Glossary of key concepts of the theory of education. Dictionary of preschool pedagogy
. parental authority(from Lat auctoritas - power, strength) - the distinctive features of an individual or group, thanks to which they are trustworthy and can have a positive impact on the views and behavior of other people; the influence of parents on the beliefs and behavior of children is also recognized, based on deep respect and love for parents, trust in the high significance of their personal qualities and life experience, words and deeds.
. Adaptation(from Lat adaptatio (adapto) - I adapt) - the body's ability to adapt to various environmental conditions.
accreditation I (from French accreditation (accredo) - trust) - in the field of education - the procedure for determining the status of a higher educational institution, confirmation of its ability to train specialists at a level where there are no requirements in a particular direction (specialty).
. Acceleration(from Lat acceleratio - acceleration) - acceleration of the physical development of children, in particular growth, weight, earlier puberty.
. Asset ( from Lat activus - active, effective) - a group of pupils, members of a particular team who are aware of the requirements of the leader of the team, help him in organizing the life of the pupils, and show some initiative.
. Activity(in studies) - a characteristic of the features of the cognitive activity of the individual, consists in the conscious use of intensive methods, means, forms of mastering knowledge, developing skills and navichos.
. Andragogy(from gr androa - an adult and agogge - management) - a branch of pedagogy dealing with the problems of education, training and upbringing of adults.
. abnormal children(from gr anomalia (anomalos) - incorrect) - pupils who have significant deviations from the norms of physical or psychological development and require education and training in special educational institutions.
. Asceticism(from gr asketes - ascetic) - the extreme level of moderation, restraint, the rejection of material and spiritual blessings of life, the voluntary transfer of physical torment, difficulties.
. PhD(from lat aspirans - one who strives for something) - a form of training of scientific, pedagogical and scientific personnel.
. Audiovisual learning aids(from Latin audire - to listen and visualis - visual) - one of the means of educational technologies for teaching using developed audiovisual educational materials.
. Ball(from French balle - ball, ball) - the result of evaluating the educational activities of students in a conditionally formal reflection and numerical measurement.
. Didactic conversation- a teaching method that involves the use of previous experience of students in a certain field of knowledge and, on the basis of this, engaging them through dialogue in the awareness of new phenomena, concepts or reproduction already acquired.
. Types of education- general, polytechnic, professional. Types of human development - biological (physical), mental, social.
. Types of communication- verbal, manual (from Lat manualis - manual), technical, material, bioenergy.
. Outline problematic-creation by the teacher of a problem situation, assistance to students in isolating and "accepting" a problematic task, using verbal methods to enhance the mental activity of students aimed at satisfying cognitive interests.
. Requirement- a method of pedagogical influence on the consciousness of the pupil in order to cause, stimulate or slow down certain types of his activity. Types of requirements: demand-request, demand-trust, demand-approval, demand-advice, demand-hint, conditional demand, demand in game design, demand-condemnation, demand-mistrust, demand-threat.
. Education is comprehensive- education, which involves the formation of certain qualities in a person in accordance with the requirements of mental, moral, labor, physical and aesthetic education.
. Harmonious upbringing- education, which provides that the quality of the components of education (mental, moral, labor, physical, aesthetic) complement each other, enrich each other.
. Ecological education(from gr oikos - house, environment and logos - teaching) - the acquisition by a person of knowledge in the field of ecology and the formation of her moral responsibility for the preservation natural environment and reasonable coexistence with it.
. economic education- education, provides for the solution of the following tasks: the formation of economic thinking, mastery of economic knowledge, skills and habits of economic relations.
. Aesthetic education- the development of a person's sense of beauty, the formation of skills and abilities to create beauty in the surrounding reality, to be able to distinguish the beautiful from the ugly, to live according to the laws of spiritual beauty.
. moral education- education, involves mastering the norms and rules of moral behavior, the formation of feelings and beliefs, skills and abilities.
. legal education- the formation of a high legal culture among citizens, implies a conscious attitude of the individual to his rights and obligations, respect for the laws and rules of human society, readiness to observe and conscientiously fulfill certain requirements which express the will and interests of the people.
. physical education- education, aims to create optimal conditions for ensuring sufficient physical development of the individual, maintaining his health, mastering knowledge about the characteristics of the human body, f physiological processes occurring in it, acquiring sanitary and hygienic skills and skills in caring for one's own body, maintaining and developing it potencies.
. National upbringing- historically conditioned and created by the ethnos is a system of educational ideals, views, beliefs, traditions, customs aimed at the expedient organization of the activities of members of society, in the process of which the process of mastering the moral and spiritual values of the people takes place, the connection and continuity of generations, the catholicity of the people is ensured.
. sexual education- mastering by the younger generation of ethics and culture in the field of gender relations, the formation of his needs to be guided by the norms of morality in relations between persons of the opposite sex.
. Gene(from gr genos - genus, origin, hereditary) - an elementary unit of heredity, a carrier of inclinations.
. Hygiene of educational work- a system of scientifically based rules for organizing the educational process, taking into account the necessary sanitary requirements.
. Dignity national- an ethical category that characterizes a person from the point of view of expanding the concept of spiritual values beyond the limits of one's "I" and the combination of personal experiences, sensations with national values.
. Humanization of education- creating optimal conditions for the intellectual and social development of each pupil, revealing deep respect for a person, recognizing the natural right of an individual to freedom, social protection, r development of abilities and manifestation of individuality, self-realization of physical, mental and social potentials, to create a socio-psychological filter against destructive influences negative factors natural and social environment, education among young people of feelings of humanism, mercy, charity.
. Humanism(from Lat. humanus - human, humane) - a progressive direction of spiritual culture, exalts a person as the greatest value in the world, asserts a person's right to earthly happiness, protection of the rights to freedom, comprehensive development and manifestation of one's abilities.
. dalton plan- a form of organization of education that provided for such a technology: the content of the educational material for each discipline was divided into parts (blocks), each student received an individual task in the form of a plan, independently worked on its implementation, reported on the work, gaining a certain number of points, and then received the next task. At the same time, the teacher was assigned the role of an organizer, a consultant. Uch new from class to class was not transferred after graduation school year, but depending on the degree of mastery of the program material (C-4 times a year).
. Democratization of education- principles of organization of the educational system, providing for decentralization, autonomy of educational institutions, ensuring cooperation between educators and pupils, taking into account the opinion of the team and each individual, defining a person as the highest natural and social value, forming a free creative personality.
D demonstration- a teaching method that provides for the display of objects and processes in their natural form, dynamics.
. State standard of education- a set of uniform norms and requirements for the level of educational training in certain educational institutions.
. Deviant behavior- (from Lat deviatio - deviation) - deviation from the established norms of morality and law.
. deduction I (from Lat deductio - inference) - the transition from general concepts about a subject of a certain type to private, partial knowledge.
. Definition(from Lat definitio - definition) - a short, logically motivated definition that reveals significant differences or features of a particular concept.
. Didactics(from gr didaktikos - I teach) - a branch of pedagogy that develops the theory of education and training.
. Discussion(from the Latin discussio - consideration, research) - a teaching method aimed at intensifying and effectiveness of the educational process through the vigorous activity of students (students) in search of a scientific truth.
. Dispute- reception (according to the method of persuasion) the formation of beliefs and conscious behavior through disputes, discussions in the process verbal communication with members of the primary collective or other group.
. Thesis(from Lat. dissertatio - research) - a scientific work performed with the aim of its public defense in order to obtain a degree.
. Discipline(from Latin disciplina - teaching, education, routine) - a certain order of behavior of people, ensures the consistency of actions in social relations, the obligatory assimilation and implementation of the rules by the individual.
. Psychological and pedagogical diagnostics(from gr diagnostikos - capable of recognizing) - a branch of psychology and pedagogy that develops methods for identifying individual characteristics and prospects for the development and education of a person.
. Dogmatism(from GR dogma - a doctrine that is taken as an indisputable truth) - a way of assimilating and applying knowledge, in which a particular doctrine or position is perceived as a complete, eternal truth, as a rule, is applied without taking into account the specific conditions of life.
. home study work- a form of organization of training, which provides for independent implementation by students (students) learning objectives in extracurricular time (directly at home, in extended day groups, etc.) -
. Assistant professor(from lat docens - one that teaches) - academic title higher education teacher.
. external student(from Lat externus - external, outsider) - a form of education based on independent mastery of academic disciplines in accordance with the professional educational program in the chosen specialty.
. Elitist(from French elite - the best, selective (Latin eligo - I choose) - an educational institution that is distinguished by its influence, privileged position and prestige, high level of education.
. Aesthetics(from gr aistesis - sensation, feeling) - the science of beauty and its role in human life, about the general laws of artistic knowledge of reality, the development of art.
. Ethics(from Greek - habit, disposition) - a science that studies morality as a form of social consciousness, its essence, historical development.
ethnicization education (from gr ethos - people) - saturation of education with national content, aimed at the formation of national consciousness and national dignity of the individual, the formation of features of the national mentality, the education of young people's feelings of social responsibility for the preservation, enhancement and vitality of ethnic culture.
. Ethnopedagogy- a science that studies the features of the development and formation of folk pedagogy.
. The task of education- Ensuring the comprehensive harmonious development of the individual.
. Makings- genetically determined anatomical and physiological features of the brain and nervous system, which are individually a natural prerequisite for the process of development and personality formation.
. educational institutions- educational institutions that provide education and upbringing of the younger generation.
. Out-of-school establishments- children's educational institutions, whose activities are aimed at meeting the needs of a person in satisfying interests and inclinations, obtaining additional knowledge and skills for schoolchildren, developing intellectual potentials, and promoting the future professional choice of an individual. This group of institutions includes palaces and houses of children's and youth creativity, stations for young technicians, naturalists, sports, artists, music schools, children's libraries, theaters, cinemas, children's iron shops.
. Habit- a way of behavior, the implementation of which in a certain situation acquires for the individual the character of internal needs.
. Patterns of the educational process- factors reflecting the necessary, essential, stable, recurring, common for a particular industry relationship between the phenomena of objective reality.
. Patterns of learning- factors that express the most necessary, essential, important, common for the organization of training.
. promotion- a method of education that provides for a pedagogical impact on the personality and expresses a positive assessment by the educator of the pupil's behavior in order to consolidate positive qualities and stimulate active activity.
. Means of education- property of material and spiritual culture (fiction and scientific literature, music, theater, radio, television, works of art, surrounding nature, etc.), forms and types of educational work (gatherings, conversations, conferences, games, etc.), which are used in the course of action of this or that method.
. Means of education- items of school equipment used in the process of educational work (books, notebooks, tables, laboratory equipment, stationery, etc.).
. Healthy lifestyle- human life activity, taking into account the characteristics and capabilities of one's body, ensuring socio-economic and biological conditions for its development and preservation.
. Knowledge- ideal expression in a symbolic form of objective properties and connections of the natural and human world; the result of a reflection of the surrounding reality.
. Ideal(from gr idea - idea, idea) - the concept of moral consciousness and the category of ethics, containing the highest moral requirements, the possible implementation of which would personally allow her to acquire perfection; the image of the abilsh valuable and majestic in man.
. Image(from English image - image, image) - the impression that a person makes on others, the style of his behavior, appearance, her manners. .
. Illustration(from Lat illustratio - I illuminate, explain) - a teaching method that involves showing objects and processes in their symbolic image (photos, drawings, diagrams, etc.)).
. Improvisation(from Lat improvisus - unpredictable, sudden) - the activity of the individual, the teacher-educator, is carried out in the process of pedagogical communication without prior preparation, comprehending.
. Individuality(from Lat individuum - indivisible) - a person "a person who is distinguished by a combination of features, qualities, originality of the psyche, behavior and activity, which emphasize its originality, originality.
. Induction(from Lat inductio - derivation) - a method of research, training associated with the movement of thought from the singular to the general.
. briefing(from Lat instructio - leadership) - "a method of training that provides for the disclosure of norms of behavior, features of the use of methods and training tools, compliance with safety precautions on the eve of involvement in the process of performing training operations.
. Intensification of the educational process(from French intensification (intensio) - tension) - activation of the mental capabilities of the individual to achieve the desired results.
. Internationalism(from lat inter - between and natio - people) - a moral concept that denotes a respectful attitude towards other peoples, their history, culture, language, the desire for mutual assistance.
. Infantilism(from lat infantilis - childish) - a delay in the development of the body, manifested in the preservation in an adult of the physical and mental traits characteristic of childhood.
. Categories of didactics(from gr Kategoria - statement, main and general feature) - general concepts that reflect the most essential properties and relationships of objects, phenomena of the objective world; category, a group of objects, phenomena, united by the commonality of certain signs.
. department(from gr kathedra - seat, chair): 1) a place for a teacher, a speaker, 2) in higher educational institutions - the main educational and scientific unit that carries out educational, methodological and research work with one or more related disciplines.
. Classification of methods- classification, which provides for the grouping of teaching methods depending on the sources of information, the logic of thinking, the level of independence in the process of cognition.
. Classroom teacher- a teacher who directly supervises the primary student team.
. Cloning(from gr klon - sprout, shoot) - a method of growing biological organisms from a single cell using cell culture.
. team- a socially significant group of people united by a common goal, act in concert to achieve this goal and have self-government bodies.
. Curriculum Component(school) - list academic disciplines that can be included in the working curriculum by decision of the school council (gymnasium, lyceum).
