Forest ecology in mathematical calculations. Fundamentals of ecology

The main content of modern ecology is the study of the relationship of organisms with each other and with the environment at the population-biocenotic level and the study of the life of biological macrosystems. high rank: biogeocenoses (ecosystems) and the biosphere, their productivity and energy. From this it is clear that the subject studies of ecology are biological macrosystems (populations, biocenoses, ecosystems) and their dynamics in time and space.

From the content and subject of research in ecology, its main goals, which can be reduced to the study of population dynamics, to the doctrine of biogeocenoses and their systems. Therefore, the main theoretical and practical task of ecology is to reveal the laws of these processes and learn how to manage them in the conditions of the inevitable industrialization and urbanization of our planet.

In general terms, these include:

- development general theory sustainability of ecological systems;
- study of ecological mechanisms of adaptation to the environment;
- study of population regulation;
- the study biodiversity and mechanisms for its maintenance;
- research of production processes;
- study of the processes taking place in the biosphere in order to maintain its stability;
- modeling of the state of ecosystems and global biospheric processes.

The main applied tasks that ecology must solve at the present time are the following:

- forecasting and assessment of possible negative consequences in the environment natural environment under the influence of human activity;
- improvement of the quality of the natural environment;
- conservation, reproduction and rational use natural resources.
- Optimization of engineering, economic, organizational, legal, social and other solutions to ensure environmentally safe sustainable development, primarily in the most environmentally disadvantaged areas.

The strategic task of ecology is the development of the theory of interaction between nature and society based on a new view that considers human society as an integral part of the biosphere.

Law Russian Federation"On Ecological Expertise" states that environmental assessment, this is "the establishment of compliance of the planned economic and other activities with environmental requirements and the determination of the admissibility of the implementation of the object of environmental expertise." At the same time, Russian legislation also has a legal definition of a more specific concept - "state environmental expertise".

It is contained in Art. 35 and 36 of the Law "On Environmental Protection": " State ecological expertise is a mandatory measure of environmental protection, which is carried out in order to verify the compliance of economic and other activities with the environmental safety of the company, prior to the adoption of an economic decision, the implementation of which may have a harmful effect on the natural environment.

Main tasks of ecological expertise:

1. Organization and conduct (at the stage of preparing a decision) comprehensive, objective, scientific research and analysis of the objects of expertise from the standpoint of the effectiveness, completeness, validity and sufficiency of the measures provided for in them, the correctness of the customer's determination of the degree of environmental risk and danger of the planned or ongoing activities, as well as ensuring environmental forecasting based on information about the state and possible changes in the environmental situation due to the location and development of productive forces that do not lead to a negative impact on the environment, i.e. determination of the likelihood of environmentally harmful impacts and their possible social, economic and environmental impact.
2. Assessment of compliance with environmental standards of exported objects planned for implementation at the stages preceding the decision to implement them, or compliance with the above standards of already ongoing activities, ensuring state environmental control over the quality of preparation by the initiator (customer) of draft decisions on the development of the activity planned by him, as well as the preparation of objective, evidence-based conclusions (conclusions) and their timely transfer to state and other bodies that decide on the implementation of the object of expertise.
3. Informing all interested parties (including the public) about possible adverse impacts on the environment and related social, economic and other consequences of the proposed activity in order to find a balance of interests and a compromise solution to relieve emerging socio-psychological stresses and prevention of conflicts on this basis (tasks of the PEE).

Modeling is one of the most important methods scientific knowledge, with the help of which a model (conditional image) of the research object is created. Its essence lies in the fact that the relationship of the studied phenomena and factors is transmitted in the form of specific mathematical equations.

In ecological research, which is usually carried out on a certain number of individuals, natural phenomena in all their diversity: the general patterns inherent in the macrosystem, its reactions to changes in the conditions of existence, etc. But each individual, individual is not the same, different from each other. In addition, the selection of an individual from the entire population is random. And only the application of methods mathematical statistics allows for a random set various options determine the reliability of certain results (the degree of their deviation from the norm, random deviations or patterns) and get an objective view of the entire population.

Building process mathematical model includes the following typical steps:

4. formulation of modeling goals;
5. qualitative analysis of the ecosystem, based on these goals;
6. formulation of laws and plausible hypotheses regarding the structure of the ecosystem, the mechanisms of its behavior as a whole or individual parts (in the case of self-organization, these laws are "found" by a computer);
7. identification of the model (determination of its parameters);
8. verification of the model (checking its performance and assessing the degree of adequacy of the real ecosystem);
9. study of the model (analysis of the stability of its solutions, sensitivity to changes in parameters, etc.) and experiment with it.

Modern mathematical ecology is an interdisciplinary field that includes all kinds of methods of mathematical and computer description of ecological systems.

The theoretical basis for describing the interactions between species in ecosystems is population dynamics, which describes the basic interactions and gives a qualitative picture of the possible patterns of behavior of variables in the system. To analyze real ecosystems, system analysis is used, while the degree of integration of the model depends both on the object and on the goals of modeling. Modeling of many aquatic ecosystems, forest cenoses, agroecosystems is an effective tool for developing a method for the optimal management of these systems. The construction of global models makes it possible to evaluate global and local changes in climate, temperature, type of vegetation cover under different scenarios of human development.

However, as it was found that all biological systems, including superorganismal macrosystems, have the ability to self-regulate, it became impossible to limit oneself to the methods of mathematical statistics. Therefore, in modern ecology, methods of information theory and cybernetics are widely used, which are closely related to such areas of mathematics as probability theory, mathematical logic, differential and integral calculus, number theory, matrix algebra.

Recently, it has become widespread modeling of biological phenomena, i.e. reproduction in artificial systems of various processes inherent in living nature. Thus, under "model conditions" many reactions occurring in the plant during photosynthesis were carried out. An example of biological models is a heart-lung machine, an artificial kidney, artificial lungs, prostheses controlled by muscle biocurrents, etc.

So-called living models are widely used in various fields of biology. Although organisms vary in complexity of structure and function, many biological processes they run almost the same way. Therefore, it is convenient to study them on simpler creatures. They then become living models. An example is zoochlorella, which serves as a model for the study of metabolism; models for the study of intracellular processes are giant plant and animal cells, etc.

The main task of biological modeling is the experimental testing of hypotheses regarding the structure and function biological systems. The essence of this method lies in the fact that together with the original, i.e. with some real system, its artificially created likeness is being studied - model. In comparison with the original, the model is usually simplified, but their properties are similar. Otherwise, the results obtained may be unreliable, not characteristic of the original. Depending on the features of the original and the objectives of the study, a variety of models are used (Fig. 1).

Real (natural, analog) models, if they can be created, reflect the most essential features of the original. For example, an aquarium can serve as a model of a natural reservoir. However, the creation real models is associated with great technical difficulties, since it is not yet possible to achieve an accurate reproduction of the original.

The iconic model is a conditional representation of the original using mathematical expressions or a similar description.

Figure 1 - Classification of models (according to V.D. Fedorov and T.G. Gilmanov)

Conceptual and mathematical models and their numerous varieties are most widely used in modern ecological research.

Varieties of conceptual models are characterized detailed description systems (scientific text, system diagram, tables, graphs, etc.). Mathematical models are a more effective method for studying ecological systems, especially when determining quantitative indicators.

Mathematical symbols, for example, make it possible to succinctly describe complex ecological systems, while equations make it possible to formally define the interactions of their various components.

Modern mathematical ecology is an interdisciplinary field that includes all kinds of methods for the mathematical and computer description of ecological systems. The theoretical basis for describing interactions between species in ecosystems is population dynamics, which describes basic interactions and gives a qualitative picture of possible patterns of behavior of variables in the system. To analyze real ecosystems, system analysis is used, while the degree of integration of the model depends both on the object and on the goals of modeling. Modeling of many aquatic ecosystems, forest cenoses, agroecosystems is an effective tool for developing a method for the optimal management of these systems. The construction of global models makes it possible to evaluate global and local changes in climate, temperature, type of vegetation cover under different scenarios of human development.

