Secrets of psychological warfare. G

Krysko V.G.

SECRETS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WAR

(goals, objectives, methods, forms, experience)
The concept of "psychological warfare" has two main meanings.

A close relationship exists between color and sound. So, the colors corresponding to the even intonations of the human voice are green and purple. They are associated with negligible expression. Yellow, black and red, on the contrary, carry a very strong emotional charge. Red and yellow colors are associated with the voices of the announcers who are in a state of positive mood. The voices of people in a state of depression, apathy and anxiety are strongly associated with gray, blue and brown colors.

The blue color is most consistent with the state of sadness, gray and brown - fear and fatigue. Thus, positive emotional states correspond to the red-yellow end of the spectrum, and negative ones to blue-violet. Normal, emotionally neutral expression corresponds to the middle - green part of the spectrum. Brightness and saturation also play a significant role: darker and less saturated colors are consistently associated with depressive, apathetic and anxious voices.

Certain combinations of colors have a very definite emotional impact. For example, the use of complementary colors creates harmony and maximum enjoyment. In turn, the wrong color combination contributes to anxiety and causes opposite feelings. By the way, the principle of the effect of color spots embedded in a computer virus is used to develop some methods for using psychotronic weapons.

The main purpose of using color in psychological warfare is the correct design of information and propaganda materials. Complementing and emotionally enriching their content with a gamut of colors, it is possible to provoke certain reactions of the object. In doing so, it is assumed that:

Properly chosen color scheme allows you to create the desired emotional background conducive to the perception and assimilation of the text;

colors that are incorrectly matched to the content cause displeasure;

· a negative reaction to the color combination can spread to the content of the text, which reduces the effectiveness of its psychological impact in general.

In addition, it is necessary to take into account the effect of color on the readability of inscriptions:

people notice color inscriptions 35% more often than black and white ones;

good visibility and clear perception are provided if colors are displayed: on yellow - black, on white - blue, green or black, on red - green and vice versa;

· Poor visibility and inadequate perception occur if colors are displayed: on white - red, orange or yellow, on black - orange, red, green and vice versa.

Thus, using the right choice colors allows you to create the desired emotional background, conducive to the perception and assimilation of the text. Incorrectly selected colors in relation to the content cause dissonance in emotional perception. In such cases, the negative reaction to the color combination can spread both to the content of the text and to those people who prepared it. This is used by specialists in psychological warfare, as well as dishonorable people and corrupt means. mass media.

3. Psychoanalytic (psycho-correctional) impact - this is the impact on the subconscious of a person by therapeutic means, especially in a state of hypnosis or deep sleep. There are also methods that eliminate the conscious resistance of both an individual and groups of people in the waking state. For example, in the USSR, Professor I.V. Smirnov, on the instructions of the Ministry of Defense, developed the technology of computer psychoanalysis and computer psycho-correction, which allows:

· carry out mathematical and statistical analysis of the body's reactions to external influences that occur during a very quick visual viewing or sound reading of various "stimuli" - words, images, phrases;

Absolutely accurately determine the presence in the subconscious of a person specific information and measure its significance for each person, reveal hidden motivation, true aspirations and inclinations of people;

on the basis of the identified and analyzed information, to receive complete picture neurotic, disturbing a person (or whole groups of people) states of the psyche;

If necessary, carry out targeted (at will - acting immediately or with a delay) correction of mental states, the main acting factor of which are words-commands, pictures-images and even smells-motivators of certain behavior.

In particular, in the process of sound control of the psyche of people and their behavior, verbal suggestions (commands) in an encoded form are output to any carrier of sound information (audio cassettes, radio or television programs, sound effects). A person listens to music or the sound of the surf in the rest room, follows the dialogues of the characters in the film, and does not suspect that they contain commands that are not perceived by consciousness, but are always recorded by the subconscious, forcing him to subsequently do what is prescribed.

4. Neuro-Linguistic Influence (NLP - Neuro-Linguistic Programming) - a type of psychological influence that changes people's motivation by introducing special linguistic programs into their minds.

At the same time, the main object of influence is the neurophysiological activity of the brain and the emotional-volitional states that arise due to it. The main means of influence are specially selected verbal (verbal) and non-verbal linguistic programs, the assimilation of the content of which allows you to change the beliefs, views and ideas of a person (both an individual and entire groups of people) in a given direction. The subject of neurolinguistic influence is a specialist (instructor).

The instructor first reveals the conflicting (conflicting) views and beliefs in the psyche, as well as the negative emotional states (experiences, moods, feelings) arising from this and disturbing people. At the next stage, through special techniques, he helps them to realize the discomfort of their real state (socio-economic, cultural, physical and, as a result, psychological) and makes changes in consciousness that make people perceive life situations differently and build relationships with other people.

It is interesting that after, under the influence of an instructor, a person "understands" what he "needs", he independently (but under the influence of the stereotype of perception embedded in his consciousness) begins to collect information about his daily activities, about his states and experiences. Comparing your real, present in this moment state with the desired (possible), he determines what resources he needs to mobilize and what exactly needs to be done in order to achieve comfort of feelings and moods.

Information for thought. The famous saying of the German general Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831) "War is the continuation of politics by other means" has long been a generally accepted truth. “The essence of politics is the struggle for power” is another axiom, which today also does not need to be confirmed by scientists.

The struggle for power, the dynamics of relations of domination and subordination certainly belongs to the sphere of socio-psychological phenomena, since it is always accompanied by a variety of psychological influences of people on each other.

CHAPTER 1. THE ESSENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WAR

What is the difference between conventional warfare (in the form of armed struggle) and psychological warfare?

1. The concept of psychological warfare

The concept of "psychological warfare" has two main meanings.

In the understanding of professionals (professionalism in psychological warfare implies the presence of specialists who, firstly, scientific knowledge about its specificity; secondly, those with special training, including practical experience in purposeful psychological impact on people) this concept reflects the content of the activities of special bodies of one state that have a psychological impact on the civilian population and (or) on the military personnel of another state in order to achieve their political, as well as purely military purposes.

Officially psychological warfare against foreign countries conducted only with the approval of the president, government or council national security. In fact, in countries with weak executive power and general disregard for the current legislation, psychological warfare is carried out with the help of the media controlled by certain political groups or financial and industrial groups (including transnational ones).

Quite precisely, the essence of professionally organized psychological warfare is expressed in the teachings of the ancient Chinese philosopher and military leader Sun Tzu (6th century BC). They come down to this:

1. Decompose everything good that is in the country of your enemy.

2. Involve prominent enemy figures in criminal enterprises.

3. Undermine the prestige of the enemy leadership and expose it to right moment to public disgrace.

4. Use for this purpose cooperation with the meanest and meanest people.

5. Kindle quarrels and clashes among the citizens of a country hostile to you.

6. Incite the youth against the old.

7. Interfere with the work of the government by all means.

8. Prevent by all means the normal supply of enemy troops and the maintenance of order in them.

9. Bind the will of the enemy warriors with songs and music.

10. Do your best to devalue the traditions of your enemies and undermine their faith in your gods.

11. Send women of easy virtue in order to complete the work of corruption.

12. Be generous with offers and gifts to buy information and accomplices. Don't skimp on money or promises at all, as they bring great results.

* In the ordinary sense * the term "psychological warfare" denotes the spontaneous, unskilled use of means of communication and mechanisms of socio-psychological influence by some people against other people in order to subjugate them to themselves or create favorable conditions for their existence and activities.

Psychological warfare in this form exists (is used) for as long as the person himself exists. However, in the distant past, people were able to influence each other only in the process of direct communication, influencing their interlocutors through words, intonation, gestures, facial expressions. Today, methods of influencing human consciousness have become much more diverse, effective and sophisticated thanks to the accumulated over the millennia practical experience, as well as through the creation of special technologies for communication, interaction and management of people.

The term "psychological warfare" in its non-scientific (everyday, everyday) meaning can characterize:

Political activities of individuals, groups, parties, movements;

Election campaigns of candidates for various elective posts;

The struggle of competing individuals (and small groups) for leadership in industrial, scientific and other teams;

Political, economic or cultural confrontation between conflicting ethnic groups;

Negotiation process between competing firms or organizations.

At present, in many economically developed states, forces and means of psychological influence are being united into one whole, designed to achieve military, ideological and political goals. This process takes various forms, depending on the historical traditions, political and economic conditions in a given country.

In some countries, they are following the path of creating psychological warfare units with personnel who are well trained, equipped, ready for practical action anywhere and anytime. These units are usually part of the armed forces of the state or its special services.

If necessary, they can also be used in Peaceful time, including against its own citizens. This approach has become widespread in the USA, the USSR, the FRG, the PRC, and in some other countries.

In other states, reduced psychological warfare units (peacetime staff) are included in civilian structures.

When there is no war, they are entrusted with the performance of a mandatory amount of propaganda and ideological tasks commissioned by the government and in the interests of national security. The authorities of Great Britain, France, Sweden, Switzerland and some other states adhere to a similar approach.

Finally, in a number of countries government bodies propaganda and the commercial media are led by cadre specialists in psychological warfare. They carry out constant propaganda and information support for the policy of the leadership of their countries. This practice is widespread in South Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia and the Philippines.

So, psychological warfare is a combination of various forms, methods and means of influencing people with the aim of changing their psychological characteristics (views, opinions, value orientations, moods, motives, attitudes, stereotypes of behavior), as well as group norms, mass moods, public consciousness in general.

Psychological influence can be carried out by various methods.

First, by psychological means proper. For example, in the pre-war period, the government of any country, through the media, seeks to form patriotic views and beliefs among its people (especially among military personnel), to ensure mass consciousness goal priority public policy. At the same time, a potential adversary is trying to instill into the minds of the population and military personnel of this state ideas and moods that are beneficial only to him, opposite in direction. For example, it incites nationalist prejudices, dissatisfaction with the political or economic activities of the government.

As a result, a struggle of motives takes place in the minds of people, which often leads to a decrease in the level of the moral and psychological state of the population and the personnel of the armed forces. All world powers did this on the eve of the First and Second World Wars, during various armed conflicts (in Korea, Vietnam, the Middle East and others).

Secondly, psychological influence can be carried out by military means. For example, the Soviet Union deployed its troops and missiles near the border with China, in Vietnam, on the territory of Cuba for the purpose of psychological pressure. The USSR and the USA have repeatedly sought to achieve their political goals through the demonstration of military force. One of classic examples psychological impact through a military demarche - sending 20 warships of the US Navy to the shores of Haiti in 1994.