. Pedagogical Council(from Lat. consilium - meeting, meeting) - a meeting of educators and psychologists to find out the causes of various systematic deviations in the pet's behavior and determine the science-based west of the virgins of his re-education.
abstract t (from lat conspectus - review) - a short written summary of the content of a book, article, oral presentation.
. parenting concepts(from lat conceptio - set, system) - a system of views on certain phenomena, processes, a way of understanding, interpreting pedagogical phenomena; the main idea of the theory of content and organization of human education.
. culture(from Lat kultura - upbringing, education, development) - a set of practical, material and spiritual achievements of society throughout its history.
. Kurata p (from Latin curator, from curare - to take care, to worry): 1) a trustee, guardian, 2) a person who is entrusted with the general supervision of some work, 3) a person who oversees the educational process in a student group .
. Lecture(from Latin lectio - reading) is a teaching method that involves the use of students' previous experience in a certain field of knowledge and, on the basis of this, engaging them through dialogue in understanding new phenomena, concepts or reproducing already acquired ones.
. Leader(from the English leader - the one that leads, manages) - a member of the team, in important situations, is able to exercise a noticeable influence on the behavior of other members of the team, take the initiative in actions, take responsibility for the activities of the team, lead it.
. Licensing(from Latin licentia - right, permission) - the procedure for determining the ability of an educational institution of a certain type to conduct educational activities associated with obtaining higher education and qualifications in accordance with the requirements of higher education standards, as well as state requirements regarding personnel, scientific, methodological and logistical support.
. License- special permission from government agencies on the different kinds activities, including education.
. The logic of the educational process-optimally effective way of movement of human cognitive activity from entry level knowledge, skills, abilities and development to the required level of knowledge, skills, skills and development. It includes a number of components: awareness and understanding of educational tasks; independent activity aimed at mastering knowledge, defining laws and rules, developing skills and abilities to apply knowledge in practice; analysis and evaluation of learning activities of students.
. speech therapy(from gr logos - word and paideia - education, training) - a science that studies speech disorders and deals with the correction of speech defects.
. Man - biological being type homo sapiens (thinking person), which is characterized by physiological and biological features: straight gait, developed cranium, forelimbs, etc.
. master(from Lat magister - boss, teacher) - an academic degree awarded in higher educational institutions.
. Master's degree(from Lat magistratus - dignitary, chief) - the governing body in higher educational institutions that train masters.
. Mastery pedagogical- perfect creative performance by the teacher-educator of professional functions at the level of art, resulting in the creation of optimal socio-psychological conditions for the formation of the personality of the pupil to ensure a high level of intellectual and moral and spiritual development.
. mentality(from it Mentalitnet, from Lat mentis - way of thinking, mental warehouse, soul, mind, thinking) - worldview, attitude, vision of oneself in the world, features of manifestation national character, svoerid denst character, attitude to the surrounding myrtle.
. The purpose of education- ideal prediction of the final results of education.
. Education methods(from gr methodos - way, way) ways of influence of the educator on the consciousness, will and behavior of the pupil in order to form his stable beliefs and certain norms of behavior.
. Research methods- methods, techniques and procedures for empirical and theoretical knowledge of the phenomena and processes of pedagogical reality.
. Teaching methods- ordered methods of activity of the teacher and students, aimed at the effective solution of educational problems.
. youth subculture- the culture of a certain generation of young people, which is distinguished by a common lifestyle, behavior, group norms, values and interests.
. Monitoring(from English monitoring, from Latin monitor - one who looks after, observes) - 1) observation, assessment and forecast of the state of the environment in connection with human economic activity, 2) collection of information by means of mass communication 3) observation of educational and educational processes in order to determine whether they correspond to the desired result or previous assumptions.
. moral b (from Latin moralis - moral, from moris - custom) - one of the forms of social consciousness, a system of views and ideas, norms and assessments that regulate people's behavior.
. Teaching motives(from fr motif, from lat moveo - move) - internal mental forces (motors) that stimulate human cognitive activity. Types of motives: social, incentive, cognitive, professional value, mercantile line.
. Ownership- application of knowledge in practice, carried out at the level of automated actions through multiple repetitions.
. Suggestion- various means of verbal and non-verbal emotional impact on a person in order to introduce it into a certain state or encourage certain actions.
. Modular training(from Lat modulus - measure) - the organization of the educational process, which is aimed at mastering an integral block of adapted information and provides optimal conditions for the social and personal growth of the participants in her pedagogical process.
. Problem learning- learning, which is different in that the teacher creates a certain cognitive situation, helps students to highlight the problematic task, understand it and "accept" it; organizes students for independent mastery of the new volume of knowledge necessary for solving problems; offers a wide range of use of acquired knowledge in practice.
. distance learning- modern educational technology using means of transmitting educational and methodological information at a distance (telephones, television, computers, satellite communications, etc.)).
. Oligophrenopedagogy(from gr oligos - small and phren - mind and pedagogy) - a branch of pedagogical science that deals with the education and training of mentally retarded people.
. Optimization of the learning process(from Lat optimus - the best, the most) - the process of creating the most favorable conditions (selection of methods, teaching aids, provision of sanitary and hygienic conditions, emotional factors, etc.) for those received. Anna desired results without additional time and physical effort.
. Higher education- an education system that provides for the provision of fundamental, general cultural, practical training of specialists who should determine the pace and level of the scientific, technical, economic and socio-cultural process, the formation of the intellectual potential of societies.
. Preschool education- the initial structural component of the education system, which ensures the development and upbringing of children in the family and preschool educational institutions (nurseries, kindergartens).
. Out-of-school education- components of the education system aimed at meeting the needs of a person in satisfying interests and inclinations, obtaining additional knowledge, skills and abilities for children, developing intellectual potentials.
. Polytechnic education(from gr poly - a lot and techne - art, skill, dexterity) - one of the types of education, the tasks of which are to familiarize yourself with various branches of production, to know the essence of many technological processes, to master certain skills and skills in servicing simple technological processes.
. Professional education- education, aimed at mastering the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to perform the tasks of professional activity.
. Vocational education- education, ensures that citizens receive a certain profession in accordance with their vocation, interests and abilities, social preparation for participation in productive work.
. Secondary general education- the leading component of the education system, providing education and upbringing of children up to 18 years old, preparing them for vocational education and work.
. Education-media- direction in pedagogy, which provides for the study by schoolchildren (students) of patterns mass communications(press, television, radio, cinema, etc.)).
. Education- a measure of the cognitive activity of an individual, which is manifested in the level of knowledge gained, which can be used in practical activities.
personality b - socio-psychological concept; a person is characterized from a socio-psychological point of view, first of all, by the level of development of the psyche, the ability to assimilate social experience, the ability to mate with other people.
. Educational qualification characteristic- a set of basic requirements for the professional qualities, knowledge and skills of a specialist necessary for the successful performance of his professional functions.
. orthodox(from gr orthodoxos - orthodox) - a person who unswervingly adheres to a certain doctrine, doctrine, system of views.
. Memory- the ability of the body to store and reproduce information about the external world and its internal state for its further use in the process of life.
. Paradigm(from gr paradeigma - example, sample) - recognition scientific achievements, which for a certain time provide the community with models for posing problems and solving them.
. Pedagogy(from gr paidec - children; ano - I lead) - the science of training, education and upbringing of people in accordance with the needs of the socio-economic development of society.
. Waldorf Pedagogy- a set of methods and techniques of education and training based on anthroposophical (anthroposophy - a religious and mystical teaching, puts in place. God deified man) interpretation of human development as a holistic interaction of bodily, mental and spiritual factors.
. Folk Pedagogy- a branch of empirical pedagogical knowledge and folk experience, reflecting views on the system, directions, forms, means of education and training of the younger generation.
. Pedology(from gr pais - child and logos - teaching) - the science of the child, the features of its anatomical, physiological, mental and social development.
. Pedocentrism(from gr pais (pados) - child, lat centrum - center) is one of the areas of pedagogy, which claims that the content, organization and methods of teaching are determined by the direct interests and problems of children.
. re-education- a system of educational influences of a teacher on a pupil in order to inhibit negative manifestations in behavior and affirm positive qualities in activity.
. Belief- the rational moral basis of the activity of the individual, allows her to carry out a certain act consciously; the main moral attitude that determines the purpose and direction of a person's actions, a firm belief in h for some reason, based on a certain idea, worldview.
. perspective- the goal, "tomorrow's joy" (AC. Makarenko), which acts as an incentive for the activities of the team and its individual members.
. Textbook- educational book, which discloses the content of educational material in a particular discipline in accordance with the requirements current program.
. An integrated approach to education- an approach to education, which implies the unity of goals, objectives and means of achieving it through the activities of various social institutions (families, educational institutions, the media).
. Training plan - normative document, which defines for each type of general education teaching and educational institutions a list of subjects, the order of their study by year, the number of hours per week allotted for their study, the schedule of the educational process.
. Extracurricular educational work- measures of an educational nature, which are carried out in general education educational institutions under the guidance of teachers-educators.
. Extracurricular work- various types of independent educational work of students within the framework of the system of education and upbringing (home study work, excursions, circle work, etc.)).
. Training manual- an educational book in which the content of the educational material is disclosed, which does not always meet the requirements of the current program, but goes beyond its limits, additional tasks are defined aimed at expanding the cognitive interests of students, developing their independent cognitive activity.
. accustoming- organization of systematic and regular performance by pupils of certain actions with elements of coercion, obligation in order to form stable behavioral habits.
. parenting reception- a component of the method, determines the way to implement its requirements.
. Reception training- a component of the method, certain one-time actions aimed at implementing its requirements.
. Example- a method of education that provides for the organization of a role model in order to optimize the process of social inheritance.
. Principles of education(from lat rginsirium - basis, beginning) - initial provisions that are the foundation of the content, forms, methods, means and techniques of the educational process.
. Principles of Education(from lat rginsirium - basis, beginning) - the initial provisions underlying the activity of the entire education system of Ukraine and its structural subdivisions.
. Management principles- initial provisions that determine the main directions, forms, means and methods of managing general education educational institutions.
pedagogical prognosis(from gr prognostike - the art of making a forecast) - area scientific knowledge, considers the principles, patterns and methods of forecasting for objects that are studied by pedagogy.
. Educational program- a normative document that describes the content of the educational material with the definition of sections, topics, the approximate number of hours for their study.
. Professiogram- description of the requirements, socio-psychological and physical personal qualities that a certain profession puts forward . Profession(from Lat professio - officially indicated occupation) - a type of labor activity that requires certain knowledge and labor skills and is a source of existence, vital activity.
. Psychotechnics- direction in psychology, develops questions of applying knowledge about the mental activity of a person in the process of solving practical problems of educating a person's personality.
. Rada of a general educational educational institution- an association of employees of a general education institution, students, parents and the public, which operates between the general meeting (conference) to resolve social, organizational and economic issues and the life of a general education educational institution.
. Rada pedagogical- association of teachers of an educational institution in order to consider the issues of organization and improvement of the educational process.
. Rating(from English rating - assessment, class, category) - an individual numerical indicator in the education system, an assessment of the successes, achievements, knowledge at a particular moment of an individual in a certain area, discipline, allows you to determine the level of such achievements or the quality of knowledge in other areas.
retardation(from Lat retardatio - delay, slowdown) - the lag of children in development.
. abstract(from lat refeire - to report, inform) - summary content of the read book, scientific work, report on the results of the researched scientific problem.
. Levels of Education- the gradual acquisition of general education and vocational training through the passage of certain stages: primary education, basic general education, complete secondary education, vocational education, basic and higher education, higher.
. Development of physical- the growth of a biological organism as a result of cell division.
. Driving force development- the result of contradictions between biological, physical and mental needs and the existing level of physical, mental and social development of the individual.
. The driving force of the educational process- the result of contradictions between the socio-psychological and physiological needs and the existing level of upbringing of the individual.
. The driving force of the educational process- the result of contradictions between cognitive and practical tasks, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the existing level of knowledge, skills and abilities, on the other.
. self-education- systematized and purposeful activity of the individual, aimed at the formation and improvement of its positive qualities and overcoming negative ones.
. Synthesis- a method that provides for a mental or practical combination of elements or properties of an object or phenomenon identified by analysis into a single whole.
. Education system- a set of educational institutions, scientific, scientific and methodological and methodological institutions, research and production enterprises, state and local authorities management of education and self-government in the field of education.
. Scout(from the English scout - scout) - one of the systems of out-of-school education, which is the basis of the activities of children's and youth scout organizations. Originated at the beginning of the 20th century. Scout organizations for boys (ibo scouts) and girls (girl scouts) operate separately.
. Family- socio-psychological association of close relatives (parents, children, grandparents) living together and providing biological, social and economic conditions for procreation.
. aesthetic tastes- a stable, emotional and evaluative attitude of a person to the beautiful, which has a selective, subjective character.
. Heredity- the ability of biological organisms to transmit certain inclinations to their offspring.
. Speciality- necessary for society, the scope of the physical and spiritual forces of a person is limited, which gives her the opportunity to receive the necessary means for life, a complex of knowledge acquired by a person and practical skills for employment a certain kind activities.
. Communication pedagogical- the system of organic socio-psychological influence of the teacher-educator and pupil in all spheres of activity, has certain pedagogical functions, is aimed at creating optimal socio-psychological conditions for the active and productive life of the individual.