Assessment of pollution of the atmosphere and the surface of the earth.

Important practical. The problem of mathematical ecology is the calculation of the spread of pollution from already existing enterprises and the planning of the possible location of industrial enterprises in compliance with sanitary standards.

The process of distribution of industrial emissions occurs due to their transfer by air masses and diffusion due to turbulent air pulsations. If one observes a smoke plume from a factory chimney, one can notice that this plume is entrained by the air flow and gradually swells as it moves away from the source due to small-scale turbulence. The torch has the shape of a cone, elongated in the direction of the movement of air masses. Then the plume breaks up into isolated vortex formations that are carried away for long distances from the source.

Almost all impurities eventually settle on the Earth's surface sooner or later, heavy - under the action of the gravitational field, light - as a result of the diffusion process. Impurities consisting of large particles, under the influence of gravity, soon begin to fall in accordance with Stokes' law. Gaseous impurities such as oxides represent a light fraction and are especially dangerous for the environment.

Great importance in the propagation theory, pollution fluctuates in the direction of the wind over a long period of time - about a year. During such a period, the air masses, entraining impurities from the source, repeatedly change direction and speed. Statistically, such long-term changes are described by a special diagram called the wind rose, in which the magnitude of the vector is proportional to the number of recurring events associated with the movements of air masses in a given direction. The maxima of the wind rose diagram correspond to the prevailing winds in the area. This information is the starting point when planning new industrial facilities. When assessing the permissible pollution of enterprises located among a large number of ecologically significant areas (settlements, recreation areas, agricultural, forest lands, etc.) pollution from already existing enterprises in the region should also be taken into account.

The assessment of the pollution of the atmosphere and the underlying surface by passive and active impurities is carried out using mathematical models built on the basis of aerodynamic equations in partial derivatives, as well as their finite-difference approximations.

In Russia, a great contribution to this direction was made by the work of the school of Academician G.I. Marchuk. Models of this type are widely used in Europe and the United States in resolving lawsuits brought by the public or local authorities industrial enterprises due to some damage. To assess the damage caused using mathematical modeling, an examination is carried out, as a result of which the amount of the fine that the polluting enterprise is obliged to pay to state or local authorities is quantified. Such measures turned out to be very effective and led in developed countries to the almost universal introduction of cleaning technologies.

Pollutant transport models in this type of models are associated with the procedure for calculating the main functional of the problem, which can be the total number of precipitated impurities, the sanitary hazard of impurities, include damage to public health, agricultural land, forests, soil, the cost of restoring the environment. environments and other indicators. In simplified versions, the method of response functions is widely used (see above).

Ecology (from the Greek. oikos - house and logos- doctrine) - the science of the laws of interaction of living organisms with their environment.

The founder of ecology is considered a German biologist E. Haeckel(1834-1919), who for the first time in 1866 used the term "ecology". He wrote: “By ecology, we mean the general science of the relationship between the organism and the environment, where we include all the “conditions of existence” in the broad sense of the word. They are partly organic and partly inorganic.”

Initially, this science was biology, which studies the populations of animals and plants in their habitat.

Ecology studies systems at a level above the individual organism. The main objects of its study are:

population - a group of organisms belonging to the same or similar species and occupying a certain territory;
, including the biotic community (the totality of populations in the territory under consideration) and habitat;
- area of life on earth.

To date, ecology has gone beyond the scope of biology itself and has become an interdisciplinary science that studies the most complex problems of human interaction with the environment. Ecology has come a difficult and long way to understanding the problem of "man - nature", relying on research in the "organism - environment" system.

The interaction of Man with Nature has its own specifics. Man is endowed with reason, and this gives him the opportunity to realize his place in nature and purpose on Earth. Since the beginning of the development of civilization, Man has been thinking about his role in nature. Being, of course, part of nature, man created a special environment, which is called human civilization. As it developed, it increasingly came into conflict with nature. Now humanity has already come to the realization that the further exploitation of nature can threaten its own existence.

The urgency of this problem, caused by the aggravation of the ecological situation on a global scale, has led to "greening"- to the need to take into account laws and environmental requirements in all sciences and in all human activity.

Ecology is currently called the science of a person's "own home" - the biosphere, its features, interaction and relationship with a person, and a person with the whole human society.

Ecology is not only an integrated discipline, where physical and biological phenomena are connected, it forms a kind of bridge between natural and social sciences. It does not belong to the number of disciplines with a linear structure, i.e. does not develop vertically - from simple to complex - it develops horizontally, covering an ever wider range of issues from various disciplines.

No single science is capable of solving all the problems associated with improving the interaction between society and nature, since this interaction has social, economic, technological, geographical and other aspects. Only an integrated (generalizing) science, which is modern ecology, can solve these problems.

Thus, from a dependent discipline within the framework of biology, ecology has turned into a complex interdisciplinary science - modern ecology- with a pronounced ideological component. Modern ecology has gone beyond the limits not only of biology, but in general. The ideas and principles of modern ecology are ideological in nature, so ecology is associated not only with the sciences of man and culture, but also with philosophy. Such serious changes allow us to conclude that, despite more than a century of history of ecology, modern ecology is a dynamic science.

Goals and objectives of modern ecology

One of the main goals of modern ecology as a science is to study the basic laws and develop the theory of rational interaction in the system "man - society - nature", considering human society as an integral part of the biosphere.

The main goal of modern ecology at this stage of the development of human society - to bring Mankind out of the global ecological crisis onto the path of sustainable development, in which the satisfaction of the vital needs of the current generation will be achieved without depriving future generations of such an opportunity.

To achieve these goals, environmental science will have to solve a number of different and challenging tasks, including:

develop theories and methods for assessing the sustainability of ecological systems at all levels;
to study the mechanisms of regulation of the number of populations and biotic diversity, the role of biota (flora and fauna) as a regulator of biosphere stability;
study and create forecasts of changes in the biosphere under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors;
evaluate the state and dynamics of natural resources and the environmental consequences of their consumption;
develop methods of environmental quality management;
to form an understanding of the problems of the biosphere and the ecological culture of society.

Surrounding us live environment is not a random and random combination of living beings. It is a stable and organized system that has developed in the process of evolution. organic world. Any systems are amenable to modeling, i.e. it is possible to predict how a particular system will react to external influences. A systematic approach is the basis for studying environmental problems.

Structure of modern ecology

Ecology is currently divided into a number of scientific branches and disciplines, sometimes far from the original understanding of ecology as a biological science about the relationship of living organisms with the environment. However, all modern areas of ecology are based on fundamental ideas bioecology, which today is a collection of various scientific directions. So, for example, allocate autecology, investigating the individual connections of an individual organism with the environment; population ecology dealing with relationships between organisms that belong to the same species and live in the same territory; synecology, which comprehensively studies groups, communities of organisms and their relationships in natural systems (ecosystems).

Modern ecology is a complex of scientific disciplines. The base is general ecology , which studies the basic patterns of the relationship of organisms and environmental conditions. Theoretical ecology explores the general patterns of organization of life, including in connection with anthropogenic impact to natural systems.

Applied ecology studies the mechanisms of destruction of the biosphere by man and ways to prevent this process, and also develops principles rational use natural resources. Applied ecology is based on a system of laws, rules and principles of theoretical ecology. The following scientific directions stand out from applied ecology.

Ecology of the biosphere, which studies the global changes taking place on our planet as a result of the impact economic activity man to natural phenomena.

industrial ecology, which studies the impact of emissions from enterprises on the environment and the possibility of reducing this impact by improving technologies and treatment facilities.

agricultural ecology, studying ways to obtain agricultural products without depleting soil resources while preserving the environment.

Medical ecology, which studies human diseases associated with environmental pollution.

geoecology, which studies the structure and mechanisms of the functioning of the biosphere, the connection and interconnection of biospheric and geological processes, the role of living matter in the energy and evolution of the biosphere, the participation of geological factors in the emergence and evolution of life on Earth.

Mathematical ecology models ecological processes, i.e. changes in nature that can occur when environmental conditions change.

economic ecology develops economic mechanisms for rational nature management and environmental protection.

legal ecology develops a system of laws aimed at protecting nature.

