the ecosystem in space and time;

Build thematic maps based on the results of the analysis;

· simulate natural processes in various environments;

assess the situation and predict the development of the environmental situation.

Part of the work was carried out jointly with the Neva-Ladoga Basin Water Administration, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich covers Northwest region and includes St. Petersburg and Leningrad region, Novgorod and Pskov regions, the Republic of Karelia and the Kaliningrad region. Accordingly, all information is collected and systematized for this region. The topographic basis of the integrated assessment system serves to visualize the results of research and spatial analysis (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. The topographic basis of the integrated assessment system.

The main information unit of the topographic base is sheets of digital maps at a scale of 1:200,000. The topographic base is a set of terrain data structured as separate layers: rivers, lakes, roads, forests, control posts, etc.

The integrated assessment system database includes:

base of results of control measurements;

base of characteristics of natural objects;

· base of characteristics of sources of pollution;

the regulatory framework.

The base of control measurements is the basis of the environmental monitoring system, which allows you to quickly assess the environmental situation in a given area and present it on a map.

The system allows you to study the dynamics of pollution in space and time, including:

carry out analysis in given point for selected indicators by observation dates ( time analysis);

receive normalized estimates;

· form average estimates for a given indicator for a list of control posts (spatial analysis) and build thematic maps (Fig. 2);

Calculate integral estimates.

Rice. 2. Spatial analysis of the state of the water body.

2.2 System functionality

A unified database of natural objects and sources of pollution provides the possibility of modeling the spread of harmful substances in the air and water environments in order to study the current situation and develop recommendations for eliminating the consequences crisis situations and by environmental management. Models of the distribution of pollutants in water and in the air take into account the technological characteristics of enterprises (environmental passport), geographic location, meteorological conditions.

A model of impurity propagation in the air, based on the GGO method, called OND-86, has been implemented. The result of the model operation is the concentration field represented as a GIS layer (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Simulation of the spread of impurities in the air.

For watercourses, a model of convective-diffusion transport of pollutants is implemented. Modeling of the spread of pollutants is carried out from a group of water outlets within a site or an entire water basin, taking into account their specifics (Fig. 4). The maximum allowable discharge is calculated Wastewater in water bodies. The output of the model is also a concentration field imported into the GIS.

Rice. 4. Modeling the spread of impurities in a watercourse.

A comprehensive assessment of the state of complex natural objects is based on the results of monitoring characteristics in various environments (measurements of the level of radiation, the concentration of impurities of harmful substances, the area of pollution, etc.), the results of surveys and examinations, as well as the results of modeling various situations man-made or natural origin. This increases the urgency of the task of combining quantitative and quality characteristics, compliance with the requirements for the uniformity of measurements.

2.3 Methods for obtaining a comprehensive assessment

The created system solves the problem of combining heterogeneous data to obtain comprehensive assessments of the state of environmental objects on a single metrological basis. Methods have been developed for constructing normalized scales in order to combine various estimates, taking into account the characteristics of the reliability and degree of participation of each factor. A scale with equal segments and conditional ratios was adopted as a normalized scale: 0-1 - significantly below the norm (ZNN); 1-2 - below the norm (НН); 2-3 - norm (N); 3-4 - above the norm (VN); 4-5 - significantly above the norm (ZVN).

To assess the quality of the results of control measurements, normalization is used relative to the maximum allowable concentration (MPC). The plane of correspondence between the normalized values of control measurements and qualitative assessments is shown in Fig. 5.

Rice. 5. Plane of correspondence between normalized values and qualitative assessments.

Each measurement result is random variable, true value which is in the interval x*=x'± ks . In this case, the acceptance of one or another value of the controlled quantity on a normalized scale of qualitative relations can be defined as the probability of finding the value of the measured quantity in the corresponding range of concentration values. The probability of accepting one or another quality value can be defined as:

The choice of boundary values (C i) depends on the hazard class of the substance and the region of the survey, which is explained by the specific environmental situation and the existing regulatory framework.

In the case when complex characteristics are used to evaluate individual objects of the OPS, the value of some generalized indicator determines qualitative value controlled characteristics. The difficulty lies in the fact that the qualitative scales for different environments and methods are different. In this case, the problem of normalizing complex estimates is reduced to bringing such scales to a normalized one.

The software system implements algorithms for obtaining qualitative estimates based on the results of control measurements, taking into account the existing standard methods for air and water environments (Fig. 6). The reduction of various qualitative scales to the normalized one has been carried out.

Rice. 6. Assessment of the state of the aquatic environment.

Due to the paucity of data chemical analysis often, along with the results of control measurements, the results of surveys, surveys and expert assessments are used. A module has been created in the software system that implements the receipt and processing of expert assessments.

When processing the results of surveys, the value of each value, as well as the results of control measurements, determines the degree of contamination of the object and can be associated with the normalized characteristics of the object. The results of processing expert assessments are summarized in a normalized scale. In this case, the estimate corresponding to each attribute must be reduced to a normalized characteristic å р k =1. The results are geo-referenced and can be plotted on a map (Fig. 7).

Rice. 7. Expert assessments.