The junta of General Cedras, which seized power there, experiencing, on the one hand, psychological pressure the world community, processed by the United States, and on the other hand, due to the direct threat of the use of military force, was forced to transfer the levers of control to President Aristide, who was overthrown by her. Two more examples are the systematic bombing by US aircraft of targets in Iraq and the use of NATO aircraft against Yugoslavia. Here the matter was not limited to one demonstration of force, war machine was launched.

Thirdly, a system of trade and financial sanctions aimed at economic undermining a potential adversary can be used for psychological impact. Thus, economic sanctions (including on behalf of the UN) against Iraq, Yugoslavia, Cuba, Libya, Sudan and a number of other countries entail a significant decrease in the standard of living of the majority of the population, numerous domestic difficulties, an increase in morbidity, malnutrition and, as a result, mass dissatisfaction of citizens with the existing situation.

Fourthly, psychological influence can be carried out by purely political means. For example, a demonstrative march held in Moscow in January 1999 by members of the nationalist organization A.

Barkashov "Russian National Unity" led to a fierce controversy between representatives of various political forces in Russia and intensified the confrontation between them.

2. Types of influence in psychological warfare

According to domestic and foreign experts, the psychological impact is divided into the following types:

1) information and psychological,

2) psychogenic,

3) psychoanalytic,

4) neuro-linguistic,

5) psychotronic,

6) psychotropic.

*one. Information-psychological impact* (often called information-propaganda, ideological) is the impact of the word, information.

The psychological impact of this type sets as its main goal the formation of certain ideological (social) ideas, views, ideas, beliefs, at the same time it causes positive or negative emotions, feelings and even violent mass reactions in people.

So, a leaflet, exerting a propaganda influence (i.e.

affecting consciousness), can simultaneously cause psychological experiences, for example, a feeling of homesickness, for the family. During the Second World War, Soviet leaflets with poems by E. Weinert “Think of your child”, distributed among German soldiers, had a strong emotional impact on them.

The text of a leaflet distributed by Soviet troops during the war in Afghanistan is another example of such an impact, designed for a mass response:

"Fighters of the Holy War! You know that some people, under the slogan of holy war, protect their own interests, pushing people to war. They themselves are in the luxurious palaces of Peshawar. We all know that they have accumulated wealth in Pakistan and in other countries. Such people will not let the fire of war go out to protect their personal interests. You know that the engineer Hekmatyar and Professor Rabbani and others who pose as champions of Islam violate the provisions of the Shariah and the Koran. They lead a wild life, and we are thrown into the muzzle of war. The truth is that peace in Afghanistan is not in the interests of these people and reconciliation is needed not by them, but by the Mujahideen, who are dying in the fire of war, leaving their families without breadwinners.

So think, who fights and becomes a victim, and who leads a wild life and replenishes his fortune?

*2. Psychogenic impact* is a consequence of:

A) physical impact on the brain of an individual, as a result of which there is a violation of normal neuropsychic activity.

For example, a person receives a brain injury, as a result of which he loses the ability to think rationally, his memory disappears, etc. Or he is exposed to such physical factors (sound, lighting, temperature, and others), which, through certain physiological reactions, change the state of his psyche;

B) the shock impact of environmental conditions or some events (for example, pictures of mass destruction, numerous victims, etc.) on a person’s consciousness, as a result of which he is not able to act rationally, loses orientation in space, experiences affect or depression, falls into a panic, into a stupor, etc.

The less a person is prepared for the psychotraumatic effects of the surrounding reality, the more pronounced are his mental trauma called psychogenic losses. Therefore, in the organs of psychological warfare of some states (for example, Israel) there are specialists whose task is not only to demoralize the population and personnel of the enemy troops, but also to provide real help to their military personnel for their recovery from psychogenic losses and quick commissioning.

A particular, but very indicative case of psychogenic influence is the influence of color on the psycho-physiological and emotional state of a person.

Thus, it has been experimentally established that under the influence of purple, red, orange and yellow colors, the breathing and pulse of a person quickens and deepens, his blood pressure rises, and green, blue, blue and purple colors have the opposite effect. The first group of colors is exciting, the second - soothing.

There are some patterns in the preference for certain colors:

- * a) Associated with the type of human nervous system. * So, people with a weak nervous system most often like red and yellow colors, people with strong nerves - green and blue.

- *b) Associated with the historical past of the ethnic group of which he is a representative, and with his individual life experience.* The red color, for example, is associated with the sight of blood or the reflection of a fire, and therefore causes anxiety and anxiety, increases activity.

The blue color, which appears in hereditary memory as the color of the sky, evokes a sentimental mood. Black color is identical to darkness and causes sadness.

white color in Western civilization It is customary to associate with light and purity, it causes an upbeat, solemn mood. However, in Japanese, Chinese and some other Asian cultures, it is combined with the concepts of cold and emptiness, the equivalent of which is death. Hence the white color of the burial shrouds and mourning clothes of the Japanese and Chinese, mourning coloring among primitive peoples.

A close relationship exists between color and sound. So, the colors corresponding to the even intonations of the human voice are green and purple. They are associated with negligible expression. Yellow, black and red, on the contrary, carry a very strong emotional charge. Red and yellow colors are associated with the voices of speakers who are in a state of positive mood. The voices of people in a state of depression, apathy and anxiety are strongly associated with gray, blue and brown colors.

Correctly chosen color scheme allows you to create the desired emotional background, conducive to the perception and assimilation of the text;

Colors mismatched to content cause displeasure;

A negative reaction to a color combination can spread to the content of the text, which reduces the effectiveness of its psychological impact in general.

In addition, it is necessary to take into account the effect of color on the readability of inscriptions:

People notice color inscriptions 35% more often than black and white;

Good visibility and clear perception are provided if colors are displayed: on yellow - black, on white - blue, green or black, on red - green and vice versa;

Poor visibility and inadequate perception occur if colors are displayed: on white - red, orange or yellow, on black - orange, red, green and vice versa.

Thus, the use of correctly selected colors allows you to create the desired emotional background, conducive to the perception and assimilation of the text. Incorrectly selected colors in relation to the content cause dissonance in emotional perception. In such cases, the negative reaction to the color combination can spread both to the content of the text and to those people who prepared it. This is used by specialists in psychological warfare, as well as dishonorable people and corrupt media.

*3. Psychoanalytic (psycho-correctional) impact* is an impact on the subconscious of a person by therapeutic means, especially in a state of hypnosis or deep sleep. There are also methods that eliminate the conscious resistance of both an individual and groups of people in the waking state. For example, in the USSR, Professor I.V. Smirnov, on the instructions of the Ministry of Defense, developed the technology of computer psychoanalysis and computer psycho-correction, which allows:

To carry out mathematical and statistical analysis of the body's reactions to external influences that occur during a very quick visual viewing or sound reading of various "stimuli" - words, images, phrases;

Absolutely accurately determine the presence of specific information in the subconscious of a person and measure its significance for each person, identify hidden motivation, true aspirations and inclinations of people;

Based on the identified and analyzed information, to get a complete picture of neurotic, disturbing a person (or whole groups of people) mental states;

If necessary, carry out targeted (at will, acting immediately or with a delay) correction of mental states, the main acting factor of which are command words, pictures, images, and even smells, motivators of certain behavior.

*4. Neuro-Linguistic Impact* (NLP - Neuro-Linguistic Programming) is a type of psychological impact that changes people's motivation by introducing special linguistic programs into their minds.

It is interesting that after, under the influence of an instructor, a person “understands” what he “needs”, he independently (but under the influence of the stereotype of perception embedded in his consciousness) begins to collect information about his daily activities, about his states and experiences. Comparing his real, currently present state with the desired (possible), he determines what resources he needs to mobilize and what exactly needs to be done in order to achieve comfort of feelings and moods.

The formula for changes in the psyche of an object under the influence of an instructor is schematically as follows (see diagram).

In the course of neurolinguistic programming, the effects of "mirror image", "synchronization" and "psychological signaling" are commonly used.

"Mirror image" is a direct, but extremely rarely comprehended borrowing (copying) of postures, gestures, characteristic movements, intonations, dialectical or slang features of speech, which enhances the interconnection and mutual influence of people on each other.

“Synchronization” is the mutual adjustment of bodily rhythms (including the rhythm of breathing) by listening and speaking subjects. So, it is known that people during a conversation, as it were, “dance” with their bodies to the beat of their own speech to give it more expressiveness. At the same time, the listener also makes micro-movements in time with the rhythm of the interlocutor's voice, thereby providing an invisible, but subconsciously felt emotional relationship with him. Synchronization is maximum if the communicants are in a state of agreement or dialogue with each other. And it is minimal in case of dispute and conflict between them. When attention is scattered, synchronization is also interrupted.

A person who knows the features of such synchrony can use them to influence other people, thereby providing his advantage in the process of communication and exerting the psychological influence he needs.

"Psychological signaling" is the relationship that exists between the position of the subject's eyes and the sensory processes responsible for receiving and processing information entering his brain. In particular, when a right-handed person looks up and to the left, he activates his visual (visual) memory. If the eyes are directed upward and to the right, this signals the construction of a new visual representation or image by the brain. If a person's eyes are oriented predominantly in a horizontal direction, then he controls the space in front of him and the people or objects that are there and subject to attention. If the eyes are oriented down and to the left, then the brain of the right-hander is occupied mainly with the input of kinesthetic (tactile) information. Finally, looking down and to the right signal the predominant implementation of the internal dialogue.

The instructor interprets these eye movements of the interlocutor and builds his speech as needed to achieve his goals.

Psychoanalytic and neurolinguistic types of influences are useful when they are used for humane purposes. If they are used to ensure their dominance, then they are psychological abuse over people.

*5. Psychotronic (parapsychological, extrasensory) influence * is an influence on other people, carried out by transmitting information through extrasensory (unconscious) perception.

In this regard, it should be noted that television and other mass sessions of allegedly extrasensory influence (for example, Kashpirovsky, Chumak and other "wizards") are vivid examples the most common deception. In part, mass hypnosis takes place here, but to a much greater extent - mass hysteria and mass mental infection.