Engineering ecology - relatively new trend environmental science, studies the interaction of technology and nature, the patterns of formation of regional and local natural and technical systems and ways to manage them in order to protect the natural environment and ensure environmental safety. It ensures that the equipment and technology of industrial facilities comply with environmental requirements.

social ecology arose quite recently. Only in 1986 the first conference devoted to the problems of this science took place in Lvov. The science of the "home", or the habitat of society (man, society), studies the planet Earth, as well as space - as the living environment of society.

Human ecology - part of social ecology that considers human interaction as biosocial being with the surrounding world.

- one of the new independent branches of human ecology - science of quality of life and health.

Synthetic evolutionary ecology- new scientific discipline, including private areas of ecology - general, bio-, geo- and social.

Brief historical path of development of ecology as a science

In the history of the development of ecology as a science, three main stages can be distinguished. First stage - the origin and development of ecology as a science (until the 1960s), when data on the relationship of living organisms with their environment were accumulated, the first scientific generalizations were made. In the same period, the French biologist Lamarck and the English priest Malthus for the first time warned humanity about the possible negative consequences of human impact on nature.

Second phase - registration of ecology as an independent branch of knowledge (after the 1960s to the 1950s). The beginning of the stage was marked by the publication of the works of Russian scientists K.F. Ruler, N.A. Severtseva, V.V. Dokuchaev, who first substantiated a number of principles and concepts of ecology. After Charles Darwin's studies in the field of evolution of the organic world, the German zoologist E. Haeckel was the first to understand what Darwin called the "struggle for existence", is an independent area of biology, and called it ecology(1866).

How independent science ecology finally took shape at the beginning of the 20th century. During this period, the American scientist C. Adams created the first summary of ecology, and other important generalizations were published. The largest Russian scientist of the XX century. IN AND. Vernadsky creates a fundamental the doctrine of the biosphere.

In the 1930s-1940s, at first, the English botanist A. Tensley (1935) put forward the concept of "ecosystem", and a little later V. Ya. Sukachev(1940) substantiated a concept close to him about biogeocenosis.

Third stage(1950s - to the present) - the transformation of ecology into a complex science, including the science of protecting the human environment. Simultaneously with the development of the theoretical foundations of ecology, applied issues related to ecology were also solved.

In our country, in the 1960s-1980s, almost every year the government adopted resolutions on strengthening nature protection; Land, water, forest and other codes were published. However, as the practice of their application has shown, they did not give the required results.

Today Russia is experiencing an ecological crisis: about 15% of the territory are actually zones of ecological disaster; 85% of the population breathe air polluted significantly above the MPC. The number of "environmentally caused" diseases is growing. There is degradation and reduction of natural resources.

A similar situation has developed in other countries of the world. The question of what will happen to mankind in the event of the degradation of natural ecological systems and the loss of the ability of the biosphere to maintain biochemical cycles becomes one of the most urgent.

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We have inherited an unspeakably beautiful
and a varied gardenbut the trouble is
that we are useless gardeners.
We didn't take care of
to learn the simplest rules of gardening.
Gerald Durrell,
"The Way of the Kangaroo"

Scientific and technological revolution ... promising mountains of gold
and giving much of what we are now proud of,
gave rise to other, previously unknown problems.
Solve them on paths already beaten,
does not seem possible.
V.R. Arseniev,
"Beasts-Gods-People".

Currently the term "ecology" became very popular; as a rule, it is used, speaking about the unfavorable state of the natural environment around us. However, it is often used in combination with words such as "society" , "a family" , "health" , "culture" , "education" . As a result, the natural question is: “What, after all, does this science study?”

Term "ecology" (from Greek. oikos home, dwelling, home and logos - word, doctrine, science), proposed in 1868 . German biologist Ernst Haeckel , literally means "home science" . In the broadest sense , ecology is a complex of sciences about the relationship between organisms and factors in their environment . At the same time, some sciences of the ecological complex are classified not according to the objects of study, but according to the research methods that they use. One of these areas is "mathematical ecology" .

Mathematical ecology models ecological processes, i.e., possible changes in nature when environmental factors change [Ibid., p. 64]. At the same time, it is interesting to note that systems and objects that are not always increasing in complexity correspond to more and more complex models. The whole trick is that the mathematical model is not at all obliged to describe the object under study in detail, but can and should reflect only the most important thing for study.

In light of the above, let's look at a few examples.

Example #1. Algebra, arithmetic and biology . “I once saw zebras, chamois, flamingos, narwhals and butterflies at the zoo. Altogether I counted thirty-four legs, fourteen wings, nine tails, six horns, and eight ears—outer ears, I mean, not inner ones. How many zebras were there? How many chamois? How many flamingos? How many narwhals? How many butterflies?

Solution. The number of zebras is denoted by the letter x ; number of chamois - y ; flamingo - z ; narwhals - u ; butterflies - v . Let's create and complete the table:

Having solved the resulting system of equations, we will find answers to the questions posed.

Example #2. The mystery of the Caspian Sea . “The Black and Caspian Seas originated from one ancient sea, which was later divided into two parts by the Caucasus Mountains. The Caspian Sea is closed, the Black Sea flows through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles into the Mediterranean Sea. Despite this, the Black Sea is much saltier than the Caspian Sea. This seems inexplicable, but remember that the Caspian Sea has a bay called Kara-Bogaz-Gol. At first glance, it seems that this does not change anything, because it still remains closed. However, this is not the case, since there is no mixing of the waters of the Caspian Sea and the bay: water from the Caspian constantly flows into the bay. Can this lead to desalination of the Caspian Sea?”

Solution. Let us introduce the notation: Q - the total inflow of water into the Caspian, I - excess of evaporation over rainfall in the Caspian, I 1 - the same in the bay, q - intensity of water flow from the Caspian Sea to Kara-Bogaz-Gol, and 1 - the rate of change in water volumes in the Caspian Sea and in the Gulf, ν - salinity of the waters of the rivers flowing into the Caspian Sea, µ - salinity of the water of the Caspian Sea, and 1 - the rate of change in the amounts of salts in the Caspian Sea and in the Gulf. Let's write the equations:

= Q - I - q ,
1 = q - I 1,
= Qν - q µ,
1 = q µ ,

where Qν – intensity of salt arrival to the Caspian Sea, q µ - also for the bay. The last equation shows that the amount of salts in the bay increases indefinitely with time. On a geological time scale, we can assume that = 1 = 0 , from here:

Q – I – q = 0,
q - I 1 = 0.

As you know, the concentration of salts in the bay reached saturation long ago, and salts have been deposited on its bottom for thousands of years, forming huge deposits. The amount of salts in the Caspian increases until Qν > q µ . When the condition Qν = q µ the increase in the salinity of the Caspian stops, reaching a certain value

µ* = Qν/q = (I+q) ν /= (1+I/q) ν .
T. to. q = I 1 , then µ* = (1+ I / I 1 )ν ,

where I / I 1 is the ratio of water evaporation rates in the Caspian Sea and in the Gulf. Roughly approximately, it is equal to the ratio S / S 1 areas of the Caspian Sea and the Gulf. With this in mind:

µ* = (1+I/I1) ν = µ* = (1+S/S1) ν

T. to. S ≈ 40S1 , then µ* ≈ 40ν . Quantitative estimates show that this is less than the salinity of the Caspian today. That is, the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay desalinates the Caspian Sea, which explains its lower salinity compared to the Black Sea. On geological time scales, the salinity of the Caspian will continue to decrease.

Example #3. Differential model of population evolution . Let us consider one of the important biological examples, the main content of which is the study of the development of a biosystem by constructing a dynamic model of changes in the population size of any living creatures (bacteria, fish, animals, etc.), taking into account various factors. Note that populations, as a rule, do not exist in isolation, but in interaction with other populations. The most important type of such interaction is the interaction between prey and predators (for example, crucians - pikes, hares - wolves, and so on). We note that the mathematical models “... contribute to a deeper understanding of patterns, reveal the dynamics of the process and tie together different forms the motion of matter. In the school physics course, we have already encountered the fact that the same differential equation describes well both the mechanical oscillations of the pendulum and the electromagnetic oscillations in the circuit. Let's try to extend this idea to other phenomena..