. Observation- a teaching method that involves the perception of certain objects, phenomena, processes in the natural and production environment without outside interference in these phenomena and processes.
. Collective and creative affairs- a form of extra-curricular educational activities, in the preparation and conduct of which all members of the children's team take part, and each student has the opportunity to identify and develop their interests and capabilities.
. Stage development of the team- an expression of the internal dialectic of its formation, which is based on the level of relationships between the educator and pupils, between members of the team.
. Democratic style(from gr demokratia - the power of the people, democracy) - taking into account the opinion and freedom of the team in organizing the life of pupils.
. Style liberal(from lat liberalis - free) - an unprincipled indifferent attitude to the negative influences of pupils, connivance with students.
. Process structure skill- a number of interrelated and interdependent components: perception (direct, indirect), understanding (awareness, comprehension, insight), memorization, generalization and systematization, stratification, effective practice as an impetus to cognition and a criterion for the truth of the knowledge gained.
. The structure of the upbringing process- logically interconnected components that ensure the process of personality formation: mastering the rules and norms of behavior, the formation of feelings and beliefs, the development of skills and habits in these behaviors, practical activities in social environments.
. Deaf pedagogy(from Lat surdus - deaf and pedagogy) - a branch of pedagogy (in particular defectology), dealing with the problems of development, education and upbringing of children with hearing impairments.
. Pedagogical tact(from Lat tactus - touch, feeling) - a sense of proportion, a sense of the specific state of the pet, which prompts the educator a delicate way of behavior in communicating with students in various fields of activity; VMI innya to choose the most appropriate approach to the individual in the system of educational relations with her.
. Talent(from gr talanton - weight, measure) - a set of abilities that make it possible to obtain a product of activity that is distinguished by novelty, high perfection and social significance.
. Tests(from English test - test, research) - a system of formalized tasks to identify the level of preparedness of students (students), mastering this knowledge, skills, and habits.
. Pedagogical technique(from gr technike - skillful, experienced) - a set of rational means and behavioral characteristics of a teacher-educator aimed at the effective implementation of the methods and techniques of educational work chosen by him with an individual student or the entire class team in accordance with the goal of the educator and specific objective and subjective prerequisites (skills in the field of speech culture; possession of your body, facial expressions, pantomime, gestures, the ability to dress, monitor your appearance, compliance with the pace and rhythm of work, the ability to communicate; possession of psychotechnics).
. Type of training- the method and features of the organization of human mental activity. In the history of school education, the following types of education have been distinguished: dogmatic, explanatory-illustrative, and problem-based.
. The type of training is dogmatic- type, which is characterized by the following features: the teacher communicates to students a certain amount of knowledge in finished form without explanation; students memorize them without awareness and understanding and almost verbatim recite what they have learned by heart.
. The type of training is explanatory and illustrative- this type, which consists in the fact that the teacher tells students a certain amount of knowledge, explains the essence of phenomena, processes, laws, rules, etc., using illustrative material; students are known to assimilate the proposed share of knowledge and reproduce at the level of deep understanding; be able to apply knowledge in practice.
. Tiflopedagogy(from gr typhlos - blind and pedagogy) - a branch of pedagogy (in particular defectology) about the features of the upbringing and education of children with visual impairments.
. Skill- the ability of a person to consciously perform certain action based on knowledge, willingness to apply knowledge in practical activities based on consciousness.
. persuasion- one of the techniques of the method of persuasion, aimed at preventing the deliberate actions of the pupil in order to slow them down, taking into account the individual characteristics of his socio-psychological development.
. Lesson- a form of organization of education, according to which the teacher conducts classes in a classroom with a constant composition of students with approximately the same level of physical and mental development, according to the established timetable and regulations.
. biological inheritance- the process of obtaining by future generations from biological parents due to the gene-chromosomal structure of certain inclinations.
. social inheritance- the process of assimilation by the child of the socio-psychological experience of parents and the environment (languages, habits, behavioral characteristics, moral and ethical qualities, etc.)).
A teacher is a specialist who has special training and carries out training and education of the younger generation.
. Parenting Factors(from Latin Factor - what does) - objective and subjective factors that influence the definition of the content, directions, means, methods, forms of education.
. Fetish(from French fetiche - amulet, magic): 1) an inanimate object, which, according to believers, is endowed with supernatural magical power and serves as an object of religious worship, 2) an object of blind worship.
. Forms of study(from lat forma - appearance, device) - organization of educational activities of students, clearly expressed in time and space, associated with the activities of the teacher:
bell lancaster- a form of organization of learning, which consists in the fact that one teacher led the learning activities large group students (200-250 people), involving older students (monitors) in this work, the teacher first taught the monitors, and then they taught their comrades in small groups ("mutual learning") nya");
brigade-laboratory- a form of organization of training, which consists in the fact that the class is divided into brigades (5-9 people each), headed by elected foremen; training assignments are given to the brigade, which should work on them and will complete them; the success of educational work is determined by the quality of the foreman's report
. Group a - teaching by a teacher a group of students who are at different levels of age and mental development without observing the schedule and regulations;
individual- teacher teaching only one student. Forms of work of the class teacher - individual, group, frontal, verbal, practical, subject.
. Formation(from Lat formo - I form) - the formation of a person as a person, which occurs as a result of development and education and has certain signs of completeness.
. Functions of the class teacher- provide conditions for the comprehensive harmonious development of schoolchildren, coordinate the activities of all educators in the implementation of national education, study the individual characteristics of students in the class, organize a primary children's team, take care of strengthening and maintaining the health of schoolchildren, form the skills of thoroughness and discipline of schoolchildren, organize extracurricular educational work that , work with parents, achieve unity of requirements for pupils, maintain class documentation.
. Team Functions- organizational, stimulating, educational.
Learning functions (from the Latin functio - performance, performance) - functions that provide for the implementation of educational, educational and developmental actions.
. Functions of Pedagogy(from Lat functio - execution, commission) - clearly defined areas and activities related to the tasks of the comprehensive harmonious development of the individual.
. Family Functions- biological (reproductive), social, economic.
. Function ( from Latin y functio - execution, commission) - a way of action of a thing or element of a system, aimed at achieving a certain effect. The function of the family is aimed at solving biological (reproductive), social and economic problems in the system of continuation of the maternity hospital.
furcations(from lat furcatus - separate) - the construction of curricula in the upper grades of general education educational institutions in certain profiles - humanitarian, physical and mathematical, natural, etc. - with a preference for one or another group of academic disciplines.
. moral values universal to mankind- acquired by previous generations, regardless of race, nationality or religion, moral and spiritual acquisitions that determine the basis of the behavior and life of an individual or defined jointly.
. Moral national values- views, beliefs, ideals, traditions, customs, rituals, historically conditioned and created by a certain ethnic group, practical actions based on universal values, but reflect certain national manifestations, originality in behavior and serve as the basis for the social activity of people of a separate ethnic group.
. Small school- a school without parallel classes with a small contingent of students.
school studies- a branch of pedagogy that studies the tasks, content and methods of school management, the system of management and organization of the activities of general educational educational institutions.
Altai State Academy of Education
named after V.M. Shukshina
Terminological dictionary
on
pedagogy
Performed:
student correspondence department
group H- Z HO131
Ryazanova Svetlana Andreevna
year 2014
PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY it represents a special type of social activity aimed at transferring the culture and experience accumulated by mankind from older generations to younger ones, creating conditions for their personal development and preparing them to fulfill certain social roles in society.
PEDAGOGICAL CULTURE is considered as an important part of the general culture of the teacher, manifested in the system of professional qualities and the specifics of pedagogical activity.
POSITION OF THE TEACHER - this is a system of those intellectual, volitional and emotional-evaluative attitudes towards the world, pedagogical reality and pedagogical activity in particular, which are the source of its activity.
INTERACTION PEDAGOGICAL - personal contact of the educator and the pupil (s), accidental or deliberate, private or public, long or short-term, verbal or non-verbal, resulting in mutual changes in their behavior, activities, relationships, attitudes. V. p. can manifest itself in the formcooperation, when both parties reach mutual agreement and solidarity in understanding the goals of joint activities and ways to achieve it, and in the formrivalry, when the success of some participants in a joint activity stimulates or hinders the more productive and purposeful activities of its other participants. Humanistically oriented ped. process m. b. only by the process of V. p. educator and pupil, where both participants act as parity, equal partners, to the best of their knowledge and capabilities.
UPBRINGING (as a social phenomenon) - a complex and controversial socio-historical process of transferring socio-historical experience to new generations, carried out by all social. institutions: public organizations, mass media and culture, church, family, educational institutions different levels and direction. V. ensures social progress and the continuity of generations.
UPBRINGING (as a pedagogical phenomenon) - 1) purposeful professional activity of the teacher, contributing to the maximum development of the child's personality, his entry into the context of modern culture, becoming a subject of his own life, the formation of his motives and values; 2) a holistic, consciously organized ped. the process of personality formation and education in educational institutions by specially trained specialists; 3) a purposeful, managed and open system of educational interaction between children and adults, in which the pupil is an equal participant and it is possible to make changes to it (the system) that contribute to the optimal development of children(in this definition, the child is both an object and a subject); 4) providing the pupil with alternative ways of behavior in various situations, leaving him the right to choose and find his own way; 5) the process and result of purposeful influence on the development of the personality, its relationships, traits, qualities, attitudes, beliefs, ways of behaving in society (child in this position - object ped. impact); 6) the purposeful creation of conditions for the development of culture by a person, its translation into personal experience through an organized long-term impact on the development of the individual from the surrounding educational institutions, social. and the natural environment, taking into account its potential in order to stimulate its self-development and independence; 7) (in the narrowest, concrete sense) the components of an integral educational process: mental, moral, etc. education.
Spiritual upbringing - the formation of a value attitude to life, ensuring the sustainable and harmonious development of a person. V. D. is the upbringing of a sense of duty, justice, sincerity, responsibility, and other qualities that can give higher meaning human deeds and thoughts.
moral education - the formation of moral relations, the ability to improve them and the ability to act in accordance with social requirements and norms, a solid system of habitual, everyday moral behavior.
Political upbringing - the formation of students' political consciousness, reflecting the relations between states, nations, parties, and the ability to understand them from spiritual, moral and ethical positions. It is carried out on the principles of objectivity, variability, freedom of choice of position and assessments within the boundaries of universal human values.
sexual education - systematic, consciously planned and implemented impact on the formation of sexual consciousness and behavior of children, preparing them for family life.
legal education - the process of formation of legal culture and legal behavior, which consists in the implementation of legal general education, overcoming legal nihilism, the formation of law-abiding behavior.
labor education - joint activities of the educator and pupils, aimed at developing the latter's general labor skills and abilities, psychol. readiness for work, the formation of a responsible attitude to work and its products, a conscious choice of profession. The path of V. t. is the inclusion of the student in the full structure of labor: its planning, organization, implementation, control, evaluation.
mental education - the formation of intellectual culture, cognitive motives, mental strength, thinking, worldview and intellectual freedom of the individual.
physical education - a system of human improvement aimed at physical development, health promotion, ensuring high performance and developing the need for constant physical self-improvement.
Artistic education - the formation of the pupils' ability to feel, understand, evaluate, love art, enjoy it, develop the needs for artistic and creative activities and the creation of aesthetic values.
Ecological education - purposeful development of a high ecological culture among the younger generation, which includes knowledge about nature and a humane, responsible attitude towards it as the highest national and universal value.
economic education - purposeful interaction of educators and pupils, aimed at shaping the latest knowledge, skills, needs, interests and style of thinking that correspond to the nature, principles and norms of rational management and organization of production, distribution and consumption.
Aesthetic education - purposeful interaction of educators and pupils, contributing to the development and improvement in the growing person of the ability to perceive, correctly understand, appreciate and create beauty in life and art, actively participate in creativity, creation according to the laws of beauty.
Aesthetic consciousness - a set of ideas, theories, views, criteria for artistic judgments, tastes, thanks to which a person gets the opportunity to reliably determine the aesthetic value of the objects surrounding him, the phenomena of life, art.
aesthetic feeling - subjective emotional experience, born of an evaluative attitude towardsaesthetic subject. E. h. is expressed in the spiritual pleasure or disgust that accompanies the perception and evaluation of the object in the unity of its content and form.
Ethical education - purposeful interaction of educators and pupils, which has as its goal the development of latest rules good manners, the formation of a culture of behavior and relationships.
FREE EDUCATION - unrestricted development of the strengths and abilities of each child, the full disclosure of his individuality. For V. with. characterized by a categorical denial of the system of education and training, based on the suppression of the personality of the child, the regulation of all aspects of his life and behavior. Supporters of this model have attached and continue to attach exceptional importance to the creation of conditions for self-expression and the free development of children's individuality, reducing ped to the possible minimum. intervention and the more excluding k.-l. violence and coercion. They believe that a child can only imagine what he has experienced internally, therefore the leading role in his upbringing and education should be played by children's experiences and the accumulation of personal experience by children. This direction is directly related to the concept of free education by J. J. Rousseau. However, these schools have not received wide distribution in the West. In Russia, the most striking experience in the creation of schools for free education was the "House of the Free Child", created by K. N. Venttsel in 1906. He supported the ideas of V. s. LN Tolstoy, organizing the life and education of peasant children in the Yasnaya Polyana school. There were other attempts: A. Radchenko’s “School of naughty” in Baku, the Moscow family school of O. Kaidanovskaya-Bervi, educational and educational complexes “Settlement” and “Children's Labor and Recreation”, close to this direction, headed first by A.U. Zelenko, then S. T. Shatsky. At present, interest in V.'s ideas has revived. Waldorf schools and M. Montessori centers have been opened in Moscow and a number of other cities, and domestic models of free, non-violent education are being developed.