As for psychotronic weapons, there are known facts of work on the creation of high-frequency and low-frequency brain coding generators, dowsing installations, and the use of chemical and biological agents to stimulate certain psychological reactions.

Psychotronics focuses primarily on methods associated with the use technical means impact on consciousness, for example, the mentioned generators. At present, it is too early to talk about the active use of psychotronic weapons as a means of psychological warfare, but its specialists are doing everything possible to make maximum use of what has already been at least minimally developed.

For example, they use the effect caused by color spots embedded in a computer virus, designated by the apocalyptic "number of the beast" - 666 (V666). This virus is able to negatively affect the psycho-physiological state of the operator of a personal computer (up to death). The principle of its operation is based on the phenomenon of the so-called 25th frame, which is a very powerful means of suggestion.

The phenomenon of the 25th frame is due to the fact that a person has not only a sensory (conscious) range of perception, but also a subsensory (unconscious) range, in which information is assimilated by the psyche, bypassing consciousness.

For example, if during the film twenty-four frames per second are added one more - the 25th - with completely different information, then the audience does not notice it, but it significantly affects their emotional state and behavior. Numerous experiments have shown that within one second the centers of the brain have time to receive and process the 25th signal.

Moreover, the information presented in the subsensory mode of perception is absorbed by a person with an efficiency that exceeds the usual norm. Scientists attribute this to the fact that approximately 97% of the mental activity of the "average" person takes place at the subconscious level and only 3% - in a conscious mode.

So, V666 displays a specially selected color combination on the monitor screen as the 25th frame, plunging a person into a kind of hypnotic trance. At certain intervals, the picture changes. According to the calculations of the creators of the virus, the subconscious perception of a new image should cause a change in cardiac activity: its rhythm and strength of contractions. As a result, there are sharp drops in blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation, which lead to an overload of the vessels of the human brain. According to a special study, over the past few years, 46 deaths of operators working in computer networks from such a virus have been recorded in the CIS countries alone.

A similar example of a psychotronic effect on the human psyche was the mass "television epidemic" that broke out in Japan on December 1, 1997 after the demonstration of the next series of the popular cartoon "Pocketmon" ("Pocket Monsters" - "Pocket Monsters").

More than 700 children were taken to the hospital with symptoms of epilepsy. According to psychiatrists, episodes accompanied by numerous dazzling multi-colored flashes caused a massive illness.

Doctors proved that red flickering with a frequency of 10 to 3030 flashes per second first caused irritation of the optic nerves and partial spasm of cerebral vessels, and then loss of consciousness, convulsions and even spasmodic cessation of breathing (suffocation).

After the end of the Persian Gulf War (1991), the secret laboratories of the US Department of Defense began work on several dozen projects to create fundamentally new types of weapons. They have already received a number of names: from "soft" and "gentle" to "non-lethal" and "immobilizing" (although some of its samples, such as high-power lasers, microwave emitters, pulsed weapons, cannot be called such). These new types are designed to engage people through television and computer screens, as well as for use in situations where it is necessary to stop the actions of specific groups of the enemy, while minimizing the likelihood of death or material damage to both sides.

One of the theorists and participants in the development of psychotronic weapons is D. Alexander, a retired colonel, a veteran of the US Special Forces, who fought in Vietnam at the head of detachments of ethnic Kampucheans in the Mekong Delta. He has been studying human behavior for a long time. extreme situations and parapsychology, is the author of a book on mind training methods. In 1980

D. Alexander published an article in the journal "Military Review" about the "new intellectual battlefield", devoted to the possibilities of using telepathy methods and weapons that disrupt the normal functioning of the psyche in war conditions. His "soft kill" technology attracted the attention of Pentagon officials, and in 1988, after leaving the army, he began working at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, where he was assigned to the special technology group. American experts believe that this "weapon" is most appropriate to use in those areas of the world where American troops carry out peacekeeping missions.

What is meant? For example, in the USA, a “laser dazzler” for a grenade launcher, conditionally named “Sabor 203”, was created. It consists of a laser diode placed in a hard plastic capsule and a control panel that sends pulses into it. By pressing a button on the control panel, the shooter puts the laser into continuous beam mode, which allows you to blind the enemy with a bright red light beam. According to the creators of the installation, employees of the Department of Visual and Laser Technology of the US Air Force Laboratory (Kirtland, New Mexico), it has an effective range of up to 300 meters. In Somalia, the Americans tested the Sabor 203 on civilians. Directed into a crowd of hostile locals, a dazzler laser beam caused panic among them.

Similar or similar results are obtained using holographic images. Russia has achieved quite a lot of success in this area. If other countries have created projects for laser graphics reproduced from the earth's surface, then Russian scientists have already developed a project for transmitting images from a space platform and creating an orbital laser-light complex. The Scan company, together with NPO Energia, proposes to install on satellites already in space special devices for transmitting images to the surface of clouds, which are a good laser screen. Such images will, under certain conditions, be visible from the ground in a territory with a radius of 100-150 kilometers.

Holographic images can have a serious impact on the mental state of people, especially in extreme or combat conditions. It is planned, for example, to create holographic images of Islamic martyrs in the sky, who “from heaven” will advise their fellow believers to stop resistance, surrender to the mercy of the enemy, or return home. Based on the available facts, it can be assumed that tests of such devices are already underway.

Thus, in foreign media it was noted that on February 1, 1993, during a small sandstorm at a distance of about 15 km west of Mogadishu (Somalia), US Marines noticed an unusual phenomenon above the Earth's surface. In a cloud of sand and dust rotating in the sky, an image of a human face about 150 meters in size began to form. After a few minutes, they realized that it was not easy human face, but the face of Jesus Christ, similar to images in religious paintings and sculptures. Having experienced the strongest psychological shock, the American soldiers wept and knelt down in prayer.

One of the soldiers who saw this face and even photographed it said:

“I am far from being the most religious person in the world, but I recognized Jesus Christ when I saw him. And when you see Jesus Christ, it's impossible to talk or think. You just get down on your knees and pray and start crying.”

The sandstorm lasted no more than five minutes. The "face of Christ", which, according to Somali newspapers, was seen by thousands of eyewitnesses, disappeared with the wind.

According to skeptics, the image of Christ that appeared in the sky was just an ordinary mirage caused by a strong storm. Religious figures, of course, began to interpret this incident as a sign of God addressed to every inhabitant of the planet, as "an instruction from the Lord to us about the need to help each other instead of killing and violence." But experts believe that given image was just a holographic pattern created for testing purposes by the psychological warfare unit of the American peacekeeping contingent in Somalia. This idea is also suggested by the fact that American servicemen were forbidden to discuss what happened with the press. Based on the reaction of the "guinea pigs", we can conclude that the test was a success and there are great opportunities for a new type of psychological impact.

Indirect confirmation of the possibility of creating such images are other reports of foreign and domestic press, according to which holographic images are increasingly being used for advertising and entertainment purposes. Thus, there are known attempts to use laser advertising on clouds in Moscow during the election campaigns in the spring of 1991 and in the autumn of 1993. On the day of memory of V. Vysotsky, an image of a guitar was created on the clouds above the Vagankovsky cemetery. On the day of the Holy Trinity, an image of the Mother of God was created over Krasnopresnensky Park in Moscow in 1988.

There are no miracles in celestial phenomena of this kind. The image is drawn by a laser, i.e. beam of light. By the way, it has been calculated that despite the significant cost of laser systems, their use for advertising purposes pays off all costs in just three to four hours of work.

*6. Psychotropic influence * is the impact on the psyche of people with the help of medicines, chemical or biological substances.

To force a person to do what he does not want to do, it is not at all necessary to surgically change the structure of his brain or force him. It is only necessary to choose the right drugs and apply them accordingly. So, 25 years ago, the drug "Bi-Zet" appeared - a powerful psychotropic agent that effectively affects the masses of people. It is enough to process, say, a battalion on the march with it, and it becomes uncontrollable. Although each individual soldier remains almost normal. Today, no one can guarantee that a more effective means of influencing the psyche has not been created on the basis of this drug! There are no guarantees that it will not be used to organize "spontaneous" rallies and demonstrations, or at least to stimulate the behavior of people in the crowd. Moreover, by now the so-called neurotransmitters have already been created that control (including the ability to sharply increase) the aggressive behavior of a person.

Some odorous substances have a strong effect on the psyche.

The American psychiatrist A. Hirsch established a long time ago that certain smells cause specific actions and behavior of a person. He started with a simple but very profitable business. He distributed the essence he had specially developed in various sections of the stores and found that there was a sharp increase in sales of goods compared to the unpollinated sections.

Then he recruited 3,193 overweight volunteers and made them lose an average of 12.7 kg in six months. Everything was very simple - as soon as people felt hungry, Hirsch allowed them to eat, but at the same time offered to smell a special flavor. The more often the subjects sniffed it, the more weight they lost. Some lost weight so intensely that they had to be withdrawn from the experiment. Finally, the researcher found that odors affect productivity.

In his opinion, the smell is something like a control panel that controls human emotions and through them the actions of people. With the help of odors, you can raise or lower blood pressure, slow down or speed up the heartbeat, excite or vice versa - lull. It has been established that some smells relieve depression in patients, improve their mood.

Clinical experiments have shown that the aroma of lavender, chamomile, lemon and sandalwood reduces brain activity faster than any depressant. And jasmine, rose, mint and cloves excite gray matter cells more powerfully than strong coffee. The power of odors has a scientific explanation: in the human brain there are certain departments responsible for perceiving odors, processing information about them and storing it in memory. Figuratively speaking, the smell is the eternally open gate of the soul, which is not amenable to logical control. Therefore, by using smells to influence people, we strike at the weakest point of their psyche. This is what experts in psychological warfare use.

In approximately the same way, chemical and biological substances harmless to humans can be used. For example, you can sprinkle a powder that destroys truck tires on roads in a country; it is possible to process tanks with oil products with a special compound that turns fuel into jelly; you can destroy the metal trusses of bridges with supercorrosive acids; spray runways with super-viscous polymers and railroad tracks with super-slippery ones; it is possible to detain people who are in the forbidden zone, quickly hardening foam or special acoustic generators, etc.

All this will inevitably have a strong demoralizing effect on the psyche of the enemy, cause his soldiers to fail to fulfill their planned combat missions, and simply make many give up. Organs of psychological warfare have long adopted such almost harmless and painless means.