Let y is the number of individuals in a certain population of predators, and x the number of their victims. Then the rate of change in the number of predators is proportional to the number of prey, and the rate of decrease in the number of prey is proportional to the number of predators, i.e. there are differential equations:

From here we get:

Introducing the notation ω 2 = ab, we arrive at the expression:

The latter is known to describe oscillatory process with a period

Thus, in this approximation, the change in the size of the predator population is periodic. Parameter values a and b are determined from long-term observations.

Let's summarize what has been said. An introduction to mathematical ecology inevitably requires reference to physics, chemistry, mathematics, and computer science. natural objects are highly organized systems, both at their own structural level and at the level of ecosystems. Therefore, it is quite natural to assert that the main goal of mathematical ecology is to study the theory and practice of this organization in all its complexity and flexibility, in its action and evolution. And if the introductory stage of the study is to determine factors such as weight height,

Gershenzon M. A. Professor's Puzzles Puzzles. – M.: Det. lit., 1989.

Neimark Yu. I. Simple mathematical models and their role in understanding the world.//SOZH, 1997, No. 3. pp. 139-143.

Naidin A.A. Mathematical models develop thinking. // Physics (Publishing House "First of September"), 2008, No. 12.

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The work of the Central Library in the field of environmental education

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creating an electronic library, providing a wide range of users information resources on ecology<...>available on the Internet, the creation of their own electronic information resources on ecology, including<...>The fund of the hall "Ecology: Science and Worldview" is more than 50,000 units. Storage.<...>scientific and practical nature, for example: a school environmental festival held by the RBOO "Public ecology<...>"with the participation of the Chairman of the Committee on Ecology of the Moscow City Duma Osadchy S.Yu.. participation in the meeting of the Round

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M.: RGUFKSMiT

Data guidelines contains assignments and educational material on the main topics of the curriculum "Ecology" for self-study. Topics for abstracts, topics for preparing presentations and reports, test tasks for self-testing.

» refers to the base part mathematical and the natural science cycle of the OOP VPO.<...>", "chemical ecology", "mathematical ecology", "cosmic ecology", and "human ecology".<...>processes and phenomena. 5. Remote research methods and methods of special cartography. 6.Methods mathematical <...>Their description, analysis of changes, patterns of development still cannot be done with mathematical<...>Ecology and man. 20. Tropical tourism and environmental conservation.

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Coaxial electrolytic cell with an axial narrow-cylindrical electrode and its application for water purification from iron compounds. dis. ... cand. tech. Sciences

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In addition, it is necessary to create a mathematical model that describes the processes of mass transfer in the electrolyzer<...>Based on the results of the conducted research, the following are submitted for defense: 1) A mathematical model of the BEC based on<...>A mathematical model has been developed for a coaxial unlined electrolytic cell with significantly different<...>scientific and technical seminar "Intra-chamber processes in power plants Acoustics, diagnostics, ecology<...>"-Kazan, KFVAU, 2000, C 43-45 8 SitnshovSYu Dresvinnikov A F SopinVF, SitnikovaLA Mathematical model

Preview: A coaxial electrolyzer with an axial narrow-cylindrical electrode and its application for water purification from iron compounds. Abstract.pdf (0.1 Mb)

A method is proposed for recycling waste refractory mullite-silica fibers as part of layered structures, in which a layer of composite binder is placed between two layers of prefabricated rolled material, consisting of a matrix in the form of a phosphate binder and a filler - deagglomerated fibrous waste. The optimal composition of the fibrous composite material based on fibers of grades MKRR-130, MKRRH-150 and phosphate binders - aluminoborophosphate and aluminochromophosphate has been selected. Its volumetric mass, bending strength and thermal conductivity are determined.

. // Ecology and industry of Russia. 2004. No. 4.<...>Ecology ". Saratov. 2010. C. 465-467; Filatova N.V., Kolotilova K.V., Larina L.M.<...>Ecology "(Composite-2007). Saratov. 2007. P. 323-325; Filatova N.V., Nikitina O.A., Kosenko N.F.

The study of general technical disciplines as a means of polytechnic education for students of secondary vocational schools (on the example of their study of electrical engineering)

M.: PROMEDIA

analysis of the content of the new (published since 1984) popular scientific journal "Energy: economics, technology, ecology<...>the relationship of electrical engineering and natural sciences the relationship of electrical engineering with the economy, history, social ecology<...>Polytechnic knowledge has become in the field of technical aesthetics, students' interest in environmental problems has increased

Preview: The study of general technical disciplines as a means of polytechnic education for students of secondary vocational schools (on the example of their study of electrical engineering).pdf (0.2 Mb)

DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY OF COMPLEX PROCESSING OF GARLIC FOR PRODUCTION OF PRODUCTS OF FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF TECHNICAL SCIENCES

Moscow: ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF CANNING AND VEGETABLE DRYING INDUSTRY

Conduct research on the establishment of technological methods that allow maximum preservation of biologically active substances in the finished products of raw materials, develop an industrial technology for the complex processing of garlic to create an expanded range of functional products

.); 1st International Symposium "Natural biocorrectors: nutrition, health, ecology" (Moscow,<...>about garlic as a raw material for industrial processing Analysis of existing methods for processing garlic Mathematical

Preview: DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY OF COMPLEX PROCESSING OF GARLIC FOR PRODUCTION OF FUNCTIONAL PRODUCTS.pdf (0.0 Mb)

REDUCING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY WASTE ENRICHMENT AT THE MINES OF THE PECHORA BASIN ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF TECHNICAL SCIENCES

St. Petersburg: ST. PETERSBURG STATE MINING INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER G. V. PLEKHANOV

Objective. Reducing the negative impacts on the environment, and increasing the efficiency of the practical use of fine wastes of coal preparation as a result of the utilization of coal mass by molding due to its treatment with modifying additives.

used in the educational process when giving a course of lectures in the disciplines: "Geology of coal deposits", "Ecology<...>", "Engineering Ecology" and "Mining and Environment".<...>Ecology of the North.<...>Disposal of wastes of enrichment of fossil coals / Proceedings of the interregional conference "North and Ecology

Preview: REDUCING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY WASTE ENRICHMENT AT THE MINES OF THE PECHORA BASIN.pdf (0.0 Mb)

TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEODETIC WORKS FOR DESIGNING FISH BREEDING OBJECTS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF TECHNICAL SCIENCES

M.: MOSCOW INSTITUTE OF LAND MANAGEMENT ENGINEERS

In the dissertation work, the task was to give a scientific justification for the choice of the scale and height of the survey relief section and the topographic and cartographic basis (copies of topographic survey materials), the most rational and promising methods for obtaining it, and also to develop scientifically based recommendations for the production certain types topographic and geodetic survey work necessary for the design of fish breeding facilities.

In order to fill this gap to some extent, the dissertation developed methods for determining and mathematical<...>formulas and methods developed by Associate Professor Yu.K.Neumnvakin, the theoretical basis of which is the mathematical<...>Yu.V.Kemnits "Mathematical processing of dependent measurement results", M., "Nedra", 1970).

Preview: TOPOGRAPHICAL AND GEODETIC WORKS FOR THE DESIGN OF FISH BREEDING OBJECTS.pdf (0.0 Mb)

SELENIUM ACCUMULATION BY HYDROBIONTS OF THE SEA OF JAPAN IN NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF NUTRITION RAMS

Research objectives: 1. Determine the ranges of selenium concentrations in the organs of fish, molluscs, echinoderms and algae. Peter the Great. 2. To study the dynamics of selenium accumulation by representatives of mass species of microalgae and commercial species of macroalgae and bivalve mollusks with an increased content of the element in the medium under experimental conditions. 3. Determine the biological activity of a selenium-enriched drug (using the example of kelp) in case of toxic damage to laboratory animals.