A comprehensive assessment of the state of the objects of the environmental protection system is obtained as a result of combining data different type(results of control measurements in different environments, simulation results, surveys and expert assessments). In this case, the problem of combining turns into the problem of summing up the characteristics of various estimates in a normalized qualitative scale.

It should be borne in mind that if a comprehensive assessment is determined on the basis of combining a large number estimates that have different distributions on a normalized scale, then as a result of combining such estimates, it is likely to obtain a uniform distribution, in which it is impossible to make a judgment about the qualitative assessment of the state of the object.

For this reason, it is proposed to use following method associations of the same type of assessments. For each group of assessments collected, for example, by media (air, water, soil) or by type of their production (control measurements, expert opinions, simulation results) should be sorted according to maximum value each quality and choose the most critical assessments. In this case, depending on the task, the selection algorithm critical evaluations may also be different. For example, to assess an emergency situation, one should choose indicators for which the maximum assessment takes the value of ZVN (much higher than the norm), for normal conditions you should choose indicators that have a maximum in the range from H (norm) to ZVN.

Complex assessments of the state of environmental objects can be obtained by combining data of different types, for example, the results of control measurements and visual surveys of the coastal area. When forming such estimates, it is necessary to take into account the importance of each characteristic used.

Such ratings are comprehensive description, obtained by summing up simple estimates, taking into account their properties within the impact groups, that is:

where: * is the summation operator, x i * is a simple assessment included in the set of important characteristics I s , p d i is the assessment of the degree of confidence and g yi is the assessment of the degree of participation x i * .

The degree of confidence characterizes the reliability of the estimate used and depends on the method of obtaining it. The degree of participation determines the weight of the characteristic used in the formation of a complex assessment of the quality of an ecosystem object. The use of the participation coefficient eliminates the possibility of obtaining an equiprobable characteristic of the result in the case of summing up a large number of characteristics and allows the expert to obtain different estimates depending on the task.

A comprehensive assessment of the state of OPS objects is a characteristic obtained by summing up simple and complex assessments, taking into account their properties

where: * is the summation operator, x i * is a simple estimate included in the set of important characteristics I 0 , S i * is a complex estimate obtained using standard methods for combining similar data or according to formula (2) for data of different types.

The information environment for obtaining a comprehensive assessment ensures the unification and use of distributed information, and GIS technology ensures its processing in accordance with geographic or administrative reference (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8. Information environment for obtaining a comprehensive assessment.

To form complex estimates based on the same type of data, the appropriate layer is selected (with the required area and parameters) and the data is processed in accordance with standard methods. In the case when a complex estimate is obtained by summing up data of different types, a project is formed from several layers. Each layer is assigned a participation factor and complex scores are generated. The resulting complex estimates are also a GIS layer. By building projects from simple and complex assessments, as well as simulation results, assessments can be obtained for media (air, water, soil, etc.), which are also GIS layers. Combining assessments by environment into a single project, we will get a comprehensive assessment of the state of the object based on heterogeneous data.

3. Using GIS technologies to solve environmental problems in the oil and gas industry

Realizing the potential environmental hazard of oil and gas enterprises, in particular, Russian oil companies have proclaimed as one of the priorities the preservation of ecological balance in the areas of their enterprises. However, for a real improvement of the ecological state in the area of operation of the oil and gas complex (OGC), huge investments are required in the technological complex of oil production, first of all, for the introduction of environmental technologies. In this regard, to optimize the economic costs of oil and gas companies can be successfully applied modern facilities geoinformation technologies. Below is the experience gained in Tomsk scientific center SB RAS in the development and use of GIS for computer selection of environmentally acceptable environmental technologies based on the analysis of the state of the environment.

The developed GIS includes the following components:

database on the state of the environment,

database of environmental technologies,

· a set of software tools for analyzing the state of the territory and choosing environmental technologies.

Task complex analysis the state of the environment and the choice on the basis of this analysis of environmental technologies is aimed at achieving the normative quality of the natural environment. The software package for analyzing the state of the environment allows you to identify territorial zones of pollution and predict the dynamics of changes in the boundaries of these zones based on scenario analysis economic development enterprises. The results of calculations of air pollution zones are clearly illustrated on computer maps (Fig. 9) using GIS tools. At the same time, the well-known methodology OND-86 was used to calculate the values of the surface concentration of harmful substances in the atmospheric air contained in the emissions of enterprises. The calculation is made for the most unfavorable meteorological conditions. The initial data for forecasting atmospheric pollution and determining zones of increased pollution were environmental passports enterprises and others information materials environmental authorities.

Fig.9. Forecast of an increase in the area of the air pollution zone from associated gas flaring with an increase in production volumes.

The developed means of GIS-technologies make it possible to achieve the normative quality of the natural environment in the territory of the oil and gas complex by modeling changes in its state through the use of modern environmental technologies selected from the GIS database. Therefore, the use of GIS technologies makes it possible to choose environmentally acceptable and economically viable environmental technologies based on a comprehensive analysis of water, air and soil pollution. Below (Fig. 10) is an example computer simulation, which illustrates the possibility of selecting suitable wastewater treatment technologies from a GIS database to improve the quality of river water in an oilfield area.