Not all types of psychological influence indicated here are used equally. During the years of the First and Second World Wars, in the armed conflicts of the 50-80s of our century, the warring countries used mainly information-propaganda and psychogenic influence. Psychoanalytic, neurolinguistic and psychotropic influences added to the arsenal of psychological warfare in the 90s. And psychotronic weapons are just going through the initial testing stage.

At the same time, specialists in psychological warfare have already developed its strategy, which involves the complex use of all types of psychological influence on people.

3. Patterns of psychological impact

Psychological influence is an influence on people (on individuals and groups), carried out with the aim of changing the ideological and psychological structures of their consciousness and subconscious, transforming emotional states, stimulating certain types of behavior.

There are three stages of psychological impact:

Operational, when the activity of its subject is carried out;

Procedural, when there is an acceptance (approval) or rejection (disapproval) of this impact by its object;

The final one, when response reactions appear as a result of the restructuring of the psyche of the object of influence.

The restructuring of the psyche under the influence of psychological influence can be different both in breadth and in temporal stability. According to the first criterion, partial changes are distinguished, i.e. changes in any one psychological quality (for example, a person’s opinion about a particular phenomenon), and more general changes psyche, i.e. changes in a number of psychological qualities of an individual (or group). According to the second criterion, changes can be short-term and long-term.

The use of psychological influence in a combat situation has its own characteristics:

Not only humane, but also inhuman methods and techniques of psychological influence are allowed;

Psychological influence is carried out in combination with the use of means of armed struggle;

There is a desire to achieve maximum psychogenic impact.

The psychological impact is on specific areas of the psyche individual person, groups of people and public consciousness in general:

Need-motivational (knowledge, beliefs, value orientations, inclinations, desires);

Intellectual-cognitive (sensations, perceptions, ideas, imagination, memory and thinking);

Emotional-volitional sphere (emotions, feelings, moods, volitional processes);

Communicative-behavioral (the nature and characteristics of communication, interaction, relationships, interpersonal perception).

This means that the psychological impact only then gives the greatest real effect when the peculiarities of the functioning of individual, group and social consciousness inherent in these specific areas are taken into account.

The psychological impact has its own patterns:

If it is aimed primarily at the need-motivational sphere of people, then its results affect primarily the direction and strength of people's motives (drives and desires);

When the emotional sphere of the psyche is under the gun, this is reflected in internal experiences, as well as in interpersonal relationships;

The combination of influences on both these spheres makes it possible to influence the volitional activity of people and thus control their behavior;

Influence on the communicative-behavioral sphere (the specifics of relationships and communication) allows you to create socio-psychological comfort and discomfort, force people to cooperate or conflict with others;

As a result of the psychological impact on the intellectual and cognitive sphere of a person, his representations, the nature of the perception of newly incoming information and, as a result, his “picture of the world” change in the right direction.

The human psyche (ie the object of psychological influence) is a system of need-motivational, intellectual-cognitive, emotional-volitional and communicative-behavioral components. It can function in a balanced way or with a bias in existing relationships. Both are determined by the effect of cognitive dissonance.

*Cognitive dissonance* is a phenomenon characterized by the following characteristics:

a) there is a dissonance between the intellectual-cognitive and all other components of the psyche, i.e. inconsistency, inconsistency;

b) the existence of dissonance causes a person to strive to reduce it or at least prevent its further increase;

c) the manifestation of this desire looks like:

Distrustful attitude to new information, or

Changing behavior according to new information, or

Rethinking the old information in a new perspective.

In accordance with what has been said, in order to have a psychological impact, it is necessary first to provoke failures and distortions in the functioning of individual components of the psyche of the object of influence. The dynamic balance between them will be disturbed and he will begin to experience a state of cognitive dissonance. After that, you can encourage him to restore peace of mind by changing their previous, habitual views, beliefs and attitudes, and then stereotypes of behavior.

This is most clearly seen in the example of the psychological urge to surrender and in work with prisoners of war.

Almost every soldier is aware that the surrender, to which the enemy is calling for, is a very negative act. But in the course of hostilities, he often sees that captivity (or, alternatively, desertion) is the only way to save his life. Then an alternative arises before him: to lose the respect of front-line comrades, friends and relatives, or to lose his life. An agonizing search for a solution begins (i.e., experiencing cognitive dissonance). A person needs to choose one of these two options, internally accept either the possibility of death or flight from it. Often this is a choice in favor of surrender.

In captivity, work is carried out to further transform the worldview of prisoners. Specialists in the field of psychological influence seek to replace their existing value orientations (for example, bourgeois-democratic) with others (for example, socialist ones, as was the case in the course of work with prisoners during the Great Patriotic War, in Korea and Vietnam). Acquaintance with new views, ideas, norms of behavior, requiring the rejection of established beliefs, again leads to the emergence of cognitive dissonance. In whose favor the decision will be made in this case, depends on a number of factors (the age of the prisoner, the degree of his intellectual development, level of education, quality of work carried out with him, etc.).

The effectiveness of the psychological impact also depends on the characteristics of the mechanisms for transforming people's beliefs, stereotypes and attitudes.

*Mechanism for transforming beliefs.* Beliefs are meaningful, stable motives for people's activities, which usually have an ideological basis and are manifested in their actions, deeds and behavior. For example, in any army, the so-called "eternal soldierly virtues" are usually cultivated - courage, steadfastness, trust and obedience to commanders, pride in one's military branch and in one's own unit, military camaraderie, self-confidence, etc., allegedly devoid of political orientation . This is bearing fruit.

Often high results in combat training, the readiness for decisive action in extreme situations (especially during exercises) among many military personnel is based mainly on the internal acceptance of “eternal valor”, as well as on a sense of duty, pride in their weapons, personal vanity and the desire to show their capabilities .

However, the real threat of life in a combat situation, and other dangers of modern warfare, make the soldier care about his own survival as well. At the same time, in accordance with the laws of cognitive dissonance, the prevailing beliefs are subject to fluctuations. Therefore, purposeful psychological influence from the outside contributes to their weakening, neutralization or replacement with opposite ones.

The use of psychological warfare tools gives the best results when they are used in a favorable environment. One of the most effective ways to create such a situation is to logically lead enemy soldiers to the idea of surrender. For example, reports of facts of mass surrender, descriptions of good living conditions in captivity, and the promise of the opportunity to return home after the end of the war, as shown by the practice of psychological warfare, contribute to the inclination of enemy personnel to surrender.

*The mechanism of transformation of stereotypes.* Stereotypes are schematized representations of the facts of reality that are common in certain social and ethnic groups, causing very simplified (as a rule, inadequate reality) assessments and judgments by representatives of these groups. They are formed as a result of repeated semantic and emotional focusing of people's consciousness on certain phenomena and events, their repeated perception and imprinting in memory.

Stereotypes most often reflect not the essential (deep), but the external, most noticeable, most striking features of a phenomenon or event. Any assessment of the latter that corresponds to a stereotype is usually accepted without evidence and is considered the most correct, while any other is questioned. It is important to note that stereotypes arise in individual, group and public consciousness as a result of the impact not only of the surrounding reality, but also as a result of the perception of the experience, opinions, and judgments of other people.

That is why stereotypes can become the object of psychological influence. Their transformation is both a prerequisite for the effectiveness of such an impact, and a condition, the observance of which makes it possible to eventually change people's behavior. Thus, the state forms a stereotype of the positive attitude of the people towards the political leadership of their country. The purpose of the enemy's psychological warfare organs is to discredit this leadership and destroy the stereotype of the positive attitude of citizens towards it.

For example, the United States during its intervention in Panama (December 1989 January 1990) clearly showed how to do it. In order to discredit the President of Panama, General M. Noriega, in the eyes of the Panamanians and the world community, 13 charges were brought against him by the court of the state of Florida, including drug trafficking and racketeering. The American media constantly emphasized Noriega's personal responsibility for the annulment of the results of democratic elections and the brutal massacre of a group of officers of the Panama National Guard who were trying to stage a coup d'état. His dictatorial habits were widely commented on, in particular, declaring himself "president for life." Most of the world's newspapers were covered by a photograph of M. Noriega's office, the walls of which were decorated with a portrait of Hitler in a fascist uniform with an inscription on German"One leader, one nation." The press constantly reported on Noriega's passion for pornographic magazines and videos, about his drug use.

People's attention was also drawn to the fact that there are various ritual objects in the dictator's residence, indicating that he is serious about witchcraft and the occult.

As a result, in the eyes of Americans, and not only them, Noriega began to look like a drug dealer who usurped presidential power, mercilessly cracking down on the opposition, poisoning the American people with drugs from the Colombian drug mafia, and, moreover, a mentally not quite normal person. All this propaganda charge served as a sufficient cover for the entry of American troops and their further actions to overthrow the dictator. US President George W. Bush made his decision to send troops to Panama in the conditions of a new stereotype of the attitude of Americans towards Noriega that had already been formed, programmed for the need for armed action.

Soviet special propaganda, according to foreign sources, during the war in Afghanistan also managed to carry out a number of successful events aimed at changing the stereotypes of perception by the population and the Mujahideen of specific field commanders. The purpose of one of them was to undermine the authority of the field commander Khoja Rustam. Here's how it was done.

At first, rumors were spread that he was allegedly collaborating with the Ministry of State Security, as a result of which his detachment was failing after failure. But the leadership of the opposition still trusted Rustam and, in order to check, transferred him to another precinct. Then, in the new zone of his military operations, a leaflet was distributed with the following content:

“Brothers Mujahideen and fighters for the faith! There are those among us who allegedly wage a holy war for faith, but in reality express their dislike and hypocrisy towards Islam. Khoja Rustam from this number. For 7 years he set Muslim brothers against each other in the valley of the Nijrab gorge, which usually led to the death of many of them. Know that this despot who is not afraid of Allah, allegedly waging a holy war on behalf of the people, was recently removed from the leadership of the Main Directorate of the Islamic Party.

And now the evil and accursed intriguer has now arrived in Kuhistan to sow death and kill the people, in order to discredit the title of Mujahiddin here too.

This flyer called definite result. The stereotype of perception of Khoja Rustam in a new place turned out to be completely different, as a result of which he had to surrender command.

The mechanism of transformation of installations. Installation is a state of internal readiness (attitude) of people for a manifestation of feelings specific to them, intellectual, cognitive and volitional activity, the dynamics and nature of communication, subject-practical activities, etc., corresponding to their needs.