SELENIUM ACCUMULATION BY HYDROBIONTS OF THE SEA OF JAPAN IN NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS 03.00.16 ecology<...>Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" The work was done at the Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Applied Ecology<...>and prospects in the XXI century" (Vladivostok, 2000); IV regional conference of young scientists "Problems of ecology<...>Far East" (Vladivostok, 2000); international scientific and technical conference "Food protein and ecology<...>selenium in preventive and therapeutic nutrition. // IV regional conference of young scientists "Problems of ecology

Preview: ACCUMULATION OF SELENIUM BY HYDROBIONTS OF THE SEA OF JAPAN IN NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS.pdf (0.0 Mb)

SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION, YIELD AND PROTEIN PRODUCTIVITY OF SOYBEAN, MASH AND CHICKEN IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE GISSAR VALLEY ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTOR OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

The purpose of our research was to determine the parameters of the main environmental factors under which the maximum symbiotic fixation of nitrogen in the air is realized, the yield and protein productivity of soybean, mung bean and chickpea in the conditions of the Gissar Valley of Tajikistan.

international conferences SOISAF (Kaluga, 1989; Moscow, 1996) international conference "Youth and Ecology<...>The differences were mathematically significant.<...>For the zoned cultivar Orzu, the most complimentary strain was AC-17, mathematically reliable<...>Abstracts of the International Conference "Youth and Ecology" Chisinau, 1991 p. 32. 35 12 Kasynov D K

Preview: SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION, YIELD AND PROTEIN PRODUCTIVITY OF SOYBEAN, MASH AND CHICKEN IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE GISSAR VALLEY.pdf (0.0 Mb)

FORMING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE FOR STUDENTS AT THE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE MOSCOW AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER K.A. TIMIRYAZEV) ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES

M.: Moscow city Pedagogical University

The purpose of the study is to determine the main organizational and pedagogical conditions for the formation of a need for a healthy lifestyle among students of agricultural institutes, the development of valeologically determined foundations for nature-friendly education at a university, as an integral and unified structure that meets the requirements of society, the opportunities and needs of students in the conditions of modern modernization of domestic education.

in the discipline "Valeology" in the amount of 12 academic hours; inclusion of the topic of health culture in the section "Ecologists<...>scientific problems of human health" discipline "Social ecology" in the amount of 8 hours for the specialty

Preview: FORMING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE FOR STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY (BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE MOSCOW AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER K.A. TIMIRYAZEV).pdf (0.0 Mb)

IMPROVEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY OF CULTIVATION OF INDUSTRIAL RASPBERRY PLANTATIONS IN CONNECTION WITH MECHANIZED HARVESTING ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

Rostov n / a .: FRUIT AND VEGETABLE INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER I. V. MICHURIN

The purpose and objectives of the research. The purpose of this work is to develop a technology for the industrial cultivation of raspberries with a high level of mechanization and mechanized harvesting. To achieve this goal, specific tasks were identified: 1. Evaluate raspberry varieties and hybrids in terms of their suitability for the technology being developed, in particular mechanized harvesting. 2. Build technological scheme raspberry cultivation with an intermittent fruiting cycle and a high level of mechanization of technological processes, including machine harvesting.

"Mathematical processing of the obtained materials was carried out by the method of dispersion analysis according to Dospekhov

Preview: IMPROVING THE TECHNOLOGY OF CULTIVATION OF INDUSTRIAL RASPBERRY PLANTATIONS IN CONNECTION WITH MECHANIZED HARVESTING.pdf (0.0 Mb)

IMPROVING QUALITY AND REDUCING LOSSES OF POULTRY MEAT AT PRODUCTION STAGES ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTOR OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

Moscow: ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF POULTRY

Purpose of research. Theoretical, experimental and methodological substantiation of approaches to solving the problem of improving the quality and reducing losses of poultry meat at the stages of cultivation, delivery and processing, increasing competitiveness and efficiency of domestic production.

On the basis of simulation mathematical models, an automated system for planning cultivation was developed.<...>Ecology.<...>To calculate the daily supply of poultry for processing, a simulation mathematical model GRAPOS is proposed.<...>Ecology. Man". M: MGUPB, 2001 - S. 24-30. 62. Gushchin V.V., Sokolov A.V.<...>Ecology. Man. M: MGUPB, 2001

Preview: IMPROVING QUALITY AND REDUCING LOSS OF POULTRY MEAT AT THE PRODUCTION STAGE.pdf (0.0 Mb)

No. 2 [Posev, 1997]

Vasiliev "Superfluous ecology" 42 C.<...>Nikitina Green Movement: Ecology and Ideology 45 Christianity and Ecology 46 SCIENCE AND SOCIETY E. Knyazev<...>Nonsense, but from a formal standpoint, the environmental official is right.<...>Too much around ecology is fed by pseudo ecologists who have turned this important occupation into some kind of endless<...>"Extra ecology" S. Nikitin. Green Movement: Ecology and Ideology P. Nikolaev.

Preview: Sowing No. 2 1997.pdf (1.4 Mb)

No. 4 [Fine chemical technologies, 2010]

Journal "Fine Chemical Technologies" ( former name"Vestnik MITHT") is published once every two months and publishes reviews and articles on topical issues chemical technology and related sciences. The magazine was founded in 2006. The founder of the journal is the Moscow State Academy of Fine Chemical Technology. M.V. Lomonosov (MITHT), now Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies named after M.V. Lomonosov. The journal is included in the List of leading peer-reviewed scientific journals in which the main scientific results of a dissertation for the degree of doctor (candidate) of sciences must be published. The journal is abstracted in the international database Chemical Abstracts, is included in the international catalog periodicals Ulrich. Under the new name "Fine Chemical Technologies", the journal "Vestnik MITHT" is published starting from the 1st issue of the 10th volume for 2015.

The research was carried out in four stages: at the first stage, using the methods of mathematical statistics<...>Smolyarov // International Scientific Journal "Alternative Energy and Ecology" AEE. - 2004. - Vol. 1,<...>Lototsky // International Scientific Journal "Alternative Energy and Ecology" AEE. - 2006. - T. 8,<...>Kirillov // International Scientific Journal "Alternative Energy and Ecology" AEE. - 2006. - T. 3,<...>Mathematical methods and information technologies in chemistry and chemical technology 8.

Preview: Bulletin of MITHT No. 4 2010.pdf (0.8 Mb)

WAYS AND METHODS OF INTENSIFICATION OF GROWING OBJECTS OF AQUACULTURE IN INSTALLATIONS WITH CLOSED WATER USE (RAS) ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTOR OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

M.: MOSCOW AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER K. A. TIMIRYAZEV

The main goal of the research is to develop ways for the integrated intensification of aquaculture in closed systems, increase the efficiency of their operation and reduce the cost of grown products.

Scientific session of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR "Chemistry and Ecology" (1989), International Conference CEMRON-VIII "Chemistry

Preview: WAYS AND METHODS FOR INTENSIFICATION OF GROWING AQUACULTURE OBJECTS IN INSTALLATIONS WITH CLOSED WATER USE (RAS).pdf (0.0 Mb)

No. 3 [Mechanization of construction, 2003]

The magazine covers the issues of mechanization and automation of construction works, introduces readers to advanced technologies, promising machines and equipment of domestic and foreign production.

Ecology " 31 ms Construction Mechanics March RoCh.<...>An axiom has been declared: ecology has priority.<...>) is a set of quantities expressed in numbers and letters and connected mathematical signs.<...>Therefore, the real P cannot be determined only mathematically by the vector ni from i-napameters.<...>Ecology » In the fifteenth interregional exhibition «Construction. City.

Preview: Mechanization of construction №3 2003.pdf (1.0 Mb)

No. 4 [Electroplating and surface treatment, 2008]

Ecology Cleaning of galvanic drains from ions heavy metals using a chemical precipitator, flocculants<...>International scientific journal "Alternative energy and ecology" AEE. 2005.7(27). S. 28 7.<...>Based on the mathematical processing of two-factor experiments, regression equations for Y1<...>Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" 41 Electroplating and surface treatment Ecology<...>Alkhamov P. member scientific society students, section "Industrial Ecology", a student of the 11th grade of the school

Preview: Journal of Galvanotechnics and Surface Treatment No. 4 2008.pdf (1.9 Mb)

English for Environmental Engineers (English for environmental engineers). At 2 o'clock. Part 1 studies. allowance

Dedicated to the study of professionally oriented translation in the field of ecology and environmental protection. Contains practical tasks, texts for home reading, appendices and a glossary.