SOCIAL EDUCATION - the process and result of spontaneous interaction of a person with the nearest living environment and the conditions of purposeful education (family, spiritual and moral, civil, legal, religious, etc.); the process of active adaptation of a person to certain roles, normative attitudes and samples of social. manifestations; systematic creation of conditions for a relatively purposeful development of a person in the process of his socialization.
EDUCATION - the level of personality development, manifested in the consistency between knowledge, beliefs, behavior and characterized by the degree of formalization of social significant qualities. The discord, the conflict between what a person knows, how he thinks and how he really acts, can lead to an identity crisis. V. - the current level of personality development, in contrast toeducation - potential level of personality, zone of its proximal development.
EDUCATIONAL WORK - purposeful activity to organize the life of adults and children, which aims to create conditions for the full development of the individual. Through V. p. educational process takes place.
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF THE SCHOOL - a set of interrelated components (educational goals, people implementing them, their activities and communication, relationships, living space), which constitutes an integral social-ped. structure of the school and acting as a powerful and permanent factor in education. signshumanistically oriented V. s. sh .: the presence of a unified concept for the development of the school educational system, the formation healthy lifestyle life, a combination of frontal, group and individual forms of influence and interaction, ensuring protective functions collective, diverse and diverse joint activities of teams and associations of different ages. Examples of humanistically oriented V. with. sh. there may be schools of V. Karakovsky, A. Tubelsky and others.
EDUCATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS - a kind of relationship between people that arises in educational interaction, aimed at spiritual, moral, etc. development and improvement.
EDUCABILITY - preparedness of a person for the relatively rapid formation of new cognitive, emotional or behavioral skills and abilities.
EDUCATIONAL TRAINING - learning, in which an organic connection is achieved between the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by students and the formation of their emotionally holistic attitude to the world, to each other, to the educational material being digested.
STATE EDUCATIONAL STANDARD -1) the main document that determines the educational level, which must be achieved by graduates, regardless of the forms of education. Includes federal and national-regional components; 2) the main document, in which the final results of education in the academic subject are determined. Compiled for each stage of education. The standard defines the goals and objectives of subject education, ideas, skills, to-rymi to master the student, the technology for checking the results of education; 3) federal components of G. about. with. determine the mandatory minimum content of the main educational programs, the maximum amount of teaching load of students, requirements for the level of training of graduates.
LITERACY - a person's possession of the skills of oral and written speech in accordance with the norms of the literary language. One of the basic indicators of the socio-cultural development of the population, and in relation to the school - one of the most important conditions and indicators of the quality of education. G. has a broader interpretation - as a certain degree of knowledge in a particular area and the ability to apply them.
Computer literacy - part of technological education. The structure of G. to. includes: knowledge of the basic concepts of computer science and computer technology; knowledge of the fundamental structure and functionality of computer technology; knowledge of modern operating systems and possession of their basic commands; knowledge of modern software shells and general-purpose operating tools (Norton Commander, Windows, their extensions) and possession of their functions; Proficiency with at least one text editor; initial ideas about algorithms, languages and programming packages; initial experience of using applied programs for utilitarian purposes.
DIDACTICS (from the Greek didaktikos - receiving, related to learning) - the theory of education and training, a branch of pedagogy. The subject of teaching is teaching as a means of educating and educating a person, that is, the interaction of teaching and learning in their unity, which ensures that students master the content of education organized by the teacher. D. Functions:theoretical (diagnostic and prognostic) andpractical (normative, instrumental).
Didactics of the lesson - a system of rules for preparing, conducting and analyzing the results of the lesson.
Didactic system of the teacher - a set of documents and didactic materials, with the help of which the teacher provides training, development and education of children in the classroom and extracurricular activities. Includes: standard of education, curriculum, calendar and thematic plans, lesson notes, plans for educational work, manuals, visual aids, etc.
Didactic rules - guidelines, to-rye reveal certain aspects of the application of a particular principle of learning. For example, one of the rules for implementing the principle of visibility is the following: use various types of visibility, but do not get carried away by their excessive number.
Didactic principles - the main provisions that determine the content, organizational forms and methods of the educational process in accordance with its general goals and patterns.
Didactic ability - the ability to teach.
TEAM (from lat. collectivus - collective) - a group of people mutually influencing each other and interconnected by a common social. conditioned goals, interests, needs, norms and rules of conduct, jointly performed activities, commonality of means of activity, unity of will expressed by the leadership of K., due to this reaching a higher level of development than a simple group. Among the signs of K. are also the conscious nature of the association of people, its relative stability, a clear organizational structure, and the presence of organs for coordinating activities. K. areprimary andsecondary. It is accepted to refer to primary to K., in to-rykh direct interpersonal contact between its members is observed. Secondary K. - more complex in composition, it consists of a number of primary K.
Identification collectivist - a form of humane relations that arises in joint activities, in which the problems of one of the group become motives for the behavior of others.
Children's educational team - 1) the created system of collectivistic, highly moral and aesthetically educating public relations, activities and communication in the children's environment, contributing to the formation of personality and the development of individuality; 2) a group of a high level of development, where interpersonal relations are mediated by the socially valuable and personally significant content of joint activities.
Collective self-determination - the mental mechanism of individuals gaining freedom in a team, when various individual opinions and points of view are not suppressed by the mechanisms of imitation and suggestion, as in a simple group, but are given the opportunity for a relatively free existence.
Team Cohesion - the degree of unity of the team, manifested in the unity of opinions, beliefs, traditions, the nature of interpersonal relations, moods, etc., as well as in the unity of practical activity. S.'s formation to. is carried out in joint activity.
COMPETENCE OF THE TEACHER PROFESSIONAL - the teacher's possession of the necessary amount of knowledge, skills and abilities that determine the formation of his ped. activities, ped. communication and personality of the teacher as a carrier of certain values, ideals and ped. consciousness.
THE CONTROL (fr. controle) - 1) observation for the purpose of supervision, verification and identification of deviations from a given goal and their causes; 2) a control function that establishes the degree of compliance decisions taken actual state of affairs.
CULTURE (from lat. cultura - cultivation, upbringing, development, veneration) - a historically defined level of development of society, the creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organizing the life and activities of people, in their relationships, as well as in the material and spiritual values. Culture in education acts as its content component, a source of knowledge about nature, society, methods of activity, a person’s emotional-volitional and value attitude towards people around him, work, communication, etc.
Culture is intellectual - the culture of mental work, which determines the ability to set goals for cognitive activity, plan it, perform cognitive operations in various ways, work with sources and office equipment.
culture of personality - 1) the level of development and realization of the essential forces of a person, his abilities and talents; 2) a set of competencies: political and social, associated with the ability to take responsibility, participate in joint decision-making, regulate conflicts in a non-violent way, participate in joint decision-making regarding the functioning and development of democratic institutions; competencies related to life in a multicultural society (understanding the differences between representatives of different cultures, languages and religions, respect for other people's traditions, beliefs), etc. K. l. formed in the process of education and training, under the influence of social. environment and personal need for constant development and improvement.
Culture of personality is informational - a set of rules for human behavior in the information society, methods and norms of communication with artificial intelligence systems, dialogue in human-machine systems of "hybrid intelligence", use of telematics, global and local information and computer networks. It includes the ability of a person to realize and master the information picture of the world as a system of symbols and signs, direct and reverse information links, freely navigate in the information society, and adapt to it. Formation To. l. and. is carried out primarily in the process of organized teaching of computer science and information technology at school and the inclusion of modern electronic means of information transmission in the educational process.
mass culture - a culture that is accessible and understandable to all segments of the population and has less artistic value than an elite or folk culture. Therefore, it quickly loses its relevance and goes out of fashion, but it is very popular with young people, often making it difficult for them to master true art.pop culture - slang name M. k.,kitsch - its variety.
Culture of thinking - the degree of a person's mastery of the techniques, norms and rules of mental activity, expressed in the ability to accurately formulate tasks (problems), choose the best methods (paths) for solving them, obtain reasonable conclusions, and correctly use these conclusions in practice. Increases purposefulness, organization, efficiency of any kind of activity.
folk culture (synonym - folklore) - a culture created by anonymous creators who do not have professional training. Includes myths, legends, epics, tales, songs, dances, fairy tales, etc. K. n. associated with the traditions of the area and democratic, since everyone involved in its creation. Its features, trends must be taken into account when selecting the content of education.
Communication culture - a system of knowledge, skills and abilities of adequate behavior in various situations of communication.
Culture of behavior - compliance with the basic requirements and rules of human society, the ability to find the right tone in communicating with others.
A culture of speech - the degree of perfection of oral and written speech, characterized by compliance with its normativity, expressiveness, lexical richness, manner of polite address to interlocutors and the ability to respectfully answer them.
Culture of self-education (self-education culture) - a high level of development and perfection of all components of self-education. The need for self-education is characteristic quality developed personality, a necessary element of its spiritual life. Considered the highest form of satisfaction of the cognitive needs of the individual, self-education is associated with the manifestation of significant volitional efforts, a high degree of consciousness and organization of a person, taking on internal responsibility for his self-improvement.
Physical culture - the level of formation of the correct attitude of a person to his health and physical condition conditioned by the way of life, the system of health preservation and physical culture and sports activities, the knowledge of the unity of the harmony of the body and spirit, the development of spiritual and physical forces.
Reading culture - a set of skills in working with a book, including a conscious choice of topics, systematic and consistent reading, as well as the ability to find the right literature with the help of bibliographic aids, use the reference and bibliographic apparatus, apply rational techniques, assimilate and deeply perceive what is read (thesis, note taking, annotating, reviewing, etc.), handle printed works with care.
School culture - a system of relations used to regulate the behavior of ped. the team and its individual members in different conditions and circumstances; collective mindset, mentality, common to ped. team of this school. K. sh. defines standard ways to solve problems, helps to reduce the number of difficulties in new situations, maybe. focused on roles, tasks, on a person, on power (strength).
CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE CHILD - the environment of learning and life of the child, formed by the cultural components of the content of all educational courses of subjects; culture of own active educational and self-educational activity; multicultural space of the educational institution; the culture of communication between children and adults, children's and adolescent associations, the culture of the environment of additional education.
CULTURAL-HISTORICAL THEORY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT - the concept of human mental development, developed in the 20-30s by L. S. Vygotsky with the participation of his students A. N. Leontiev and A. R. Luria. This theory asserts the primacy in the mental development of human social. began over the beginning of natural-biological. According to Vygotsky, the determination of ontogenetic development of a person has the following stages: collective activity and communication - culture (knowledge) - appropriation of culture (training and education) - individual activity - mental development of a person. In different eras and in different cultures, this abstract structure is filled with specific content giving historical originality to the development of the individual's psyche.
METHOD (from the Greek. methodos - the path of research or knowledge) - a set of relatively homogeneous methods, operations of practical or theoretical development of reality, subject to the solution of a specific problem. In pedagogy, the problem of developing methods of education and training and their classification is one of the main ones.
TRIAL AND ERROR METHOD - one of the types of learning, in which skills and abilities are acquired as a result of repeated repetition of the movements associated with them and the elimination of mistakes made.
PROJECT METHOD - a system of education in which students acquire knowledge and skills in the process of planning and performing gradually more complex practical tasks -projects. Originated in the second half of the 19th century. in the USA. In the 1920s, it became widespread in the Soviet school.
RATING METHOD - determination of the evaluation of the activity of Ph.D. person or event. AT last years begins to be used as a method of control and evaluation in the educational process.
CONTROL METHOD - a set of ways and means of purposeful influence of the subject of management on the object of management.
METHODOLOGY OF PEDAGOGY - based on the general methodology of science and the study of trends community development system of knowledge about the starting positions of ped. theory, about the principles of approach to the consideration of ped. phenomena and methods of their study, as well as ways to introduce the acquired knowledge into the practice of upbringing, training and education.
EDUCATIONAL METHODS - socially conditioned methods of ped. expedient interaction between adults and children, contributing to the organization of children's life, activities, relationships, communication, stimulating their activity and regulating behavior. The choice of methods of education depends on the purpose of education; leading type of activity; the content and patterns of education; specific tasks and conditions for their solution; age, individual and gender characteristics of pupils; upbringing (education), behavior motivation. The conditions that determine the successful application of M. century are the individual characteristics of the educator as a person, the level of his professional competence.
Methods of control and self-control - ways of obtaining information about the effectiveness of educational influences. These include:ped. observation, conversation, ped. consultation, surveys, analysis of the results of the activities of pupils, the creation of control situations, psychodiagnostics, trainings.
Methods of organizing activities and experience of behavior - ways to identify, consolidate and form positive ways and forms of behavior and moral motivation in the experience of children. Implemented throughassignments, exercises, creating an educational situation, KTD (collective creative work).
Methods of self-education - methods aimed at a conscious change by a person of his personality in accordance with the requirements of society and a personal development plan. This group of methods includes:self-observation, self-analysis, self-order, self-report, self-approval (encouragement), self-condemnation (punishment). The educator leads the pupil to self-education by realizing own actions through an external assessment, then - through the formed self-esteem and the need to comply with it, and then - through the activities of self-education and self-improvement.