The emergence of an attitude usually precedes people's awareness of a certain need and the conditions under which this need can be satisfied. Purposeful psychological impact creates a situation in which the present need is satisfied by providing people with specific information presented in a certain way. Thanks to it, the attitude is formed, fixed, replaced or changed in the minds of people.

There are regularities in the formation and manifestation of attitudes, among which the following are most important for psychological warfare:

If the psychological impact is aimed at the formation of new beliefs, attitudes, value orientations, and at this time a person is simply starving, unsettled, has no roof over his head, is sick, etc., then such an impact will not lead to their change in the desired direction;

Regardless of the skill of presentation and the characteristics of the content of the psychological impact, it will not be effective if it does not correspond to the internal needs of a person.

It is possible to achieve a long-term stable change in people's behavior as a result of psychological warfare only to the extent that it is possible to shake the system of attitudes they already have. Then, on this basis, you can form new installations.

The process of changing settings also obeys certain patterns:

1) A person needs to explain the general direction of the process of changing his attitudes;

2) The transformation of attitudes is successful when the psychological impact carried out for these purposes corresponds to the needs and motives of a person;

3) A change in attitudes is more likely if the content of the information perceived during the psychological impact corresponds to the established norms of group and individual behavior of people, and the source of information is trustworthy and competent enough.

4) Changing attitudes is more stable if human environment reality confirms the content of the information perceived during the psychological impact.

5) The transformation of attitudes is the more effective, the more actively used various ways psychological impact.

Psychological impact allows you to partially or completely change (weaken, strengthen) previously learned attitudes and form new ones.

Small changes in attitudes are possible, which is understood as a partial transformation of any of their components: intellectual-cognitive (informational), emotional-evaluative or communicative-behavioral. Here is an example of how this is achieved.

During the battle for Stalingrad, the German group included Romanian and Italian units, whose personnel showed a generally positive attitude towards the Germans. At the same time, it was observed individual cases clashes between Romanian, German and Italian soldiers.

The organs of special propaganda of the Red Army held measures to increase the hostility of the soldiers of the Romanian and Italian troops to the Nazis. On November 21, 1942, the operational reconnaissance group of the Don Front learned from the testimony of prisoners that a clash had occurred between Romanian and German soldiers in the 4th Army Corps, as a result of which three Romanian soldiers were killed and a German lieutenant was seriously wounded. On the same day, the group captured an order signed by German Colonel W. Neudorf, which indicated poor discipline in the 47th Italian regiment. Already on November 22, both of these facts were cited in leaflets specially prepared for the Romanian and Italian soldiers. Soon it was possible to find out that the leaflet contributed to the strengthening of the hostility of the soldiers of the Romanian and Italian army to the Nazis. Thus, although the informational component of the attitude towards the Germans remained the same, its emotional-evaluative and communicative-behavioral components changed: there was a feeling of distrust towards the Germans, dissatisfaction with their relations with the allies, resulting in the willingness of Romanians and Italians to fight side by side. side with them fell.

A cardinal change in previously established attitudes with the help of psychological influence is achieved quite rarely. The fact is that the attitude is formed over a long period of time, is connected with the system of human values, and is stable. In order to transform the settings, you must:

To carry out continuous psychological impact for a long time;

Repeatedly use different arguments backed up by real facts;

Systematically strengthen the persuasiveness of the argument.

An example of effective influence in order to change previously learned attitudes is the work among more than 350 thousand soldiers and officers of the Japanese Kwantung Army, taken prisoner by Soviet troops at the end of World War II. In general, the contingent of Japanese prisoners of war, despite the differences in their former social status, age, terms of service, military ranks was a united mass in its moods. But as a result of holding for a long time a large number measures - the publication of a newspaper for prisoners of war "Nihon Shimbun" ("Japanese newspaper"), the isolation of the most reactionary part of the prisoners of war (mainly command personnel), the promotion of representatives of democratic activists to leadership positions, the creation of courses for democratic activists - managed to achieve the ideological persuasion of many Japanese prisoners of war. An Associated Press correspondent reported from Tokyo in 1949:

"Japanese prisoners of war who arrived from Siberia are firm communists and are a matter of concern to the Japanese government."

During the war in Korea (1950-1953), the Koreans also carried out effective work with prisoners of war. The political and military leadership of the United States was concerned that many of the 7,000 american soldiers captured, succumbed to the influence of enemy propaganda. According to foreign press"one in three American prisoners in Korea were guilty of collaborating with the enemy, and 23 people refused to return to their homeland at all."

Psychological influence in war is carried out primarily for the sake of initiating certain reactions and actions, specific behavior (action or inaction) of the object. Here is a typical example. During one of the military operations of the Israeli troops, called "Din veheshbon" ("Pay on the bill"), residents of southern Lebanese settlements were notified in advance of the upcoming bombing. They were also advised to urgently evacuate. All this was done in order to cause a massive outflow of the population to the interior of the country and thus block the infrastructure of the region, provoke civil unrest. And ultimately, to destabilize the situation in Lebanon, to incline the country's leadership to negotiations. The goal was eventually achieved.

The psychological impact in the conditions of armed struggle depends on the goals and tasks for the solution of which it is undertaken, as well as on the capabilities (forces and means) required for this.

Psychological operation is the main element of the content of psychological warfare. Its implementation involves the use in practice in the conditions of armed struggle of a complex set of coordinated, coordinated and interconnected in terms of goals, tasks, place and time, objects and procedures of types, forms, methods and techniques of psychological influence.

*One-time* psychological warfare activities are short-term targeted actions special units or individual specialists, which are limited in nature and carried out on a limited (local) scale.

Psychological operations and one-time measures of psychological warfare directed against the troops and population of the enemy differ in goals, tasks, objects of influence, technologies and the conditions in which they are carried out.

Psychological operations consist of political, military, economic, diplomatic and actually information-psychological activities aimed at specific groups population and troops of the enemy in order to introduce alien ideological and social attitudes to them, the formation of false stereotypes of behavior, transformation into the right direction their moods, feelings, will, inclining them to renounce hostilities, betrayal, surrender or desertion. When properly planned, psychological operations precede the use of military force, and then accompany or supplement its re-use. They are carried out within the framework of state policy, and their military and applied aspects are coordinated and coordinated with the activities of the relevant government agencies.

Psychological operations are various kinds, which in turn are classified according to the terms, conditions of implementation, direction.

According to the timing of the implementation of psychological operations are divided into:

*one. Strategic* (long-term), global in nature and implemented over a long period of time (lasting from a month to several years). These operations usually have a pronounced political character, as a rule, they are information and propaganda campaigns, the object of which can be the entire world community, including, of course, the population of their own country.

Quite often, the main goal of a strategic operation is to prepare public opinion for direct armed intervention. For its implementation, the political, financial, economic and diplomatic isolation of the enemy state is used, special services, influential persons in various fields and at all levels, up to the first leaders of the country, are widely involved. An example of classic psychological operations of this type are the actions of psychological warfare agencies on the eve of the invasion of Haiti and the Persian Gulf zone.

*2. Operational* (medium-term) psychological operations carried out in support of the war in general or large-scale hostilities. In their course, with the outbreak of war, a monopoly is established on all information coming from the combat zone. At the same time, information from there is presented in such a way that, at least at the first stage, a favorable impression is created inside the country and abroad about the activities of military-political circles.

*3. Tactical * (short-term) psychological operations carried out in support of the combat operations of units and formations of their troops.

The object of such operations is usually the opposing grouping of enemy troops. The main psychological impact in their course is directed, as a rule, to inciting national-ethnic, confessional (religious), socio-political and other contradictions, demoralization of various groups of enemy troops, and their disinformation.

*BY THE TIME OF IMPLEMENTATION* psychological operations are divided into:

*one. Psychological operations carried out in peacetime (threatening period). * This is almost an analogue of strategic psychological operations. The only difference is that they are less global in nature and focused primarily on the population of the enemy state, its allies and friendly countries.

*2. Psychological operations carried out in war time.* They are distinguished primarily by the maximum breadth of the range of types, methods, methods and techniques of psychological influence used, the diversity and greatest concentration of its means, and reliance on the widespread use of psychogenic factors. In addition, these operations, in turn, are divided into subspecies: carried out on the defensive, on the offensive, behind enemy lines and in their own rear, in the course of the activities of special forces.

*3. Psychological operations in the course of peacekeeping activities. * They are carried out in the interests of preventing military conflicts or to stop them. As a rule, these operations are open and must be authorized by the UN.

*BY DIRECTION* psychological operations are divided into:

*one. Psychological operations directed against the civilian population. * The psychological impact used during them, the object of which is the population of a country, can be carried out "softly", i.e. humane means in order to evoke a positive attitude towards their country and their troops, and "hard", using the entire arsenal of methods and techniques to influence the public consciousness of people in order to deceive and mislead. These operations are the prelude and complement of the armed struggle.

For example, during the "peacekeeping mission" of American troops in Somalia in 1995, clan leader Mohammed Aidid quite successfully used the possibilities of psychological influence of the second type. He managed to organize the display of the "real picture of what is happening" in some US television programs. Photos of mocking Somalis dragging the corpses of American soldiers through the streets of Mogadishu, shown on CNN channels, caused a negative reaction of the US population to the presence of the American contingent in Somalia. The troops were withdrawn and M. Aidid defeated his opponents.

*2. Psychological operations directed against enemy troops. * The psychological impact during these operations is focused mainly on “scrolling” in the minds of enemy military personnel of various options for two traditional topics:

Emphasizing the fear of being killed or wounded, being crippled for life;

Incitement of hatred of those who are at the forefront, in relation to those who are in the rear, and vice versa.

For example, during the Gulf War, the multinational forces convinced many Iraqi soldiers that if they abandoned their highly vulnerable combat vehicles, they would live longer. This thesis was confirmed by the exact defeat of such combat vehicles during air raids.

*3. Psychological operations directed against the command of the enemy. * They pursue the goal of disorienting the commanding staff of the enemy, suggesting to him the thought of the inevitability of defeat, breaking his self-control and, on this basis, inducing actions that cause damage to his troops. Thus, Iraq during the Persian Gulf crisis believed that the US would use its air force only for a limited time and only before conducting ground operations. The Americans continued air raids continuously for forty days. This actually demoralized the enemy command. In addition, the Iraqi leadership had intelligence that the United States would liberate Kuwait from the sea, by landing, in fact, everything was done the other way around. As a result, Iraqi military leaders began to make unforgivable mistakes.