As a scientific discipline, ecology has more than a century of history.<...>Allocate the ecology of man, animals, plants and microorganisms.<...>In this regard, in recent years, the concepts of "geographical ecology", "chemical ecology", "<...>mathematical ecology", "cosmic ecology", and "human ecology".<...>Humboldt is often considered the father of ecology.

Preview: English for Environmental Engineers (English for Environmental Engineers) study guide in 2 hours Part 1..pdf (0.6 Mb)

Materials of the All-Russian scientific conference "Information technologies and technical means of education and training in the field of physical culture and sports", December 8-11, 2003.

The collection contains, mainly in the author's edition, the materials of the All-Russian Scientific Conference "Information technologies and technical means of education and training in the field of physical culture and sports", held at the Research Institute of Information Technologies of the Moscow State Academy of Physical Culture on December 8-11, 2003 in the following scientific areas: general issues informatization of the sphere of physical culture and sports, information technologies and technical means in education, information technologies and technical means in sports training, sports medicine and public health improvement.

The conceptual apparatus used in the theory of sports does not allow setting the problem of planning in mathematical<...>The task of planning a sports training in mathematical form has been formulated.<...>keep statistics by methods of mathematical processing of knowledge control results.<...>The purely mathematical side of the development of the program consisted, firstly, in the need<...>Along with other factors ( heredity, nutrition, ecology), this problem is closely related to the motor

Preview: Materials of the All-Russian scientific conference Information technologies and technical means of education and training in the field of physical culture and sports, December 8-11, 2003.pdf (0.5 Mb)

№1 [Food and processing industry. Abstract journal, 2003]

In 1999, the first issue of the abstract journal "Food and Processing Industry" was published. Since 2000 it has been published quarterly by the TsNShB. The journal is an organ of current information about domestic and foreign literature for the food industry. The publication is intended for scientists, specialists and practitioners of the food industry and can serve as a reference tool for librarians and employees of scientific and technical information bodies. The annual volume of RJ is about 1200 publications. The publication includes information about the most significant articles from scientific and scientific-practical journals and collections that enter the Central Scientific and Practical Association of Agriculture and reflect the global documentary flow in all sectors of the food industry.

"Food protein and ecology".-M., 2000.-S. 49-51. Code 01-7269B.<...>"Food protein and ecology".-M., 2000.-S. 22-29. Code 01-7269B.<...>"Food protein and ecology".-M., 2000.-S. 162-164. Code 01-7269B.<...>"Food protein and ecology" .-M., 2000.-S. 49-51. Code 01-7269B.<...>"Food protein and ecology" .-M., 2000.-S. 22-29. Code 01-7269B.

Essays are devoted to the elections of people's deputies of the USSR in 1989. The author of the essays, as a candidate for deputy, recalls the events election campaign and gives them a strict assessment.

in the end, the world-famous economist, UN expert on environmental protection, ecologist-tribune fought<...>Attention to the environment... Seventh place (3.2%, 7150 votes).<...>"glasnost and ecology". . .<...>I wrote about myself ("V pered", 25. 4. 89) that I am a teacher, ecologist, activist of environmental associations<...>Zaslav with k and m, or on ecology, competition with P. V. Florensky.

Bulletin of socio-political sciences. Issue. 4: Collection of scientific papers Collection of scientific papers

The collection reflects the most pressing methodological problems of teaching a number of general professional and special disciplines, the application rating system assessing students' knowledge, introducing active forms of training for specialists.

gradually expanding, it includes medical anthropology (human psychology, human genetics), ecology<...>interacting with "environmental psychology", " cultural geography", "social geography", "ecology<...>Agency Book-Service "58 there are various methods of calculation statistical indicators, their corresponding mathematical<...>In order to consolidate the course "Social Ecology" the group visited the oldest mining enterprise in the world<...>In addition to them, there is a historical, mathematical, natural geographical, philological, philosophical and psychological

Preview: Bulletin of socio-political sciences. Issue. 4 Collection of scientific papers.pdf (0.4 Mb)

№1 [Ecology at school (before and after). , 2013]

Scientific and methodological journal of the NGO "VOOP". It is necessary to direct environmental education towards the formation of a system of ideas about the natural environment as an integral, undivided system that ensures human life. A teacher is a person who, through the content of his subject, is called upon to instill in his students nobility, humanism, responsibility for himself and for nature. An important role in this belongs to all subject teachers, and not just biology, as is, unfortunately, universally accepted.

PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL educational area In the school courses of mathematics and computer science, you can find<...>In particular, in such issues of the program: mathematical modeling of natural, natural-technogenic<...>Nechaevka, Republic of Dagestan "The book of nature has been written mathematical symbols" G.<...>Mathematical model. Initial data: 1. INITIAL CONCENTRATION C OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN THE RIVER. 2.<...>Environmental chemist: You got the result mathematical method for solving a chemical-ecological problem.

Preview: Ecology at school No. 1 2013.pdf (0.6 Mb)

No. 5 [Environmental protection in the oil and gas complex, 2018]

Environmental protection, environmental protection measures, ecology and industrial safety in the oil and gas complex, diagnostics of the corrosion state of equipment, pipelines

Keywords: Coot Fulica atra; reed Phragmites australis; pollution; oil; mathematical<...>Oil and ecology of the continental shelf. - M.: VNIRO, 2001. - 247 p. 6.<...>Mathematical foundations of psychology: educational and methodical. allowance. - Voronezh.: VGPU, 2010. - 76 p.<...>Inyusheva (leading environmental engineer), N.N.<...>section "Ecology" Interregional Scientific and Technical Society. acad.

Preview: Environmental protection in the oil and gas complex No. 5 2018.pdf (1.2 Mb)

No. 3 [Physical education in universities, 1997]

This journal is the only one that covers all topical issues of teaching physics at the university, and, as we hope, it will become the main means of communication for the departments of physics of universities in the CIS countries. The editor-in-chief of the journal is an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, professor at MEPhI, scientific director of the Higher School. N.G. Basova NRNU MEPhI O.N. Krokhin. The main sections of the journal 1. Conceptual and methodological issues teaching a general course of physics at a university, technical school, college. 2. Issues of teaching the course of general physics at technical universities. 3. Modern laboratory workshop in physics. 4. Demonstration lecture experiment. 5. Information technologies in physical education. 6. Issues of teaching the general course of physics in pedagogical universities and special secondary educational institutions. 7. Current practice of small-scale physical experiment. 8. Connection of the general course of physics with other disciplines. 9. Integration of the Higher School and the Russian Academy of Sciences.

One of them is named Information system"South Ural economy, education, science, ecology<...>electronic journals (official publications) on scientific topics (engineering, technical physics, ecology<...>educational system of Chelyabinsk among others ( municipal government, economy, construction, ecology<...>It is in physical and mathematical classes that applicants are brought up for technical and physical and mathematical<...>Use of renewable energy sources in Russia. // Energy: Economics-Technology-Ecology. #11

Preview: Physical education in universities No. 3 1997.pdf (0.2 Mb)

No. 2 [Bulletin of the Ryazan State Agrotechnological University. P.A. Kostycheva, 2009]

The journal includes scientific articles by leading scientists of FGOU VPO RSATU and other agricultural universities in Russia on various issues of all areas of agricultural science.

Mathematical processing of the obtained data was carried out according to N.A. Plokhinsky (1970), G.F. Lakin (1990).<...>Mathematical processing of the results was performed according to B.A.<...>From the point of view of ecology, the main property of water is its transformation into polluted effluents, which<...>Industrial ecology "M.: March, 2007. 2. Lozanovskaya I.N., Orlov D.S., Sadovnikova L.K.<...>"Ecology and protection of the biosphere in case of chemical pollution". M .: Higher School, 1998.