Methods for stimulating activity and behavior - ways to encourage pupils to improve their behavior, develop positive motivation for their behavior.
"Explosion" - a method of education, the essence of which lies in the fact that the conflict with the pupil is brought to the last limit, when the only way to defuse the situation is to.-l. a sharp and unexpected measure that can “blow up”, overcome the false position of the pupil. The successful application of this method, introduced by A. S. Makarenko, is possible with the unconditional support of the team, the high skill of the teacher and extreme caution so as not to harm the pupil.
Method of Natural Consequences - a method of education, which consists in the fact that the pupil is invited to eliminate the consequences of the misconduct, and the requirements for both parties are quite obvious and fair (littered - clean it up, broke it - fix it, etc.).
Punishment - inhibition of negative manifestations of personality with the help of negative evaluation her actions, the generation of feelings of guilt and remorse.
Promotion - stimulation of positive manifestations of the personality with the help of a high assessment of her actions, generating a feeling of pleasure and joy from the consciousness of recognizing the efforts and efforts of the individual.
Compulsion - ped. influence based on the active manifestation of the will of the educator in relation to pupils who do not have sufficient consciousness and ignore the norms of social behavior. The types of P. include: compiling the characteristics of a schoolchild, in which exaggerated negative traits the student and the consequences of his activity; prohibitions on actions and deeds that are desirable for the pupil; incitement to undesirable behavior by the student.
Requirement - ped. influence on the consciousness of the pupil in order to cause, stimulate or slow down certain types of his activity. T. are realized in the personal relationships of teachers and children. T. happensdirect - direct (order, prohibition, indication) and indirect (advice, request, hint, condition) - andmediated expressed through the asset (initiative group) and public opinion.
Consciousness Formation Methods - methods of education aimed at the formation of correct concepts, assessments, judgments, worldview.
Analysis of educational situations - a way to show and analyze ways to overcome moral contradictions that arise in certain situations and conflicts, or to create the situation itself, in which the pupil is included and he needs to really do moral choice and take appropriate action.
Conversation - a question-answer method of involving pupils in the discussion and analysis of actions and the development of moral assessments.
Discussion - collective discussion of Ph.D. problem or range of questions in order to find the correct answer. In ped. process is one of the methods of active learning. Subject D. is announced in advance. Students should study the relevant literature, obtain the necessary information. During the D. everyone has the right to express their point of view. Discussions form the ability to reason, prove, formulate a problem, etc.
Dispute - a dispute, a way to mobilize the activity of pupils to develop correct judgments and attitudes; a way of teaching the fight against erroneous ideas and concepts, the ability to debate, defend one's views, and convince other people of them.
Conference (ped.) - a collective discussion of books, performances, films in order to highlight the moral standards declared in the work, and form a certain attitude towards them.
Lecture - a consistent presentation of the system of moral ideas and their proof and illustration.
Example - a method of forming a person's consciousness, which consists in illustrating a personal ideal on specific convincing samples and presenting a sample of a ready-made program of behavior and activity. Built on children's tendency to imitate.
Story (as a method of forming the consciousness of pupils) - a small coherent presentation (in a narrative or descriptive form) of events containing an illustration or analysis of certain moral concepts and assessments.
COMMUNICATION METHODS NON-DIRECTIONAL - methods of social pedagogy used in working with maladjusted, ped. neglected children and adolescents, consisting in the use of metaphors, stories, fairy tales, proverbs, sayings, anecdotes, etc. in order to clarify the meaning of the child's problems and ways to solve them.
TEACHING METHODS - a system of consistent, interrelated actions of the teacher and students, ensuring the assimilation of the content of education, the development of mental strength and abilities of students, their mastery of the means of self-education and self-learning. M. o. designate the purpose of learning, the method of assimilation and the nature of the interaction of subjects of learning.
Methods of control and self-control in training - methods for obtaining information by the teacher and students about the effectiveness of the learning process. They allow you to establish how ready students are for the perception and assimilation of new knowledge, identify the causes of their difficulties and mistakes, determine the effectiveness of the organization, methods and means of teaching, etc. They are divided intooral (individual, frontal and condensed surveys);written (written works, dictations, presentations, compositions, abstracts, etc.);practical (practical work, experiments);graphic (graphs, diagrams, tables);programmed (machineless, machine);observation; self-control.
Methods of organization and implementation of educational and cognitive activities - a group of teaching methods aimed at organizing the educational and cognitive activity of students, identified by Yu. K. Babansky and including all existing teaching methods according to other classifications in the form of subgroups. 1) Subgroup on the source of information and perception:verbal methods (story, lecture, conversation, conference, debate, explanation);visual methods (illustration method, demonstration method);practical methods (exercises, laboratory experiments, work assignments). 2) Subgroup on the logic of thinking:inductive teaching methods (the logic of disclosure of the content of the studied material from particular to general);deductive learning methods (the logic of disclosing the content of the topic under study from general to particular). 3) Subgroup according to the degree of independence and activity of cognitive activity of students:reproductive methods (active perception, memorization and reproduction (reproduction) of the reported educational information verbal, practical or visual methods and techniques);problem-search methods of teaching (the assimilation of knowledge, the development of skills and abilities are carried out in the process of partial search or research activities of students. It is implemented through verbal, visual and practical teaching methods, interpreted in the key of posing and resolving a problem situation).
Independent work methods - independent work performed by students on the instructions of the teacher and carried out with his direct (in the classroom, self-training in the extended day group) or indirect guidance, and independent work performed according to own initiative student (exit to the level of self-education).
Methods for stimulating and motivating learning - a group of methods aimed at forming and consolidating a positive attitude to learning and stimulating active cognitive activity of students, identified according to the classification of teaching methods proposed by Yu. K. Babansky, and includes two subgroups.Methods for stimulating and motivating interest in learning (creation of emotional moral experiences, situations of novelty, surprise, relevance; cognitive games; theatricalization and dramatization; discussions, analysis of life situations; creation of a situation of success in learning);methods of stimulating debt and responsibility (explanation of the personal and social significance of the doctrine; requirements, rewards and punishments).
METHODS OF PEDAGOGICAL RESEARCH - a set of methods and techniques for cognition of the objective laws of education, upbringing and development.
Document analysis method - a study of the results of activities in the field of education, carried out on the basis of an analysis of plans of a different nature and purpose, programs, teaching materials, certification, licensing and accreditation materials, etc.
Conversation Method - obtaining verbal information about a person, a team, a group both from the subject of research itself and from the people around him. In the latter case, B. acts as an element of the method of generalization of independent characteristics.
twin method - comparative study of psychology. characteristics and development of children with the same (homozygous twins) and different (heterozygous) heredity. It is used to scientifically resolve the issue of the degree of influence of genes or the environment on the formation of psychol. properties and characteristics of human behavior.
Method for studying products of creativity - diagnosis of a person's mental characteristics by inclusion in a standardized creative activity. M.'s examples and. etc.: a test for drawing a human figure (a variant of Goodenough and Machover), a test for drawing a tree (Koch), a test for drawing a house, a fictional hypothetical animal, etc. The method of psychol., but is very widely used in ped. research and in the process of studying the personality of students by a teacher or educator.
Observation method - targeted, systematic fixation of the specifics of the flow of certain ped. phenomena, manifestations in them of a person, a team, a group of people, the results obtained. Observations m.b.:continuous andselective; included andsimple; uncontrollable andcontrolled (when registering observed events according to a previously worked out procedure);field (when observed in natural conditions) andlaboratory (under experimental conditions), etc.
Method of generalization of independent characteristics - studies based on the generalization of the largest possible number of information about the individual under study, obtained from the largest possible number of people observing him in the possible more types of its activities; compilation of characteristics of a person or event by various experts independently of each other.
sociometric method - study of the structure, nature of people's relations based on the measurement of their interpersonal choice. This measurement takes place according to a certain sociometric criterion, and its results take the form of a sociometric matrix, or sociogram. The use of this method by a teacher in the process of forming a children's team allows him to find more productive ways of influencing both the entire team or small groups, and its individual members.
terminological method - operating with basic and peripheral concepts of the problem, analysis of ped. phenomena through the analysis of the concepts fixed in the language of the theory of pedagogy.
Test method - the study of personality by diagnosing (psychoprognostic) its mental states, functions based on the performance of Ph.D. standardized task.
Modeling (in ped.) - building copies, models of ped. materials, phenomena and processes. Used for a schematic representation of the investigated ped. systems. By "model" is meant a system of objects or signs that reproduces some of the essential properties of the original, capable of replacing it in such a way that its study gives new information about this object.
EDUCATION - 1) the process and result of the assimilation of a certain system of knowledge in the interests of a person, society and the state, accompanied by a statement of the achievement by a citizen (student) of educational levels (qualifications) established by the state. O. are obtained mainly in the process of education and upbringing in educational institutions under the guidance of teachers. However, self-education also plays an ever-increasing role, i.e., the acquisition of a system of knowledge independently; 2) a system of conditions and educational, methodological and scientific bodies and institutions specially organized in society, necessary for human development; 3) the process of change, development, improvement of the existing system of knowledge and relationships throughout life, the absolute form of the endless, continuous acquisition of new knowledge, skills and abilities in connection with changing living conditions, accelerating scientific and technological progress; 4) a diverse personality-oriented activity that ensures self-determination, self-development and self-realization of a person in a dynamic socio-cultural environment; formation, development, growth of the personality itself as such; 5) formation of a way of thinking, actions of a person in society; the creation of a person in accordance with his quality, measure, essence, revealed in each specific historical period to a certain level (N. P. Pi-shchulin).
Education global - the formation of students' understanding of the world on the basis ofholistic (perception of the world as a whole) andhumanistic views. The concept of O. g. is focused on developing students' awareness that the Earth is common home for all the inhabitants of the planet, all people are one family and each person is able to actively participate in the world order.Communication, contact, understanding, empathy, sympathy, solidarity, cooperation are the basic concepts of O. g.
Additional education ■- educational programs and services implemented in order to comprehensively meet the educational needs of citizens, society and the state in general educational institutions of vocational education outside the main educational programs that determine their status, in educational institutions of general education: advanced training institutions, courses, centers for vocational guidance , music and art schools, art schools, home children's creativity, stations for young technicians, stations for young naturalists, etc. (Law of the Russian Federation "On Education").
Classical education - a type of general secondary education, providing for the systematic study of ancient languages and mathematics as the main subjects.
Education continuous - Purposeful acquisition by a person of knowledge, skills and abilities throughout his life in educational institutions and through organized self-education. O.'s purpose n. - maintaining the socially and individually necessary level of culture, general education and professional training. It is organized on the principles of universality, democracy, accessibility, continuity, integrativity, succession, the principle of self-education, flexibility and efficiency.
Polytechnic education - education focused on familiarizing students with the basic principles of organizing modern production, waste-free and environmentally friendly technologies, teaching skills in handling computer equipment and the simplest modern tools for mechanized and automated labor.
EDUCATION - 1) a specially organized, controlled process of interaction between teachers and students, aimed at mastering knowledge, skills and abilities, shaping a worldview, developing the mental strength and potential of students, developing and consolidating self-education skills in accordance with the goals set; 2) awakening and satisfaction of a person's cognitive activity by introducing him to general and professional knowledge, methods of obtaining, preserving and applying it in personal practice; 3) purposeful influence on the development of the information and operational sphere of a person; 4) a two-way process carried out by the teacher (teaching) and the student (teaching).
Tuition included - specially organized and planned educational activities aimed at obtaining a practical result, and the knowledge necessary for this is acquired along the way.
distance learning - educational technology, in which every person living anywhere gets the opportunity to study the program of any college or university. The implementation of this goal is ensured by the richest set of modern information technologies: textbooks and other printed publications, transmission of studied materials via computer telecommunications, videotapes, discussions and seminars conducted via computer telecommunications, broadcasting of educational programs on national and regional television and radio stations, cable television and voice mail, two-way video conferences, one-way video broadcasting with feedback by phone, etc. O.D. provides students with flexibility in choosing the place and time of training, the opportunity to study without interrupting their main activity, including for those living in the most remote areas, freedom of choice disciplines, the opportunity to communicate with prominent representatives of science, education and culture, contributes to the interactive interaction of students and teachers, the activation of independent work and the satisfaction of self-educational needs of students.
Integrated training - joint education of children with disabilities and children with minor disabilities and developmental disabilities together with healthy children in order to facilitate the process of their socialization and integration in the society of the latter. O. i. it happenscombined (the student studies in a class / group of healthy children and receives systematic help from a defectologist teacher),partial (some children spend part of the day in special groups, and part in regular ones),temporary (children studying in special groups and students in regular classes unite to conduct joint walks, holidays, competitions, individual cases),complete (1-2 children with developmental disabilities join the usual kindergarten groups, classes, schools, they are provided with corrective assistance by their parents under the supervision of specialists).
Contextual learning - training, in which subject and social are combined. the content of the future professional work and thus the conditions for the transfer of the student's educational activity into the professional activity of a specialist are provided. O. to. allows you to overcome the main contradiction of vocational training, which lies in the fact that mastering the activities of a specialist should be provided within the framework and means of a qualitatively different - educational activity. This contradiction is overcome in O. to. due to the implementation of a dynamic model of the movement of students' activities: from the actual educational activity (in the form of a lecture, for example) through quasi-professional (game forms) and educational and professional (research work of students, Internship etc.) to the actual professional activity. Developed by A. A. Verbitsky.