*4. Psychological operations to mislead the enemy.* They are a very common form of both propaganda and military actions in the course of armed struggle. For example, in Chechnya, federal troops most successfully carried out such operations, using sound broadcasting stations on a wide front to reproduce the sounds of working military equipment at night, which deceived the Chechen side.

*5. Psychological operations to assist opposition forces and dissident movements.* They are carried out both in peacetime and in wartime. The psychological impact carried out during them is aimed at creating favorable conditions, providing moral and other support to the opposition forces and dissident elements located on enemy territory. In addition, psychological warfare units are also used to directly control the actions of these objects, aimed at disrupting the military and other efforts of the enemy.

*6. Psychological operations to carry out cultural expansion and sabotage.* Many states consciously seek to spread their "cultural" ideals and principles among the population of other countries, which ultimately, on the one hand, leads to the establishment of moral and moral dependence of the latter on the former, on the other hand, contributes to violation of established cultural and ethical ideas in society, leads to the degradation of national consciousness. For this reason, many peoples are seriously concerned about the extent of the invasion of their national culture by Western (mainly American) mass culture. And in Russia, this invasion has already led to disastrous results.

*7. Consolidating psychological operations.* They are carried out in the interests of psychological impact on the population of neutral and friendly countries, as well as on the population of their own state.

Psychological operations in neutral countries are aimed at inducing them to be loyal to (actively support) allied countries that oppose a real or potential enemy. The objectives of psychological operations in relation to the population of friendly countries are to gain their confidence and maintain their morale, as well as to eliminate fear, prevent panic and create a public opinion conducive to the voluntary adoption of restrictions and control measures imposed by the authorities caused by the fight against the enemy.

Consolidating psychological operations among the population of their state are aimed at winning support from its side, ensuring a positive perception of the unpopular measures of the government, as well as the inevitable restriction (in wartime conditions) of the rights and freedoms of the individual. Another one important task such operations - preventing the actions of anti-government forces, the so-called "fifth column", capable of hindering the actions of their troops and destabilizing the situation in the rear.

*Preparation of psychological operations and their application is carried out in accordance with the following principles:*

The preparation of psychological operations begins in advance, secretly, carefully, taking into account the individual and socio-psychological characteristics of the objects of influence;

Psychological operations are planned and carried out taking into account the identified weaknesses in the moral and psychological state of the population and personnel of the enemy troops, taking into account the specifics of the military-political and operational situation, the available forces and means;

The respective heads of psychological warfare organs are personally responsible for the conduct and effectiveness of psychological operations, as well as for the use of the forces and means at their disposal;

Psychological operations of various types are carried out according to a single plan, coordinated among themselves, as well as with the combat operations of the troops;

All forces and means of psychological operations must be used massively, comprehensively and in various ways.

Psychological warfare activities (as an integral or independent part of psychological operations) are carried out for the sake of instilling into the minds of the population and troops of the enemy specific views, beliefs or slogans, motives of distrust or dissatisfaction with the actions of their political and military leadership, awareness of their unfavorable position, threat to the life and well-being of relatives, and to mislead them, deceive, induce cooperation.

MEASURES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WAR * are divided into:

*one. Measures to reduce the morale of the population and military personnel of the enemy.* In the course of them, for a long period of time, effective psychological influence is carried out, and very often undisguised psychogenic pressure is carried out in order to demoralize the civilian population and enemy troops, to lose their faith in their own strengths, in competence military and political leadership of the country. These activities are very widespread, they have now become an element not only of psychological warfare, but also of everyday politics, which finds its expression in the economic and diplomatic fields.

*2. Measures to undermine the combat capability of enemy units and units. * This is also a psychological impact aimed at misleading the enemy about the military potential and combat capabilities of the opposite side, promoting the advantages of their military equipment and weapons, explaining the causes of defeats and big losses carried out jointly with other military and special actions. They significantly reduce the combat capability of enemy personnel.

*3. Measures to induce the enemy to go over to our side. * Personnel of specific enemy units and subunits conducting combat operations long time, and therefore exhausted, exhausted, suffering serious combat and psychogenic losses, as well as unfired military personnel who have just been transferred to the combat area and for this reason found themselves in extreme conditions, are a convenient object of psychological influence, which often results in mass desertion or unauthorized abandonment frontline, simulation, surrender.

The following main stages of preparation and implementation of psychological operations and measures of psychological warfare are distinguished:

1) planning;

2) formulation of work goals;

3) definition and study of the object of influence;

4) the choice of specific types, forms, methods, methods and techniques for the implementation of psychological impact;

5) development of the content (technologies for the application of the main components) of the psychological impact;

6) determination of its communication contours and conditions for implementation, and, if necessary, their creation;

7) ensuring control over the effectiveness of specific operations and activities.

5. Prerequisites for increasing the effectiveness of psychological impact

The effectiveness of the psychological impact on the enemy depends on a number of factors that can be divided into:

a) prerequisites for the perception of psychological impact;

b) prerequisites for mastering the content of psychological impact.

Prerequisites for increasing the effectiveness of the perception of psychological impact.

The effectiveness of psychological operations largely depends on how the perception, processing, comprehension and assimilation of information by the object of psychological influence is carried out.

The perception of the surrounding world (including social perception) is considered to be one of the key mental processes on which the effectiveness of psychological influence depends. Perception (perception) of the surrounding world is understood as a holistic reflection of objects, situations and events that occurs when stimuli directly affect the human senses. Perception is a complex process that includes:

a) reflection of the stimulus and situation;

b) their registration;

c) interpretation of what is perceived;

d) response to perceived.

Any act of perception external information It is carried out in the form of specific images, which are more or less connected with other mental cognitive processes - thinking, memory, attention - and are guided by motivation, have a certain emotional coloring.

When organizing the presentation of information, it is always necessary to take into account the emotional mood of the object and the ability of the reported information to cause exactly those experiences that sharpen the perception of it (interest, curiosity, surprise).

Information should be organized and presented in such a way as to facilitate the discharge of emotional tension that arises in the object in the process of psychological influence. This forms his trust in the subject, which manifests itself in the future in the form of readiness to receive and assimilate new similar messages.

It is necessary to distinguish between perception that is adequate to reality and illusory. One of the significant causes of inadequate, illusory perception is the so-called sensory deprivation.

Sensory deprivation is a prolonged, more or less complete deprivation of a person's sensory impressions. Sensory deprivation syndrome manifests itself as follows:

There is a strong need for sensory impressions;

Suggestibility increases;

Weakened ability to concentrate;

The normal flow of thoughts is disturbed;

Depression often occurs, hallucinations appear.

It has been established that similar changes in the psyche take place in the case of prolonged social exclusion, including in armed struggle. So, the syndrome of sensory deprivation in one way or another occurs in military personnel who find themselves in an environment; fighters of special forces groups who have been behind enemy lines for a long time; among soldiers and officers of military units in conditions of monotonous existence (for example, in a rear camp or during a long march); among population groups hiding in shelters, etc.

In other words, partial sensory deprivation is characteristic primarily for servicemen of those units whose activities are associated with partial or complete temporary isolation from their troops. It should be noted that the command of such contingents is often itself interested in limiting external information. All this can and should be used in the interests of psychological warfare.

Based on the patterns of perception of the content of psychological impact, experts have formulated a number of recommendations to improve its effectiveness:

1. Psychological impact should be organized in accordance with the laws of perception and at the same time be logically thought out. Then it, as it were, leads the thought of the object of psychological influence behind itself, contributes to the formation of the necessary attitudes and stereotypes in him.

2. It is advisable to build a psychological impact in the form of a chain: incentives and associations, theses and arguments, causes and consequences. At the same time, its content should go from the old to the new, from the known to the unknown.

3. It is necessary to take into account which specific elements of the psychological impact attract attention to a greater extent. So, abstract reasoning should be alternated with concrete facts, examples, illustrations.

4. The brighter, more diverse, more convincing psychological impact, the easier it is to keep the attention of the object, and the more effectively you can influence it.

5. Measures should be taken to eliminate all possible sources of distraction of the object of psychological influence.

Along with the perception of objects of the surrounding world, there is also social perception (social perception), which includes two relatively independent types of processes: interpersonal and intergroup perception.

Interpersonal perception is the perception, understanding and evaluation of a person by a person (by some people of other people). Its specificity lies in a high degree of partiality, which is manifested in the fusion of cognitive and emotional components, in a pronounced evaluative coloring.

A number of psychological effects are associated with the peculiarities of interpersonal perception. Among them are the effects of novelty, primacy, stereotype, halo.

* The effect of novelty * when people perceive each other is that in relation to a familiar person, the last, that is, newer information about him, is the most significant. And in relation to a stranger, the first information is more significant.

* The effect of primacy * is that the probability of recalling the first few elements of a homogeneous material is higher than the average ones (at the same time, the more voluminous the material presented and the higher the rate of its presentation, the fewer the first elements are recalled);

*The effect of stereotyping* is expressed in a simplified and schematic, but stable idea of something (or someone). Stereotypes spontaneously develop in conditions of lack of information, or the inability of the individual to interpret it adequately. A stereotype is never true, it always contains tendentious, predetermined characteristics of a phenomenon, therefore it is always inadequate to it. The stereotype generalizes phenomena according to the principle of external similarity or random coincidences, but does not analyze their deep essence.

* The halo effect * is the extension of the primary general assessment of a person (people) to the perception of his (their) actions and personal qualities.

So, if the first impression of a person (people) is generally favorable, then in the future all his (their) behavior, traits and actions begin to be overestimated in positive side. In them, only positive aspects are singled out and exaggerated, while the negative ones seem to be underestimated or not noticed at all. If the general first impression of a person (people) turned out to be negative, then even his (their) qualities and actions are subsequently not noticed, or underestimated against the background of hypertrophied attention to shortcomings.

* Under intergroup perception * understand the processes of social perception, in which both the subject and the object of perception are social groups or community. The specifics of intergroup perception is:

In the unification of individual representations into a whole, qualitatively different from its constituent elements;

In the fact that once formed, it then becomes inactive, weakly changing under external influence;

In a limited, simplified and schematic range of perceptions and evaluations of another group.