Preview: Vestnik RGATU №2 2009.pdf (0.7 Mb)

No. 7 [Biology (ID September 1), 2016]

EDUCATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL AND POPULAR SCIENCE JOURNAL FOR TEACHERS OF BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND NATURAL SCIENCE<...>Russia” – 79005 1september.ru September–October 2016 Zoology: amazing Komodo dragons p. 4 s. 34 Ecology<...>Severtsov and evolutionary zoology in Russia...... 24–30 Ecology Garbage and birds...... 31–33 Methodical<...>on genetics...... 47–48 Educational-methodical and popular science magazine for teachers of biology, ecology<...>Lesson in the Natural History Museum on the topic "Evolution and Ecology" ...... 50–54 Children's work First-aid kit

Preview: Biology (ID September 1) No. 7 2016.pdf (0.2 Mb)

Informatics studies. allowance

M.: FLINTA

The manual considers sections of computer science that determine the basic level of training of modern specialists: presentation and coding of information, computer hardware and software, the basics of algorithmization and programming, information about computer networks and information security.

<...>111 7755 Sidorov 113 6433 Petrov 112 1006 Sergeev Mathematics 1009 Nekrasov Economics 1008 Kirillov Ecology<...>One of its advantages, in particular, is the possibility of strict mathematical descriptions.<...>Basically coincides with the usual mathematical concept of a set.<...>111 7755 Sidorov 113 6433 Petrov 112 1006 Sergeev Mathematics 1009 Nekrasov Economics 1008 Kirillov Ecology

Preview: Informatics.pdf (1.0 Mb)

Bologna textbook and vice versa [monograph]

Rostov

The monograph deals with the implementation of the main provisions Bologna Declaration in Russian universities. The role and place of the textbook in the credit-modular system of organization of the educational process and the requirements for a modern textbook in mathematics are analyzed.

» 64 1. Skills mathematical thinking; 2. skills in the use of mathematical methods and fundamentals mathematical <...>Biology 510700 - Soil Science 510800 - Geography 510900 - Hydrometeorology 511000 - Geology 511100 - Ecology<...>mathematical methods and foundations mathematical modeling; mathematical culture of the student<...>Graduated from the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University (1955). Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1964).<...>ecology.

Preview: Bologna textbook and vice versa.pdf (0.3 Mb)

Chronicle of the National Library of the Chuvash Republic: 2011

About the activities of the National Library Chuvash Republic in chronology and in publications.

action "Youth for healthy lifestyle life" in the department of industry literature held the Information Day "Ecology<...>Head of the Department of Water Management and Environmental Economics of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology<...>Dimitriev - environmental scientist ", reviewed the exhibition of the scientist's works, where about 140 publications were presented<...>Its participants were 3rd year students of the Faculty of Economics majoring in "Ecology" of the branch<...>Lviv; deputy Head of the MBU "Department of Ecology of the City of Cheboksary" V.I.

Introduction to mathematical modeling of construction and technological problems studies. allowance

The manual discusses the features of the application and methods of numerical methods for solving problems of analyzing and optimizing the structure and properties of building materials and products, as well as the technological modes of their production.

Of the variety of mathematical methods used to obtain mathematical models, far<...>This mathematical school showed great application possibilities mathematical modeling .<...>The mathematical model is a collection mathematical description and solution algorithm.<...>economic and mathematical model.<...>Let's create a mathematical model.

Preview: Introduction to mathematical modeling of construction and technological problems.pdf (0.6 Mb)

Political and electoral systems of the states of the Asia-Pacific region. T.2 Tutorial

St. Petersburg: SPbKO

The tutorial reflects the evolution political systems countries of the Asia-Pacific region. Based on broad historical and political material, the dynamics of the development of the political systems of individual states is considered, due to historical factors, culture, traditions, geographical location and mentality of the peoples inhabiting the state, and the evolution of political systems in the 20th century is traced. and the dynamics of the world political process at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. The textbook is intended for students studying political science and regional studies. This second volume of the three-volume manual includes the leading countries of the region and the world community.

The Chinese are distinguished by their excellent mathematical training, passion for learning foreign languages.<...>The term "social ecology" has become actively used in scientific literature since the late 60s of XX century<...>The status of social ecology currently remains a matter of debate: it is defined either as<...>In this regard, along with the term "social ecology", the concepts of "human ecology" are also used,<...>"global ecology", "ecology of society", etc.

Preview: Political and electoral systems of the states of the Asia-Pacific region. V.2 (1).pdf (0.9 Mb)

No. 2 [Bulletin of the Voronezh State University. Series: Problems of Higher Education, 2004]

The journal is included in the HAC List of leading peer-reviewed scientific journals and publications in which the main scientific results of dissertations for the degree of doctor and candidate of science should be published

Zibrov MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF MILITARY TEAM IN CONTROL PROBLEMS V.А.<...>Zemskov // Mathematical structures and modeling. Omsk, 2000. Issue. 6. S. 143-146. 6.<...>In mathematical logic, multi-sorted models are used to model these situations.<...>It is essential that the construction of an interpretation is a mathematically rigorous operation.<...>Admissible sets and infinite logic: a reference book on mathematical logic / M. Makkai.

Preview: Bulletin of the Voronezh State University. Problems of higher education №2 2004.pdf (0.3 Mb)

Formation and development of scientific research at the Kemerovo State Medical Academy (1955–2005) to the 50th anniversary

The publication is dedicated to one of critical aspects activities of the Kemerovo State Medical Academy - the research work of its employees. The collection outlines the main stages in the development of research in individual departments (based on materials submitted from the departments) over the 50-year period of the university's life. Information about the main directions of scientific research and scientific production of teams is given.

In 1992, another direction appeared at the department scientific work, which is performed by the candidate of physical and mathematical<...>Gromov Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, member of the presidium and chairman of the section "Biology and Ecology" of the West Siberian<...>Prospects for the development of scientific areas In 2004, the Institute of Human Ecology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences was established in Kemerovo<...>Petrushev Application of mathematical methods and computers in dentistry. Kemerovo, 1984. 4.<...>In connection with the introduction into practice computer technology the ability to use complex mathematical

Preview: The formation and development of scientific research at the Kemerovo State Medical Academy (1955–2005) - on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the KemGMA of Roszdrav.pdf (2.2 Mb)

No. 3 [Equipment and technologies for the oil and gas complex, 2013]

In mathematical form, it is possible to write down the value for each graph in the form (Ksep. cf.  ΔК).<...>Postnikov) and at the Department of Industrial Ecology (leading engineer D.Yu.<...>To study the dynamics of the rod arrangement, a mathematical model is compiled.<...>The found mathematical dependences, by which it is possible to determine the true volumetric gas content and<...>

Preview: Equipment and technologies for the oil and gas complex No. 3 2013.pdf (0.4 Mb)

No. 1 [Equipment and technologies for the oil and gas complex, 2013]

Recent achievements of scientific and technological progress in the oil and gas industry; online catalog of domestic equipment and materials.

in turn, will allow you to plot the dependence of the optimized parameters in the form of two-dimensional sections of the mathematical<...>in contact with lubricating and cooling technological means // Occupational Medicine and Industrial Ecology<...>A A grN i i i n n S n n= = − ∑ (3) The resulting system object entropy formula is mathematically identical<...>New technologies, the widespread use of mathematical methods have made it possible to achieve an increase in the reliability<...> chemical industry Specialized section within the framework of the exhibition "INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT"

Preview: Equipment and technologies for the oil and gas complex No. 1 2013.pdf (0.3 Mb)

№1 (9) [Man in the world of culture. Regional cultural studies, 2014]

The magazine presented to the attention of readers is another attempt to unite the humanities community, creating conditions for professional communication, discussing the problems of the functioning of culture in history and modernity, identifying current trends in various areas of social practice. Our journal is a platform for presenting the latest research in the humanities and cultural studies as its integral part. We invite authors on the widest range of issues: theory and philosophy of culture, history of culture, forms of socio-cultural practices, representations of culture, culture and education

Therefore, for example, the phrase "mathematical competence" sounds almost as meaningless as

Preview: Man in the world of culture. Regional cultural studies №1 (9) 2014.pdf (0.9 Mb)

Probability theory and mathematical statistics (Part 1. Variational series, testing of statistical hypotheses) studies. allowance

Publishing house PSUTI

The textbook includes sections of higher mathematics: math statistics, variational series, testing of statistical hypotheses. The manual introduces the forms of representation and description of data in mathematical statistics, contains general guidelines, specific recommendations on all topics of the course. Each section ends with control questions that will help check the theoretical mastery of the course, contains a large number of tasks for independent solution and answers to check.