Polytechnic education - training focused on the assimilation by students of the general scientific principles of modern production, mastering practices and skills in handling technical means of production and tools and the formation of the ability to navigate modern technology and technology, in the trends of their development. During the Soviet period, all general education schools in the country were polytechnics. Currently, O. p. is carried out in special educational institutions that train specialists in technical professions.
Problem learning - active developmental learning, based on the organization of the search activities of students, on the identification and resolution of real life or educational contradictions. The foundation of an OP is the formulation and substantiation of a problem (a complex cognitive task of theoretical or practical interest). If the problem interested the trainees, then a problem situation arises. There are three levels of problematicness in the educational process:problematic exposition,partial search andresearch levels. O. p. was developed by S. L. Rubinshtein, N. A. Menchinskaya, A. M. Matyushkin, M. N. Skatkin, M. I. Makhmutov, I. Ya. Lerner and others.
Programmed training - one of the types of training carried out according to a pre-compiled training program, which is usually implemented with the help of programmed textbooks and teaching machines. With O. p., the material and activity of the student are divided into portions (doses) and steps (stages of learning); the execution of each step is controlled, the transition to the assimilation of the next portion of the material depends on the quality of assimilation of the previous one. This construction of training provides a deeper and more complete assimilation of the material by students. O. p. was developed by B. F. Skinner, N. Crowder (USA), domestic psychologists and educators - A. I. Berg, V. P. Bespalko, A. N. Leontiev, P. Ya. Galperin, Yu A. Samarin, T. A. Ilyina and others.
Developmental training - orientation of the educational process to the potential of a person and their implementation. In the concept of O. river. The child is considered not as an object of the teacher's teaching influences, but as a self-changing subject of learning.
OBJECT OF STUDY (in ped.) - ped. space, area, within which the swarm is (contains) what will be studied. O. i. ped. science is the sphere of training and education of people, andsubject - patterns of processes occurring in this area. Within O. and. you can talk about different subjects of research.
PEDAGOGY - 1) a science that studies the objective laws of the development of a concrete historical process of education, organically related to the laws of the development of social relations and the formation of a child's personality, as well as the experience of real social educational practice in the formation of the younger generations, the features and conditions of the organization of ped. process; 2) a set of theoretical and applied sciences studying upbringing, education and training; 3) the science of educational relations that arise in the process of the relationship of upbringing, education and training with self-education, self-education and self-training and aimed at human development; 4) a training course, which is taught in a ped. educational institutions and other institutions for major programs.
PEDAGOGICAL PROCESS - a holistic educational process in the unity and interconnection of education and training, characterized by joint activities, cooperation and co-creation of its subjects, contributing to the most full development and self-realization of the student's personality. The process that realizes the goals of education and upbringing in the conditions of ped. systems in which educators and students interact in an organized manner (educational, educational, vocational and educational institutions, children's associations and organizations).
PEDAGOGICAL SITUATION - 1) a set of conditions and circumstances specially set by the teacher or arising spontaneously in the ped. process. The purpose of creation: the formation and development of the student as a future active subject in social and labor activities, the formation of him as a person; 2) short-term interaction of a teacher with a student (group, class) based on opposing norms, values and interests, accompanied by significant emotional manifestations and aimed at restructuring existing relationships.
TEACHING - special professional activities of adults aimed at transferring to children the amount of knowledge, skills and abilities and educating them in the learning process; orderly activities of the teacher to achieve the goal of learning (educational tasks) and ensure information, awareness and practical application of knowledge.
PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATION SOCIO-CULTURAL - the initial provisions of the pedagogy of culture, which boil down to the following: the implementation of personality development is possible only in a cultural environment; the implementation of the concepts of developmental education, pedagogy and developmental psychology is impossible without a purposeful organization of the cultural environment of an educational institution; the cultural environment creates a variety of development zones and the situation of their choice, which implies the freedom of the child's cultural self-determination; the cultural environment of an educational institution arises only in the joint activities of children and adults.
TECHNOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY - the main provisions of the ped. technologies that determine the success of the implementation of ped. interactions:taking into account the level of upbringing of children and adolescents (presentation of only such requirements, which are adequate to the level of moral knowledge and behavior of pupils);focus on the relationship of the child to the world around (only the attitude of the pupil to this or that phenomenon determines the degree of morality or immorality of his actions);measure principle (any influence on the pupil or interaction with him is effective only when the measure is observed in emotions, the variety of pedagogical means, forms and methods used);the principle of dynamism ped. positions (ped. positions of teacher and student, educator and student are mobile and interdependent: both teacher and student can act either as subjects or as objects of interaction);compensatory principle (not every teacher has the whole set of pedagogical abilities, therefore it is necessary to solve problems at the expense of those pedagogical abilities that manifest themselves most fully and vividly);principle of originality and novelty impact requires constant replenishment and expansion of the arsenal of ped. methods and means, to-rye will allow each meeting with the pupil to be extraordinary and memorable;cultural principle ped. activity involves the use of means, methods and techniques in ped. interaction from various related fields: art, psychotherapy, medicine, etc.;sensorological principle technological ped. activity determines that the success of ped. interaction depends on the sensations that accompany it: color, smells, sounds, etc. Developed by N.E. Shchurkova.
PRINCIPLES OF A HOLISTIC PEDAGOGICAL PROCESS (ped.) - initial provisions that determine the content, forms, methods, means and nature of interaction in a holistic ped. process; guiding ideas, regulatory requirements for its organization and conduct. They are in the nature of the most general instructions, rules, norms governing the entire process.
Accessibility in education and upbringing (in ped.) - the principle, according to Krom, educational and educational work is built taking into account the age, individual and gender characteristics of students, their level of education and upbringing. In accordance with this principle, the teaching of the material is carried out with gradual increase difficulties from the simple to the complex, from the known to the unknown. But this principle cannot be interpreted as a reduction in requirements; it orients the teacher to the immediate prospects for the development of the child.
Individual approach in education - the implementation of the pedagogical process, taking into account the individual characteristics of students (temperament, character, abilities, inclinations, motives, interests, etc.) towards each child.
The collective nature of upbringing and education in combination with the development of the individual characteristics of the personality of each child- the implementation of this principle is the organization of both individual and frontal work, and group work, which requires participants to be able to cooperate, coordinate collaboration to be in constant interaction. Socialization in the process of educational interaction unites the interests of the individual with the public.
visibility (in ped.) - the principle, according to Krom, training is based on specific samples, directly perceived by students not only through visual, but also motor, as well as tactile sensations. N. in the educational process, provided with the help of a variety of illustrations, demonstrations, TSO, laboratory and practical work and computerization, enriches the range of ideas of students, develops observation and thinking, and helps to more deeply assimilate educational material.
Science in education and upbringing - the principle, according to Krom, students are offered for assimilation only firmly established positions in science and teaching methods are used that are close in nature to the methods of science, the basics of which are studied. It is necessary to acquaint students with the history of the most important discoveries and modern ideas and hypotheses; actively use problematic research teaching methods, active learning technology. Remember that no matter how elementary the transmitted knowledge may be, it should not contradict science.
The principle of cultural conformity - the maximum use in the upbringing and education of the culture of that environment, nation, society, country, region, in which a particular educational institution is located.
The principle of natural conformity - the starting position, requiring that the leading link in any educational interaction and ped. process acted as a child (teenager) with its specific characteristics and level of development. The nature of the pupil, the state of his health, physical, physiological, mental and social. development - the main and determining factors of education, playing the role of environmental protection of man.
The principle of cooperation - orientation in the process of education to the priority of the individual; creation of favorable conditions for its self-determination, self-realization and self-promotion in development; organization of joint life activities of adults and children on the basis of intersubjective relations, dialogical interaction, the predominance of empathy in interpersonal relationships.
Strength, awareness and effectiveness of the results of education and training - the principle, the essence of which is that the mastery of knowledge, skills, abilities and worldview ideas is achieved only when they are thoroughly comprehended and well assimilated, and are stored in memory for a long time. This principle is implemented through constant, thoughtful and systematic repetition, exercise, consolidation, testing and evaluation of knowledge, skills, habits and norms and rules of conduct.
Relationship between theory and practice - a principle that requires a harmonious connection of scientific knowledge with practice Everyday life. Theory gives knowledge of the world, practice teaches how to effectively influence it. It is implemented by creating conditions for the transition in the process of training and education from concrete-practical thinking to abstract-theoretical and vice versa, applying the knowledge gained in practice, forming an understanding that practice acts as a source of abstract thinking and as a criterion for the truth of the knowledge obtained.
Systematic and consistent - observance of logical connections in the learning process, which ensures the assimilation of educational material in a larger volume and more firmly. S. and p. allow you to achieve great results in less time. Implemented in various forms planning and in a certain way organized training.
Consciousness, activity, self-activity - the principle, the essence of which boils down to the fact that the student's own cognitive activity is an important factor in learning and education and has a decisive influence on the pace, depth and strength of mastering the transferred amount of knowledge and norms and the speed of developing skills, habits and habits. Conscious participation in the educational process enhances its developmental influence. Contribute to the implementation of this principle methods and techniques of activation of cognitive activity and technology of active learning.
Respect for the personality of the child, combined with reasonable demands on him - a principle that requires the teacher to respect the pupil as a person. A peculiar form of respect for the personality of the child is reasonable exactingness, the educational potential of a cut increases significantly if it is objectively expedient, dictated by the needs of the educational process, the tasks of the full development of the personality. The exactingness of students must be combined with the exactingness of the teacher to himself, taking into account the opinion of his pupils about himself. Respect for the individual implies reliance on the positive in a person (cf.achievement motivation).
TEACHER PROFESSIONAL - a document in which a complete qualification description of a teacher is given from the standpoint of the requirements for his knowledge, skills and abilities; to his personality, abilities, psycho-physiological capabilities and level of training.
PROCESS OF EDUCATION - process ped. interaction, in Krom, in accordance with the requirements of the individual and society, an organized educational influence arises, which has as its goal the formation of the personality, the organization and stimulation of the vigorous activity of the educated in mastering their social. and spiritual experiences, values and attitudes.
PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT - the process of a natural change in personality as a result of its socialization. Possessing natural anatomical and physiological prerequisites for the formation of personality, in the process of socialization, the child interacts with the outside world, mastering the achievements of mankind. The abilities and functions that develop in the course of this process reproduce in the personality the historically formed human qualities. The mastery of reality in the child is carried out in his activity with the help of adults: thus, the process of upbringing is the leading one in the development of his personality. R. l. is carried out in an activity controlled by a system of motives inherent in a given person. In the very general view R. l. can be represented as a process of entry of a person into a new social. environment and integration in it as a result of this process. With the successful completion of integration in a highly developed pro-social community, a person acquires such qualities as humanity, trust in people, justice, self-determination, exactingness towards oneself, etc., etc.
professional development - growth, formation of professionally significant personal qualities and abilities, professional knowledge and skills, active qualitative transformation by a person of his inner world, leading to a fundamentally new structure and way of life - creative self-realization in the profession.
mental development - complex dynamic system quantitative and qualitative changes in intellectual activity a person as a result of mastering by him the experience corresponding to the socio-historical conditions in which he lives, the age and individual characteristics of his psyche.Level RU. - a set of knowledge, skills and mental actions formed during their assimilation, free operation of them in the processes of thinking, ensuring the assimilation of new knowledge and skills in a certain amount. Information about the level of R. at. m.b. obtained either by long-term psychol.-ped. observations, or by conducting diagnostic tests using special techniques.
SELF-EDUCATION - conscious and purposeful activity of a person to form and improve positive and eliminate negative qualities. The main condition for S. is the presence of true knowledge about oneself, correct self-esteem, self-awareness, clearly conscious goals, ideals, personal meanings. S. is inextricably linked with education.
SELF-EDUCATION - specially organized, amateur, systematic cognitive activity aimed at achieving certain personally and (or) socially significant educational goals: satisfaction of cognitive interests, general cultural and professional needs and professional development. It is usually built on the model of systematized forms of education, but is regulated by the subject himself.
Professional self-education of a teacher - multicomponent personally and professionally significant independent cognitive activity of the teacher, includinggeneral education, subject, psychological and pedagogical andmethodical self-education. S. contributes to the formation individual style professional activity, helps to comprehend ped. experience and own independent activity, is a means of self-knowledge and self-improvement. Types of S. at. P.:background general education, background ped., promising andactual. Developed by G. M. Code-jaspirova.
SELF-EDUCATION - the process of obtaining knowledge by a person through his own aspirations and independently chosen means.
SELF-DETERMINATION OF THE PERSON - the process and result of a conscious choice by a person of his own position, goals and means of self-realization in specific circumstances of life.
SELF-ESTEEM - a person's assessment of himself, his strengths and weaknesses, opportunities, qualities, his place among other people. S. happensrelevant (how a person sees and evaluates himself at the present time),retrospective (how a person sees and evaluates himself in relation to previous stages of life),ideal (how a person would like to see himself, his reference ideas about himself),reflexive (how, from the point of view of a person, people around him evaluate him).
SELF-REALIZATION OF THE PERSON - the most complete identification of the personality of their individual and professional capabilities.