Intergroup perception is characterized by stereotypy, fusion of cognitive and emotional components, affective coloring, and a pronounced evaluative orientation. That is why it is biased, and the intergroup representations themselves always contain errors (distortions) from the point of view of their truth. This is the psychological background of the effect of intergroup discrimination.

* Intergroup discrimination * is the establishment of differences between one's own and another group. Under certain conditions, intergroup differences can be artificially emphasized and exaggerated. Intergroup discrimination is not only a psychological phenomenon, which is based on cognitive mechanisms for establishing identity and difference, but also a social one.

The results of intergroup discrimination manifest themselves in the form of two trends:

*one. Establishment of positively assessed differences in favor of one's own group* (the effect of intragroup favoritism). Psychologists have long drawn attention to a widespread phenomenon: the priority of one's group membership over the coincidence of views with representatives of a foreign group. In other words, an individual in a situation of choice is more likely to give preference even to those members of his “own” group with whom he does not agree, than to those members of the “foreign” group with whom he is outwardly united by the similarity of points of view.

*2. Establishing positively assessed differences in favor of another group.* In its extreme expressions, this trend leads to a weakening of intra-group ties, devaluation of intra-group values, destabilization and disintegration of the group as such. As a rule, the psychological impact is focused on this.

Psychological prerequisites for mastering the content of psychological impact.

An important role in improving the efficiency of the process of psychological influence is played by taking into account the characteristics of cognitive processes: memory, thinking and imagination.

By *memory* psychologists understand the processes of organizing and preserving past experience, making it possible to reuse it in activities, including in the interests of psychological warfare.

* The following types of memory are distinguished: motor, emotional, figurative, verbal-logical. * All of them are associated with memorization processes, which, in addition, contain elements of thinking (in a complex and contradictory unity with speech), attention, manifestation of interests and needs, emotions and feelings.

*Memorization* - a generalized name for the processes that ensure the retention of material in memory. The success of memorization is determined primarily by the possibility of including new material in a system of meaningful connections. Repetition plays an important role among its mechanisms. At the same time, repetition can be dispensed with if a person needs to remember vital material, or information that carries a large semantic load.

*Thinking* is a process of human cognitive activity, characterized by a generalized reflection of reality in its objective properties, connections and relationships that are inaccessible to direct sensory perception.

Psychologists consider thinking primarily as an activity aimed at solving a specific task (problem). Exactly problem situation usually is initial moment thought process, that is, a situation for which there is no ready-made solution. A person begins to think when he needs to understand something. Thinking usually begins with a problem or a question, with surprise or bewilderment, with the realization of some contradiction, inconsistency, absurdity.

Thinking is a form of orientation to which the individual resorts when its other forms are insufficient. The mental orientation corresponds to questions like “what is it?”, “Where did it come from?” etc.

The first indicative steps clarify the initial situation, the connections between what is known in the situation and what needs to be established. In the process of orientation, the selection of means and forms suitable for further mental work is carried out. Information is sorted with the help of emotions based on external impressions expressed in the form of concepts, images, sign systems, symbols. Wherein abstract thinking accompanied by greater mental energy costs than figurative.

Both the concept and the image provide generalized knowledge about reality, denoted by words. In the real process of thinking, both conceptual and figurative logic are simultaneously present, and these are not two independent logics, but a single logic of the thinking process.

The use of concepts, logical constructions is characteristic of verbal-logical thinking. This kind mental activity functions on the basis of linguistic means. In fact, it is used by a person in the areas of his individual competence. In other cases, the dominant visual-figurative thinking(imagination) on the basis of images and the simplest language tools that allow you to most fully recreate the whole variety of various actual characteristics of the object of knowledge.

In turn, verbal-logical thinking is largely determined by the structures of the language. Linguistic skills and norms subconsciously determine the images of the world inherent in the speakers of a particular language, ethnic community. In particular, there is a traditional consciousness of the ethnic group. It is a reflection in the mass consciousness of a particular nation of the most general ideas about the world around them and social reality, their role in relationships with other peoples.

The differences between the images of the world in the traditional consciousness of different ethnic groups are the greater, the farther their languages are from each other, since the grammatical structure of the language imposes a way of dividing and describing the phenomena of the surrounding reality, inferences and judgments about them. This scientifically established fact must be taken into account when organizing and implementing a purposeful psychological impact.

There are patterns of comprehension and assimilation of the content of psychological influence.

So, quickly comprehended and assimilated:

The material that is more common;

The one that is associated with daily practical activities;

The one that is emotionally felt;

The one that corresponds to the national way of thinking.

For example, the British and Americans better comprehend logically simple reasoning, the French prefer original ideas, emotionally colored messages. The Chinese love figurative expressions, the Germans - systematized information presented in a traditional spirit.

It is important that the psychological impact arouse in the enemy the desire to analyze the events taking place at the front and in the rear; compare information received from outside with information received from his command and national media, so that it encourages him to draw the conclusions necessary for the subject of psychological warfare.

For this reason, the construction of a psychological impact, and especially a propaganda message, must comply with the scheme: a question, a hypothetical answer, arguments, a statement. At the same time, this construction should take into account the specific specifics of the object, in particular, its socio-psychological and national-psychological characteristics.

When organizing the psychological impact, it is necessary to take into account *patterns of the formation and manifestation of the installation:*

1) In order for a person to form a set of behavior certain type, he needs the need for it. In addition, he must get into the appropriate situation.

2) With the emergence of the attitude, the features of cognition, evaluation and actions of people are determined by this attitude. Under its influence, he notices and takes into account only those objects and phenomena that are somehow connected with this installation.

3) Objects and phenomena that are not related to the installation, remain unnoticed or meaningless.

4) Under the influence of an attitude, a person involuntarily chooses from his past experience and puts in the center of consciousness only such facts that correspond to this attitude.

5) In enemy information, a serviceman learns first of all what interests him and what he does not accept. Based on his attitude, he easily identifies phenomena that are dangerous for him, sees them "in a black light." At the same time, emphasizing the psychological impact on the enemy, giving him special attention always evaluated negatively. This means that it is imperative to neutralize the manifestation of negative attitudes in relation to the presented information and create conditions for its assimilation.

6) When organizing psychological impact, it should be taken into account that what is presented in small semantic parts is better and faster comprehended. For example, a text leaflet should contain several interconnected short messages, no more than 4-5 lines each. An oral broadcasting program should last no more than 30 minutes, provided that the content of the message is varied. For a one-time message, only 1-2 logical facts and arguments are required, and the argumentation process itself should not last more than 10 minutes.

In order to increase the effectiveness of psychological impact, it is also necessary to take into account the features of the "work" of emotions:

A) To develop temporary, short-term attitudes of the personality, it is better to use the emotional form of address.

B) For the development of a relatively stable orientation of the personality, the formation of fixed attitudes that persist for a long time, the impact on the rational sphere of consciousness is more justified.

C) Emotional and rational forms of psychological influence must be used in a complex manner. It is always better to start emotionally, the subsequent part can be rational. Then the power of emotional appeal positively adjusts the object to the information being communicated, arouses in him an interest in the issues under consideration. And the subsequent appeal to the rational sphere of consciousness makes the psychological impact more effective and longer in time.

However, it is necessary to take into account the fact that intellectual and emotional activity can interfere with each other. For example, a person in a state of strong emotional arousal experiences significant difficulties in performing serious mental work. And vice versa, a person involved in the process of serious intellectual work is alien to strong affective-emotional experiences.

Therefore, when addressing an emotionally excited audience, one should not particularly rely on its mental capabilities. It should also be remembered that a rationally constructed influence has a stronger influence on people with a high intellectual level of development than an emotionally colored one. Therefore, when the target is officers enemy, to a greater extent should be based on figures and facts. When referring to the rank and file - to emotionally colored information.

The effectiveness of a psychological impact also depends on when its effect is measured. If this is done immediately after exposure, the effect is usually maximum. Further, over time, it decreases. But at the same time, a rationally built impact is longer, and an emotional one is shorter.

The subject of psychological influence does not have the right to sharply oppose his position to the positions of the object. If the discrepancies between positions are small, then the “law of assimilative evaluation of closely standing positions” applies: information close to own positions people, it seems to them even closer, similar to their views. And, conversely, views, judgments, opinions that differ sharply from the position of the audience seem to her even more unacceptable than they can be in reality. People "turn away", "close" from the information communicated to them: the "law of contrast evaluation" is triggered.

Finally, when organizing psychological influence, it is necessary to take into account the influence of interpersonal relations on the formation of attitudes.

There are also several psychological effects here:

*one. "Effect of prestige" * - information coming from a source with high authority is characterized by a greater impact force, since people perceive it less critically.

*2. "The business card effect." * The subject of psychological influence first sets out what he knows in advance about the acceptability of which for the object. After it becomes clear that there is a "common point of view", he sets out the idea for which he organized his message. The commonality of views (opinions, judgments) between the object and the subject on a number of issues, as it were, weakens the spirit of contradiction, the criticality on the part of the object.

*3. "Effect of one's own person" * - any similarity between the subject and the object (if the object of psychological influence attaches a certain importance to this similarity) increases the effectiveness of the influence itself.

*4. “The effect of sympathy-antipathy” * - the object of psychological influence much more easily accepts the views presented by the subject who is sympathetic to him and unconsciously becomes hostile to the information that is reported by the source unpleasant to him.

The rule is known: if the object of psychological influence is placed in advance in a situation that causes the formation of a positive attitude towards the source of information, the effect of this influence increases. If the created conditions cause him to have a negative attitude towards the source of information, the strength of the psychological impact weakens. Thus, the appeals of Field Marshal Fr. von Paulus (1890-1957) to German troops about the futility of their further resistance, had high efficiency, for Paulus enjoyed considerable prestige among them.

Concerned about the effectiveness of psychological influence, one cannot but take into account the peculiarities of assimilation of its content by the object.

As noted above, a person accepts the content that is consistent with his attitudes. In this case, we speak of selective assimilation. Any person gravitates toward that new material that does not contradict his views, while avoiding (both consciously and unconsciously) the information that opposes these views.

Moreover, if he has strong attitudes, on the one hand, and information that contradicts them, on the other, such an effect is possible when the attitude towards rejection of the content of the enemy's psychological impact is enhanced.