Starozhilova PROBABILITY THEORY AND MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS PART 1.<...>In mathematical statistics, a selective approach is used.<...>Let us define the basic concepts of mathematical statistics.<...>Specify the list of the main tasks of mathematical statistics 6.<...>Find the mathematical expectation and variance of X. 2.8.

Preview: Probability theory and mathematical statistics. Part 1. Variation Series, Testing Statistical Hypotheses Tutorial.pdf (0.3 Mb)

No. 7 [Posev, 1986]

Socio-political magazine. Published since November 11, 1945, published by the publishing house of the same name. The motto of the magazine is "God is not in power, but in truth" (Alexander Nevsky). The periodicity of the journal has changed. Initially published as a weekly publication, for some time it was published twice a week, and from the beginning of 1968 (number 1128) the magazine became a monthly one.

The journal publishes research results state of the art higher education in Russia, issues of theory and practice of humanitarian, natural science and engineering higher education are discussed. The journal is included in the list of peer-reviewed publications recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission for publishing the results of scientific research in the following areas: philosophy, sociology and cultural studies; pedagogy and psychology; story.

Natural Sciences(biology with ecology, geography, chemistry). CYCLE 3.<...>How ideas of non-linear dynamics penetrate ecology, economics and Social sciencies. <...>Ecology of social organization. "External" environment and its cultural characteristics.<...>Ecology of culture. Culture as an adaptive system.<...>This is the fundamental mutation of the ecology of the human species.

Preview: Higher Education in Russia No. 4 1997.pdf (0.3 Mb)

History of infocommunications [method. development]

Publishing house PSUTI

This methodical development is a collection of historical facts arranged by topic and chronology. In parallel, 3 lines of development are considered: the history of the creation of the element base of electronics, the history of the development of information and computer technology, the history of telecommunications. The authors-compilers used both widely published and little-known historical materials in order to give as much as possible complete picture the progress of human thought - the creative searches of pioneers, inventors, researchers, engineers who gave the world modern information, computing and telecommunication technologies and made them accessible to all mankind. The release of this brochure is dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the first graduation of specialists by our university - KEIS-PIIRS-PGATI-PGUTI. Our graduates take a worthy part in the development of world experience, in scientific research, inventive and engineering activities in the field of infocommunications. The materials of the brochure can be used as an aid in the study of the subject "Introduction to the specialty", in the daily work of technical departments as a reference material.

(We are not talking about ecology, this is for ladies and for weakened retirees).<...>From the history of the development of physics, we know that the death of the most beautiful and mathematically sound theories<...>effects that we have discovered will inevitably lead to a paradigm shift in theoretical acoustics and to the uselessness of mathematical<...>"Extra ecology" (2.42). S. Nikitina. Green movement: ecology and ideology (2.45).<...>Collection of articles 1955-95. on ecology stand model and data of its preliminary analysis.<...>Mathematical model of the stand.<...>Scientific interests: labor protection, transport ecology.<...>Mathematical model of the control object.

Preview: Bulletin of the Don State Technical University No. 2 2009.pdf (0.1 Mb)

Ecology: actual directions of studies. allowance

The textbook presents a classification of current areas of ecology, describes in detail the socio-ecological features of the demography of the human population, the main patterns of development and dynamics of the biosphere, provides the basic concepts in the field of environmental expertise, management and audit as part of applied ecology. The material in the manual is divided into separate sections in accordance with curriculum. The content of the manual is fully consistent with the Federal State Educational Standard.

Founded in 1922 Editor-in-Chief - Rakhmanin Yury Anatolyevich - Doctor medical sciences, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the Research Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene. A.N. Sysin of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow. Hygienic journal of general profile. Prints articles on all sections of hygienic science and sanitary practice. The focus is on environmental health and populated areas, human ecology, hygiene of children and adolescents and radiation hygiene, occupational health, nutrition and social hygiene. Publishes review articles that highlight current scientific provisions and practical issues of importance. The journal publishes materials on important scientific and practical issues that are of interest to employees of the state sanitary and epidemiological supervision centers, introduces readers to new methods of hygienic research. Places materials on the organization and planning of sanitary affairs, scientific foundations sanitary legislation, training of sanitary doctors, sanitary statistics, on sanitary education and the history of sanitary affairs in our country, the state of hygienic science and sanitary practice abroad. Promotes best practices of the centers of state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance. It publishes reports on the work of congresses, conferences and meetings on sanitary and hygienic issues, on the activities of the Scientific Medical Society of Hygienists, reviews of published monographs and textbooks on hygiene and sanitation.

Burgess arose social ecology, or human ecology.<...>Mathematical analysis of the results was carried out using the computer program Statistica v. 7.0. results<...>chemical compounds of various classes and their combinations in the soil; in methodological terms - the creation of a system of mathematical<...>Data mining methods are based on various mathematical methods of data processing, including intellectual<...>DM&KDD technologies use various mathematical methods and algorithms: classification, clustering

Preview: Hygiene and Sanitation No. 5 2012.pdf (1.7 Mb)

Man in the space of culture Materials of the Second All-Russian. scientific conf., dedicated the founder of the university P. G. Demidov

The materials of the Second All-Russian Scientific Conference are dedicated to the founder of the Yaroslavl State University, Pavel G. Demidov. Printed in the author's edition.

vocational education in the coming years will be observed in following groups specialties: Physics and Mathematics<...>University campus across the Volga opposite the Strelka on the Tveritsky coast, where the buildings of the Student's House are now erected, mathematical <...>Mathematical wit of J.S.<...>Culture and Ecology: Sat. Art. M., 1996. 5 Malikov A.N.<...>Duhem, "intellectual ecology" by S. Tulmin, instrumentalism by D.

Preview: Man in the space of culture materials Vseros. scientific conf., dedicated to the founder of the university P. G. Demidov.pdf (1.3 Mb)

No. 5 [Pedagogical journal of Bashkortostan, 2012]

Published since 2005. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE JOURNAL: coverage of topical problems of the development of general and vocational education in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan; provision of informational scientific and practical assistance by educators; presentation of advanced scientific thought and useful practical experience, educational and methodological materials reflecting the experience of teachers in the field of pedagogy, psychology, methods of teaching and education. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JOURNAL: has a scientific and practical character and interacts with the education system of the republic; includes headings of federal and regional significance - Problems modern pedagogy; Psychological and pedagogical research; Education and culture; Innovative technologies education; informatization of education; Priority national project "Education"; Education practice; Debut in science; Dissertation research design; Experience of foreign colleagues; history of education; Pedagogical tape (news, anniversaries, chronicle); Reviews.; presents the experience of participation of educational institutions in national projects and the work of educational authorities; The work of the journal is coordinated with the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Boards of Directors of universities, colleges and institutions of NGOs of the republic.

Cosmos is a mathematically ordered whole (Pythagoras).<...>"economy"; in "replenishment structural components mathematical competence” is also not new.<...>Olympiads and participant of the All-Russian Mathematical Olympiad in Moscow<...>tasks; mathematical problems of technical content (the use of PC in solving mathematical problems<...>The second control work included mathematical examples and tasks.

Preview: Pedagogical journal of Bashkortostan No. 5 2012.pdf (2.2 Mb)

No. 1 [Posev, 1994]

the speeches of the conference were divided into thematic nodes "Politics and law", "Economics, ecology

Preview: Sowing No. 1 1994.pdf (0.4 Mb)