THE PEDAGOGICAL SYSTEM - a set of interrelated means, methods and processes necessary to create an organized, purposeful ped. influence on the formation of a personality with given qualities.
PEDAGOGICAL TOOLS - material objects and objects of spiritual culture, intended for the organization and implementation of ped. process and performing functions of student development; subject support ped. process, as well as a variety of activities, which include pupils: work, play, teaching, communication, knowledge.
Pedagogical software tools - application software packages for use in the learning process in various subjects.
Teaching aids (TUT) - devices and devices that serve to improve the ped. process, improving the efficiency and quality of education through the demonstration of audiovisual aids.
SUBJECT (from lat. subjectum - subject) - the carrier of subject-practical activity and knowledge, carrying out a change in other people and in oneself. The subjectivity of a person is manifested in his life, communication, self-consciousness.
TECHNOLOGY OF TRAINING AND EDUCATION (EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY) - a new (since the 50s) direction in ped. science, which is engaged in the design of optimal learning systems, the design of educational processes. It is a system of methods, techniques, steps, the sequence of implementation of which provides a solution to the problems of education, training and development of the personality of the pupil, and the activity itself is presented procedurally, that is, as a certain system of actions; development and procedural implementation of ped components. process in the form of a system of actions that provides a guaranteed result. P. t. serves as a concretization of the methodology. At the heart of T. o. and in. lies the idea of complete controllability of the educational process, design and reproducibility of teaching and educational cycles.
ASSOCIATION - mastery of a person in the process of learning actions, concepts, forms of behavior developed by society. It takes place in several stages:perception, understanding, memorization, possibility of practical use (application).
TEACHING - in a special way organized cognition; cognitive activity of trainees, aimed at mastering the amount of knowledge, skills, ways of learning activities.
THE FORM (in Ped.) - a way of existence of the educational process, a shell for its inner essence, logic and content. F. is primarily related to the number of trainees, the time and place of training, and the procedure for its implementation.
Forms of organization of the educational process - forms within which the educational process is carried out; a system of expedient organization of collective and individual activities of pupils. F. o. in. items are added up depending ondirections educational work (forms of aesthetic education, physical education, etc.);quantities participants (group, mass, individual).
Forms of organization of training - external expression of the coordinated activity of the teacher and students, carried out in a certain order and mode:lesson, excursions, homework, consultations, seminar, electives, workshops, additional classes.
GOAL - 1) one of the elements of behavior, conscious activity, to-ry is characterized by anticipation in the mind, thinking of the result of activity and ways, ways to achieve it; 2) a conscious image of the anticipated result, the achievement of which is directed by the action of a person.
Goal-setting pedagogical - a conscious process of identifying and setting goals and objectives of the ped. activities; the teacher's need to plan his work, readiness to change tasks depending on the ped. situations; the ability to transform social goals into the goals of joint activities with pupils.
Pedagogical expediency - measure ped. intervention, reasonable sufficiency. Providing independence and opportunities for self-expression to the pupil himself.
The purpose of education - theoretical generalization and expression of the needs of society in a certain type of personality, ideal requirements for its essence, individuality, properties and qualities, mental, physical, moral, aesthetic development and attitude to life.
Purpose of education - educational ideal, set by the social. ordered and implemented through various approaches.Extensive Model C. o. - transfer of the fullest possible amount of accumulated experience, cultural achievements, assistance to the student in self-determination on this cultural basis.productive model - preparing students for those types of activities, to which he will be engaged, and for the structure of employment, which supports the development of social. community and its own development.intensive model - preparing students, on the basis of the development of their universal qualities, not only for the development of certain knowledge, but also for their constant improvement and development of their own creative potentials.
Purpose pedagogical - the result of the interaction between the teacher and the student, formed in the mind of the teacher in the form of generalized mental representations, in accordance with which all other components of the ped are then selected and correlated with each other. process.
Purpose of pedagogical research - identification of cause-and-effect relationships and patterns in ped. phenomena and the development of theories and techniques based on them.
Authoritarian education is an educational concept that provides for the subordination of the pupil to the will of the educator, based on the suppression of initiative and independence, preventing the development of the child's activity and individuality.
Acmeology is a science that studies the patterns and facts of achieving the heights of professionalism, creative longevity of a person.
Analysis is a method of scientific research by decomposing an object into its component parts or by mentally dismembering an object by means of logical abstraction.
Education is a purposeful, specially organized activity of educators and pupils to create conditions (material, spiritual, organizational) for the development of the individual.
Deviant behavior is behavior that deviates from the norm.
Deductive methods are logical methods of generalizing empirically obtained data, suggesting the movement of thought from a general judgment to a particular conclusion.
Democratic style is a style of communication between a teacher and students, focused on increasing the student's subjective role in interaction, on involving everyone in solving common problems. Teachers who adhere to this style are characterized by an active-positive attitude towards students, an adequate assessment of their capabilities, successes and failures, they tend to have a deep understanding of the student, the goals and motives of his behavior, and the ability to predict the development of his personality.
Activity is a specific form of social and historical existence of people, internal (mental) and external (physical) activity of a person, regulated by a conscious goal.
Didactics is a branch of pedagogy, the theory of education and training.
Didactic tasks - the tasks of managing educational and cognitive activities.
Didactic material is a system of objects, each of which is intended to be used in the learning process as a material or materialized model of a particular system, identified within the framework of public knowledge and experience, and serves as a means of solving some didactic task.
Debate is a method of forming judgments, assessments and beliefs in the process of cognitive and value-oriented activity, which does not require definite and final decisions.
Identification is the establishment of the identity of an object to a sample.
Inductive methods are logical methods of generalizing empirically obtained data, suggesting the movement of thought from particular judgments to a general conclusion.
Innovation is a purposeful change that introduces new, relatively stable elements into a certain social unit - an organization, a settlement, a society, a group.
Consultation is one of the forms of organization of educational activities, which is carried out with individual students in order to fill gaps in knowledge, develop skills, and satisfy increased interest in the subject. Unlike extra classes consultations, as a rule, are episodic, as they are organized as needed. There are current, thematic and general (for example, in preparation for exams or tests) consultations.
Laboratory work is an independent group of practical methods that combine practical activities with organized observations of students.
Methodological techniques are the constituent elements (parts, details) of the method, which in relation to the method are of a private subordinate nature, do not have an independent pedagogical task, but are subordinate to the task pursued by this method.
Methods of control - methods by which the effectiveness of educational, cognitive and other activities of pupils and the pedagogical work of the teacher is determined.
Teaching methods are ways of professional interaction between a teacher and students in order to solve educational problems.
Methods of pedagogical research - ways of studying pedagogical phenomena, obtaining scientific information in order to establish regular connections, relationships and build scientific theories.
Observation is a purposeful perception of any pedagogical phenomenon; in its process, the researcher receives specific factual material.
Education is a single process of physical and spiritual formation of a person, a process of socialization, consciously oriented towards some ideal images, historically conditioned social standards more or less clearly fixed in the public consciousness.
The educational system is a complex of educational institutions.
Education is a joint purposeful activity of a teacher and students, during which the development of the personality, its education and upbringing are carried out.
The object of pedagogy is the phenomena of reality that determine the development of the human individual in the process of the purposeful activity of society.
Pedagogical activity is a special type of social (professional) activity aimed at realizing the goals of education.
The pedagogical task is the desired image, the model of the final state, the expected result of the interaction between the teacher and the student, in accordance with which the pedagogical process is carried out. The subject of the pedagogical task is the knowledge of students, their personal and business qualities, relationships, etc.
The pedagogical system is a set of interconnected structural components united by a single educational goal of personality development and functioning in a holistic educational process.
Pedagogical technology is a consistent, interdependent system of actions of a teacher associated with the use of a particular set of methods of education and training and carried out in the pedagogical process in order to solve various pedagogical problems.
The pedagogical process is a specially organized (from a systemic point of view) interaction of teachers and pupils (pedagogical interaction) regarding the content of education using the means of training and education (pedagogical means) in order to solve the problems of education aimed at meeting the needs of both society and the individual himself in its development and self-development.
Pedagogical interaction is a process that takes place between the educator and the pupil in the course of educational work and is aimed at developing the personality of the child.
Encouragement is a way of expressing a positive public assessment of the behavior and activities of an individual student or team.
Practical classes are one of the forms of organization of educational activities; are used in the study of disciplines of the natural science cycle, as well as in the process of labor and vocational training; are carried out in laboratories and workshops, in classrooms and in training and experimental areas, etc.
The subject of pedagogy is education as a real holistic pedagogical process, purposefully organized in special social institutions (family, educational and cultural institutions).
Working curricula - curricula developed taking into account the requirements of the state standard for educational areas, but additionally taking into account the national-regional component, the possibilities of methodological, informational, technical support of the educational process, the level of preparedness of students.
Reproductive methods - methods of organizing the activities of students, which involve the reproduction and repetition of the method of activity on the instructions of the teacher.
Self-education is a systematic and conscious human activity aimed at self-development and the formation of a basic personality culture. Self-education is designed to strengthen and develop the ability to voluntarily fulfill obligations - both personal and based on the requirements of the team, to form moral and volitional qualities, the necessary habits of behavior.
Seminars are one of the forms of organization of educational activities. The essence of the seminars is a collective discussion of the proposed questions, messages, abstracts, reports prepared by students under the guidance of a teacher.
Synthesis is a method of studying a subject in its entirety, in the unity and interconnection of its parts.
Socialization (from lat. socialis - public) - the development and self-realization of a person throughout his life in the process of assimilation and reproduction of the culture of society.
Socio-psychological climate in the team - a system of emotional and psychological states of the team, reflecting the nature of the relationship between its members in the process of joint activities and communication.
The style of pedagogical communication is a stable unity of the methods and means of the activity of the teacher and students.
Management is an activity aimed at making decisions, organizing, controlling, regulating the object of management in accordance with given purpose, analysis and summing up based on reliable information.
Teaching aids are material teaching aids used in the educational process and designed to expand, deepen and better assimilate the knowledge provided for by the curriculum.
The curriculum is a normative document that reveals the content of knowledge, skills and abilities in the subject, the logic of studying the main worldview ideas, indicating the sequence of topics, questions and the total dosage of time for their study.
An elective is one of the forms of differentiated education and upbringing, the main task of which is to deepen and expand knowledge, develop the abilities and interests of students. The elective works according to a specific program that does not duplicate the curriculum.
The integrity of the pedagogical process is a synthetic quality of the pedagogical process that characterizes highest level its development, the result of stimulating conscious actions and activities of the subjects functioning in it.
Authoritarian style- the style of communication between the teacher and students, when the teacher alone decides all issues related to the life of both the class team and each student. Based on his own attitudes, he determines the goals of interaction, subjectively evaluates the results of activities.
Author's training programs- curricula that, taking into account the requirements of the state standard, may contain a different logic for constructing an academic subject, their own points of view regarding the phenomena and processes being studied, if there is a review from scientists in this subject area, teachers, psychologists, methodologists, they are approved by the pedagogical council of the school.
Acmeology- a science that studies the patterns and facts of achieving the heights of professionalism, creative longevity of a person.
Analysis- a method of scientific research by decomposing an object into its component parts or mentally dismembering an object by logical abstraction.
Basic curriculum of a general education school- the main state normative document, which is an integral part of the state standard in this field of education. It serves as the basis for the development of standard and working curricula and the source document for school funding. The basic curriculum as part of the education standard for basic schools is approved by the State Duma, and for complete and secondary schools - by the Ministry of General and Vocational Education of the Russian Federation.
Conversation- a question-answer method of active interaction between a teacher and students, which is used at all stages of the educational process: to communicate new knowledge, to consolidate, repeat, test and evaluate knowledge.
Intraschool management- purposeful, conscious interaction of participants in a holistic pedagogical process based on the knowledge of its objective laws in order to achieve an optimal result.
Upbringing - specially organized activities of teachers and pupils to achieve the goals of education in the conditions of the pedagogical process.
Deviant behavior- Behavior that deviates from the norm.
Deductive methods - logical methods of generalization of data obtained empirically, suggesting the movement of thought from a general judgment to a particular conclusion.
Actions- processes, the motives of which are in the activity in which they are included.
Democratic style- the style of communication between the teacher and students, focused on increasing the subjective role of the student in the interaction, and involving everyone in solving common problems. Teachers who adhere to this style are characterized by an active-positive attitude towards students, an adequate assessment of their capabilities, successes and failures, they are characterized by a deep understanding of the student, the goals and motives of his behavior, the ability to predict the development of his personality.
Activity - internal (mental) and external (physical) activity of a person, regulated by a conscious goal.
Diagnosis in pedagogy assessment of the general state of the pedagogical process or its individual components at one time or another of its functioning on the basis of a comprehensive, holistic examination.
Didactics- a part of pedagogy that sets out the theoretical foundations of education and training.
Didactic tasks - tasks of managing educational and cognitive activities
Didactic material - a system of objects, each of which is intended to be used in the learning process as a material or materialized model of a particular system, identified within the framework of public knowledge and experience, and serves as a means of solving some didactic task.
Dispute- the method of forming judgments, assessments and beliefs in the process of cognitive and value-oriented activity, does not require definite and final decisions. The dispute perfectly matches the age characteristics of a high school student, whose emerging personality is characterized by a passionate search for the meaning of life, the desire not to take anything for granted, the desire to compare facts in order to establish the truth.