Fig.10. The initial state of pollution of rivers in the territory of oil fields by wastewater discharges.

The prospects for the expanded use of GIS technologies for solving complex problems of environmental protection in the oil and gas industry are associated with the development of the proposed approach to improving the ecological state of the territory based on the use of aerospace information.

Conclusion

Thus, we can safely say that GIS has certain characteristics that rightfully allow us to consider this technology as the main one for the purposes of information processing and management. With the advent of GIS, the possibility of solving such a problem as the analysis of remote data for their full use in Everyday life, has become a reality, since this technology allows you to put together and analyze various, at first glance, little interconnected information, to obtain a generalized view of it based on mass factual material, to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the mutual relationships between the parameters characterizing it and the processes occurring in it . GIS is successfully used to monitor the state of the environment, as well as to create maps of the main environmental parameters.

Developed on the basis of ArcGIS ArcInfo 9.1, the geoinformation system of integrated assessment, modeling and forecasting serves as the basis for building multi-level information-measuring systems (IMS) and can be used in the design of territories and for making management decisions on environmental protection and rational nature management.

The prospects for the expanded use of GIS technologies for solving complex problems of environmental protection in various industries are associated with the development of the proposed approach to improving the ecological state of the territory based on the use of information obtained using modern technologies, in particular with the help of aerospace information.

Literature

1. Alekseev V.V., Kurakina N.I. IIS monitoring. Issues of a comprehensive assessment of the state of the fire protection system based on GIS // journal GIS-Review.-2000.-No. 19.

2. Alekseev V.V., Gridina E.G., Kulagin V.P., Kurakina N.I. Evaluation of the quality of complex objects based on GIS // Proceedings of the International Symposium "Reliability and Quality 2003". - Penza 2003.

3. Alekseev V.V., Kurakina N.I., Zheltov E.V. A system for modeling the spread of pollutants and assessing the environmental situation based on GIS // journal " Information Technology modeling and control", №5(23), Voronezh, 2005.

4. Alekseev V.V., Kurakina N.I., Orlova N.V., Geoinformation system for monitoring water bodies and normalizing environmental load // ArcReview.-2006.-№1(36).

5. Alekseev V.V., Gridina E.G., Kurakina N.I. Issues of Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements in the Formation of Comprehensive Assessments // Proceedings of the International Symposium "Reliability and Quality 2005". - Penza 2005.

6. Edition Date+ ArcReview. - http://www.dataplus.ru.

The experience of integrated geographical research and systematic thematic mapping has allowed geoinformation mapping to take a leading position in the development of cartographic science and production.

Comparison of multi-temporal and multi-thematic maps makes it possible to proceed to forecasts based on the identified relationships and trends in the development of phenomena and processes. Forecast by maps allows you to predict modern, but not yet known phenomena, such as weather forecasts or unknown minerals.

The forecast is based on cartographic extrapolations, interpreted as the distribution of patterns obtained in the course of the cartographic analysis of a phenomenon, to an unexplored part of this phenomenon, to another territory or to the future. Cartographic extrapolations, like any others (mathematical, logical), are not universal. Their advantage is that they are well suited for predicting both spatial and temporal patterns. In the practice of forecasting using maps, methods of analogies, indications, expert assessments, calculation of statistical regressions, etc., well-known in geography, are also widely used.

Literature:

1. Trifonova T.A., Mishchenko N.V., Krasnoshchekov A.N. Geoinformation systems and remote sensing in environmental studies: Tutorial for universities. - M., 2005. - 352 p.

2. Sturman V.I. Ecological mapping: Textbook. - Moscow, 2003.

Topic 14. Content and methods of compiling environmental maps. Plan:

1. Mapping atmospheric problems.

2. Mapping land water pollution.

3. Qualitative and quantitative assessments of environmental situations.

1. Mapping atmospheric problems

The atmosphere as the most dynamic environment is characterized by complex spatio-temporal dynamics of impurity levels. At any given moment in time, the level of atmospheric pollution over a certain territory or at one point or another is determined by the balance of individual pollutants and their combination. In the income part of the balance sheet are:

♦ intake of pollutants from a combination of man-made and natural sources within the territory under consideration;

♦ intake of pollutants from sources outside the territory under consideration, including remote ones (long-range transport);

♦ formation of pollutants as a result of secondary chemical processes occurring in the atmosphere itself.

In the expenditure side of the balance sheet are:

♦ removal of pollutants outside the territory under consideration;

♦ deposition of pollutants on the earth's surface;

♦ destruction of pollutants as a result of self-purification processes.

Settling intensity and self-cleaning factors for different substances largely coincide. Therefore, the concentrations of different substances usually change in a relatively consistent manner, obeying the same temporal and spatial patterns.

The intake of pollutants from natural and man-made dusty sources increases with wind intensification (in combination with the presence of loose surfaces), during volcanic processes.

Thus, mapping of atmospheric pollution consists of:

♦ mapping the potential for air pollution;

♦ mapping of pollution sources;

♦ mapping pollution levels.

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