Distance learning is a form of receiving educational services at a distance without visiting educational institutions with the help of modern information and educational technologies and telecommunications systems, such as Email, TV and Internet.
dogmatic training a type of collective organization of cognitive activity, widespread in the Middle Ages, it is characterized by teaching Latin, the main activities of students were listening and rote learning.
Additional lessons - one of the forms of organizing educational activities, which is carried out with individual students or a group of students in order to fill gaps in knowledge, develop skills, and satisfy an increased interest in a school subject. In additional classes, teachers practice various types of assistance: clarification of individual issues, attaching weak students to strong ones, re-explaining the topic.
Identification- establishing the identity of an object.
Inductive Methods- logical methods of generalization of data obtained empirically, suggesting the movement of thought from particular judgments to a general conclusion.
Induction- logical reasoning, moving from statements of a less general nature to a statement of a more general nature.
Innovation- a purposeful change that introduces new, relatively stable elements into a certain social unit - an organization, a settlement, a society, a group.
briefing- one of the methods that provides an explanation and demonstration to students of the purpose, tasks and method of performing certain actions, the sequence of operations that make up a particular skill.
Interview- the most flexible method of collecting information, involving a conversation (according to a certain plan), based on direct, personal contact.
research method- a way of organizing the search, creative activity of students to solve new problems for them. The teacher presents this or that problem for independent research, knows its result, the course of the solution, and those features of creative activity that are required to be shown in the course of the solution.
Combined control- one of the types of control, the essence of which is that several students are called to the board for an answer at once, of which one answers orally, two or more prepare to answer at the blackboard, some students perform written assignments on cards, and the rest participate in survey. The advantages of this method are that it allows a thorough examination of several students in a short period of time; It is used when all the material is learned and there is a need to check the knowledge of several students at once.
Consultations- one of the forms of organizing educational activities that is carried out with individual students or a group of students in order to fill gaps in knowledge, develop skills and abilities, satisfy an increased interest in a school subject, but unlike additional classes, they are usually episodic, since they are organized as needed. There are current, thematic and general (for example, in preparation for exams or tests) consultations.
Laboratory works- an independent group of practical methods that combine practical actions with organized observations of students. In school conditions, frontal and individual laboratory work is usually carried out. Conducting a laboratory experiment ends with the preparation of brief reports containing sketches, diagrams, drawings, tables and theoretical conclusions.
Lecture (at school)- adapted to the conditions of the school, the main form of the lecture-seminar system. School lectures are successfully used in the study of both the humanities and the natural sciences. As a rule, these are introductory and generalizing lectures. In school conditions, a lecture in many respects approaches a story, but is much longer in time, it can take up the lesson time entirely.
Machine control- a type of programmed control, when students are asked to choose the correct one from several possible answers.
Method of illustration and demonstration- one of the methods of organizing the activities of schoolchildren, the essence of which lies in the visual presentation (showing) to students of natural objects, phenomena, processes or their layouts, models and images, depending on specific educational tasks.
Problem presentation method- a method of organizing the activities of schoolchildren, the essence of which is that the teacher poses a problem and solves it himself, thereby showing students the way to solve it in its genuine, but accessible to students contradictions, revealing the train of thought when moving along the path of cognition, while students mentally follow behind the logic of presentation, assimilating the stages of solving the problem.
Methodological techniques- the constituent elements (parts, details) of the method, which in relation to the method are of a private subordinate nature, do not have an independent pedagogical task, but are subordinate to the task pursued by this method.
Control methods- methods by which the effectiveness of educational and cognitive and other activities of pupils and the pedagogical work of the teacher is determined.
Teaching methods- ways of professional interaction of the teacher and students with the goal. Solutions of educational problems.
Methods of pedagogical research- ways of studying pedagogical phenomena, obtaining scientific information about them in order to establish regular connections, relationships and build scientific theories.
Observation- purposeful perception of any pedagogical phenomenon, during which the researcher receives specific factual material.
Punishment- such an impact on the personality of the student, which expresses the condemnation of actions and deeds that are contrary to the norms of social behavior, and forces students to follow them unswervingly.
Education- a single process of physical and spiritual formation of the individual, the process of socialization, consciously oriented towards some ideal images, historically conditioned, more or less clearly fixed in the public consciousness social standards.
Education as a social phenomenon- a relatively independent system, the functions of which are the education and upbringing of members of society, focused on the acquisition of certain knowledge (primarily scientific), ideological and moral values, skills, habits, norms of behavior, the content of which is ultimately determined by the socio-economic and political system of a given society and the level of its material and technical development.
Education system- a complex of educational institutions.
Education- a specific way of education aimed at developing the personality by organizing the assimilation of scientific knowledge and methods of activity by students.
Object of Pedagogy- phenomena of reality that determine the development of the human individual in the process of purposeful activity of society.
Explanatory-illustrative method- a method of organizing the activities of schoolchildren, the essence of which is that the teacher communicates the finished information by various means, and the students perceive, realize and fix this information in memory. The teacher communicates information with the help of the spoken word (story, lecture, explanation), printed word (textbook, additional aids), visual aids (pictures, diagrams, films and filmstrips), practical demonstration of methods of activity (showing experience, working on the machine, examples of declension, problem solving method, etc.).
Operations- processes, the goals of which are in the action of which they are an element.
Pedagogy- a science that studies the essence, patterns, trends and prospects for the development of the pedagogical process (education) as a factor and means of human development throughout his life.
Pedagogical activity- a special type of social (professional) activity aimed at realizing the goals of education.
Pedagogical task- this is a materialized situation of upbringing and education (pedagogical situation), characterized by the interaction of teachers and pupils with a specific goal.
Pedagogical system- a set of interrelated structural components, united by a single educational goal of personality development and functioning in a holistic pedagogical process.
Pedagogical technology- a consistent, interdependent system of teacher actions associated with the use of a particular set of methods of education and training and carried out in the pedagogical process in order to solve various pedagogical problems: structuring and concretizing the goals of the pedagogical process; transformation of the content of education into educational material; analysis of intersubject and intrasubject communications; choice of methods, means and organizational forms of the pedagogical process, etc.
Pedagogical process- specially organized (from a systemic point of view) interaction of teachers and pupils (pedagogical interaction) regarding the content of education using teaching and upbringing tools (pedagogical means) in order to solve the problems of education aimed at meeting the needs of both society and the individual himself in his development and self-development.
Pedagogical experiment- research activity with the aim of studying cause-and-effect relationships in pedagogical phenomena, which involves experimental modeling of a pedagogical phenomenon and the conditions for its occurrence; active influence of the researcher on the pedagogical phenomenon; measuring the results of pedagogical impact and interaction.
Pedagogical interaction- deliberate contact (long-term or temporary) between the teacher and pupils, which results in mutual changes in their behavior, activities and relationships.
Written survey- a method of control, which is carried out as follows: individual students are offered control tasks by cards.
Encouragement - a way of expressing a positive public assessment of the behavior and activities of an individual student or team .
Permissive style - the style of communication of a teacher who takes a passive position, who has chosen the tactics of non-interference in the creative pedagogical process, who is not interested in the problems of both the school and students, evading responsibility for the final, as a rule, negative results in teaching and educating schoolchildren.
Workshops- one of the forms of organization of educational activities; are used in the study of disciplines of the natural science cycle, as well as in the process of labor and vocational training; are carried out in laboratories and workshops, in classrooms and in training and experimental areas, etc.
Practical control- a control method used to identify the formation of certain skills and abilities of practical work or formed motor skills. It is used in drawing lessons (in elementary grades), labor, physical education, mathematics, physics, chemistry.
Preliminary control- control aimed at identifying the knowledge, skills and abilities of students in the subject or section that will be studied.
Subject of Pedagogy- education as a real holistic pedagogical process, purposefully organized in special social institutions (family, educational and cultural institutions).
accustoming- organization of planned and regular performance by children of certain actions in order to turn them into habitual forms of social behavior.
Working with a book- one of the verbal methods of organizing educational activities. Work with the book is carried out at all stages of learning, it is usually combined with the use of other methods, primarily methods of oral presentation of knowledge.
Working training programs- curricula developed taking into account the requirements of the state standard for educational areas, but additionally taking into account the national-regional component, the possibilities of methodological, informational, technical support of the educational process, the level of preparedness of students.
Story- a consistent presentation of predominantly factual material, carried out in a descriptive or narrative form. It is widely used in teaching humanities, as well as in presenting bibliographic material, characterizing images, describing objects, natural phenomena, and social events.
reproductive methods- methods of organizing the activities of schoolchildren, which involve the reproduction and repetition of the method of activity on the instructions of the teacher.
self-education- systematic and conscious human activity aimed at self-development and the formation of a basic culture of the individual. Self-education is designed to strengthen and develop the ability to voluntarily fulfill obligations, both personal and basic on the requirements of the team, to form moral and volitional qualities, the necessary habits of behavior.
Seminars- one of the forms of organization of educational activities, which is used in high school in the study of humanitarian subjects. The essence of the seminars is a collective discussion of the proposed questions, messages, abstracts, reports prepared by students under the guidance of a teacher.
Synthesis- a method of studying the subject in its integrity, in the unity and interconnection of its parts.
Socialization- the process of assimilation by an individual during his life of social norms and cultural values of the society to which he belongs. It is a difficult, lifelong learning process.
Socio-psychological climate in the team- a system of emotional and psychological states of the team, reflecting the nature of the relationship between its members in the process of joint activity and communication.
Style of pedagogical communication- sustainable unity of methods and means of activity of the teacher and students, their subject-subjective interaction.
Lesson structure- the ratio of the elements of the lesson in their specific sequence and interconnection with each other.
current control- control that is carried out in everyday work in order to check the assimilation of the previous material and identify gaps in the knowledge of students; It is carried out primarily with the help of the teacher's systematic observation of the work of the class as a whole and of each student individually at all stages of education.
Thematic control- control, which is carried out periodically as the passage of a new topic, section and aims to systematize students' knowledge.
Technology for constructing educational information- the process of making pedagogical decisions under the conditions of a system of restrictions and prescriptions that are dictated by established norms (what and to what extent students should learn from the given information), the initial level of preparedness of students for the perception of educational information, the capabilities of the teacher himself, as well as the school in which it works.
Model Curriculum- this academic plan, which is developed on the basis of the state basic curriculum and approved by the Ministry of General and Vocational Education of the Russian Federation and is of a recommendatory nature.
Model Curricula- curricula that are developed on the basis of the requirements of the state educational standard for a particular educational area, are approved by the Ministry of General and Vocational Education of the Russian Federation and are advisory in nature.
Control- activities aimed at making decisions, organizing, controlling, regulating the control object in accordance with a given goal, analyzing and summing up based on reliable information.
Managerial culture of the head of the school- a measure and method of creative self-realization of the personality of the head of the school in various types of management activities aimed at mastering, transferring and creating values and technologies in school management.
An exercise- systematically organized activity, involving the repeated repetition of any actions in order to form certain skills and abilities or improve them.
oral questioning- a method of control, which is carried out in an individual form in order to identify the teacher's knowledge, skills and abilities of individual students. The student is asked to answer general question, which is subsequently broken down into a number of more specific, clarifying ones.
Oral face-to-face interview- a method of monitoring the level of knowledge, skills and abilities of students, which requires a series of logically interconnected questions on a small amount of material. With a frontal simultaneous questioning of several students, the teacher expects them to give short, concise answers from the spot.
Study conference- a form of organization of the pedagogical process, pursuing the goal of summarizing the material on any section of the program and requiring a lot of preparatory work (observations, generalization of excursion materials, setting up experiments, studying literary sources, etc.). Conferences can be held in all academic subjects and at the same time go far beyond the curricula.
Training program- a normative document that reveals the content of knowledge, skills and abilities in the subject, the logic of studying the main worldview ideas, indicating the sequence of topics, questions and the total dosage of time for their study.
Educational discussions- one of the verbal methods, a prerequisite for which is the presence of at least two opposing opinions on the issue under discussion. Naturally, in an educational discussion that allows students to learn with a certain depth and in accordance, the last word should be with the teacher, although this does not mean that his conclusions are the ultimate truth.
Educational material- a system of ideal models, represented by material or materialized models of didactic material and intended for use in educational activities.
The curriculum of the secondary school- the curriculum, which is compiled in compliance with the standards of the basic curriculum. There are two types of school curricula: the school's own curriculum (developed by it on the basis of the state basic curriculum for a long period and reflecting the characteristics of a particular school) and working curriculum (developed taking into account current conditions and approved by the school's pedagogical council annually).
Academic subject- a system of scientific knowledge, practical skills, with their age-related cognitive capabilities, the main starting points of science or aspects of culture, labor, production.
An elective is one of the forms of differentiated education and upbringing, the main task of which is to deepen and expand knowledge, develop the abilities and interests of students. The elective works according to a specific program that does not duplicate the curriculum.
Integrity of the pedagogical process- the synthetic quality of the pedagogical process, characterizing the highest level of its development, the result of stimulating conscious actions and the activities of the subjects functioning in it.
The purpose of modern education- the development of those personality traits that she and society need to be included in socially valuable activities.
Excursion- a specific educational activity, transferred in accordance with a specific educational or educational goal to an enterprise, museum, exhibition, field, farm, etc.
Two heads and six legs; four walk, and two lie still
Self-esteem - what is it: concept, structure, types and levels
Cassandra's Path, or Pasta Adventures War on Earth and Underground