For example, American propaganda against Cubans in the 60-80s, which aimed to discredit F. Castro, was not very effective, since F. Castro then enjoyed great prestige as the national leader of his country. In general, an effective campaign to discredit S.

Hussein during the Gulf War had a greater impact on the international community than on the Iraqis, who continue to revere him to this day.

On the contrary, during the First World War, the psychological influence of the British on the Germans had a great effect because it met the aspirations of the latter, was built in accordance with their needs. German General F. Ludendorff wrote after the war:

“We were so skillfully and to such an extent subjected to enemy propaganda that soon many of us were not able to distinguish between what was enemy propaganda and what was our own perception. We fought no more to the last drop of blood. Many German men did not want to die for their fatherland anymore.”

Well, if the content of the proposed information corresponds to the prevailing ethnic attitudes of the population, then it is perceived accordingly. So, in the southern cities of the United States, for experimental purposes, a poster was distributed with the image of a white man, a black man and a Chinese man and the caption: "Everyone should contribute to the life of the city." This call was interpreted by many citizens as follows: "everyone should know his place: whites are obliged to lead, blacks clean the streets, the Chinese work in laundries."

Title: Secrets of psychological warfare.

Psychological warfare is a specially organized and professionally carried out influence on the mind, feelings and will of the enemy in order to achieve political goals. Throughout the 20th century, the scale and importance of psychological warfare has steadily increased. To date, it has become one of the most effective means of struggle between states, as well as between parties, religious-ethnic and financial-economic groupings within countries.
The author of the proposed manual, a prominent specialist in the field of psychological warfare, for the first time in the open press in Russian describes its tasks, forms, means, methods, and practical experience.
This manual will benefit military psychologists, journalists, political and public figures, party functionaries, employees of the state administration apparatus.

People have been waging psychological warfare for a long time, but it has never been advertised anywhere! Moreover, documents about the specific features of its implementation are usually kept with seven seals. It is only known that the specialists of psychological warfare have accumulated in their practice everything to some extent effective ways impact on human emotions and consciousness.
Today, no state is able to defend itself using military-technical means alone. Ensuring security is becoming more and more a complex task that includes military, political, economic, information and other measures. This task can be successfully solved thanks to the optimal combination of all forms and methods of confrontation, including psychological warfare.
The essence of war in the usual sense of the term has been comprehensively studied. The features of psychological warfare are correctly understood only by specialists. Meanwhile, one of the main goals of any "conventional" war is precisely to change the psychology of the enemy. What does it mean to "force him to surrender to the mercy of the victor" or "to accept the proposed settlement plan" for some problem? This implies, among other things, to form in him a conviction that further resistance is pointless, to deprive him of faith in his success, i.e. change psychology.
So what is psychological warfare?

Table of contents
A few words about the author 3
Preface 3
Part one. general characteristics psychological warfare 4
Chapter 1 The Essence of Psychological Warfare 4
1. The concept of psychological warfare 4
2. Types of influence in psychological warfare 6
3. Patterns of psychological impact 13
4. The content of the psychological impact for military purposes 18
5. Prerequisites for increasing the effectiveness of psychological impact 21
Chapter 2. Goals and objectives of psychological warfare 26
1. Goals and objectives of psychological warfare in peacetime 27
2. Goals and objectives of psychological warfare in wartime 28
3. Goals and objectives of psychological warfare in the postwar period 29
4. Goals and objectives of the psychological impact on the civilian population 29
5. Goals and objectives of the psychological impact on the military personnel of the enemy 30
Chapter 3. Content of psychological operations 30
1. The peculiarity of psychological operations in a threatening period 31
2. The specifics of psychological operations during combat operations 37
Chapter 4. Organs and technical means of psychological warfare 54
1. Apparatus for psychological warfare 54
2. Technical means of psychological warfare 59
Part two. Psychological warfare technologies 67
Chapter 5
1. Accounting for the main characteristics of objects of psychological warfare 68
2. Methods of studying the objects of psychological warfare 76
Chapter 6. Specificity of forms of psychological warfare 80
1. Originality of oral broadcasting 81
2. Psychological impact of printed and visual means 85
3. Features of psychological impact through radio and television 97
Chapter 7. Methods of influence in the practice of psychological warfare 102
1. The specifics of the application of persuasion 102
2. The peculiarity of the use of suggestion in the practice of psychological warfare 112
Chapter 8. Special methods and techniques of psychological warfare 127
1. Misinformation (deception) 127
2. Manipulation 132
3. Spreading rumors and myths 134
Part three. The vicissitudes of psychological warfare 138
Chapter 9. Psychological warfare at the beginning of the 20th century 138
World War I 138
Civil war and foreign intervention in Russia 141
Chapter 10. Psychological operations during the Second World War 144
Nazi Germany 144
UK and USA 152
Soviet Union 154
Chapter 11. Psychological Operations in the Far East 156
War in Korea 156
Vietnam War 158
Chapter 12. Psychological Operations in Armed Conflicts in the Americas 161
Falklands War 161
Invasion of Grenada 162
Operation in Panama 165
Operation in Haiti 166
Chapter 13 Psychological Operations in the Near and Middle East 168
War in Afghanistan 168
Invasion of Lebanon 170
Gulf War 173
War in Chechnya 179
Literature 181

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Krysko Vladimir Gavrilovich.

Secrets of psychological warfare (goals, tasks, methods, forms, experience).

Minsk, 1999

... unbearable expenses for the Soviet "response" to SDI, huge irrevocable assistance to "friendly regimes" and the waste of gigantic sums in Afghanistan (more than $ 70 billion over 10 years of war), combined with a specially organized decrease in world oil and gas prices - the main source of income for the USSR - led to the economic collapse of the great state that was once the Soviet Union. So the results of the manipulation of consciousness can be the most stunning!

KRYSKO Vladimir Gavrilovich- Doctor of Psychology, Professor, Colonel of the Reserve, currently Professor of the Public Relations Department of the State University of Management.

Born in 1949, graduated from the Faculty of Special Propaganda of the Military Institute foreign languages in 1972, Liaoning University (Shenyang, China) in 1988

In 1977 he defended his Ph.D. thesis on the topic "National-Psychological Characteristics of the Personnel of the Chinese Army", in 1989 - a doctoral dissertation on the topic "The Influence of National-Psychological Characteristics on the Combat Activity of the Personnel of the Armies of the Imperialist States".

Some scientific works: (monographs, textbooks, teaching aids):

 Ethnopsychology and international relations. - M.. 2002.

 Social Psychology: a textbook for universities. - M., 2002.

 Social psychology: a dictionary-reference book. - Moscow-Minsk, 2001.

 Social psychology in schemes and comments. - M., 2001.

 Secrets of psychological warfare (goals, tasks, methods, forms, experience). - Minsk, 1999. - 47.04 pp.

 Ethnopsychological dictionary. - M., 1999.

 Introduction to ethnopsychology. - M., 1996.

 Ethnopsychological features of entrepreneurial activity. - M., 1993.

 Psychological portraits foreign communication partners. - Minsk, 1992.

 Moral and psychological training of the personnel of the imperialist armies. - M., 1990.

 The Influence of National-Psychological Characteristics on the Combat Activity of Army Personnel

 imperialist states. - M., 1987.

 National-psychological characteristics of the personnel of the "self-defense forces" of Japan. - M., 1986.

 Socio-political and psychological characteristics of the population of China. - M., 1983.

 National-psychological characteristics of Chinese military personnel. - M., 1977.

Preface.

Today, no state is able to defend itself using military-technical means alone. Ensuring security is becoming more and more a complex task that includes military, political, economic, information and other measures. This task can be successfully solved thanks to the optimal combination of all forms and methods of confrontation, including psychological warfare.

The essence of war in the usual sense of the term has been comprehensively studied. The features of psychological warfare are correctly understood only by specialists. Meanwhile, one of the main goals of any "conventional" war is precisely to change the psychology of the enemy. What does it mean to "force him to surrender to the mercy of the victor" or "to accept the proposed settlement plan" for some problem? This implies, among other things, to form in him a conviction that further resistance is pointless, to deprive him of faith in his success, i.e. change psychology.

So what is psychological warfare?

Part one. General characteristics of psychological warfare.

Information for thought. The famous saying of the German general Karl von Clausewitz (1780-1831) "War is the continuation of politics by other means" has long been a generally accepted truth. "The essence of politics is the struggle for power" is another axiom, which today also does not need to be confirmed by scientists.

Chapter 1. The essence of psychological warfare.

What is the difference between conventional warfare (in the form of armed struggle) and psychological warfare?

1. The concept of psychological warfare.

The concept of "psychological warfare" has two main meanings.

In the understanding of professionals (professionalism in psychological warfare implies the presence of specialists who, firstly, have scientific knowledge about its specifics; secondly, they have special training, including practical experience in purposeful psychological impact on people) this concept reflects the content of the activities of special bodies of one state that have a psychological impact on the civilian population and (or) on the military personnel of another state in order to achieve their political, as well as purely military goals.

Officially, psychological warfare against foreign nations is only waged with the approval of the president, government, or national security council. In fact, in countries with weak executive power and general disregard for the current legislation, psychological warfare is carried out with the help of the media controlled by certain political groups or financial and industrial groups (including transnational ones).

1. Decompose everything good that is in the country of your enemy.

2. Involve prominent enemy figures in criminal enterprises.

3. Undermine the prestige of the enemy's leadership and expose it to public disgrace at the right time.

4. Use for this purpose cooperation with the meanest and meanest people.

5. Kindle quarrels and clashes among the citizens of a country hostile to you.

6. Incite the youth against the old.

7. Interfere with the work of the government by all means.

8. Prevent by all means the normal supply of enemy troops and the maintenance of order in them.

9. Bind the will of the enemy warriors with songs and music.

10. Do your best to devalue the traditions of your enemies and undermine their faith in your gods.

11. Send women of easy virtue in order to complete the work of corruption.

12. Be generous with offers and gifts to buy information and accomplices. Don't skimp on money or promises at all, as they bring great results.

In the ordinary sense the term "psychological warfare" denotes the spontaneous, unskilled use of means of communication and mechanisms of socio-psychological influence by some people against other people in order to subjugate them to themselves or create favorable conditions for their existence and activities.

Psychological warfare in this form exists (is used) for as long as the person himself exists. However, in the distant past, people were able to influence each other only in the process of direct communication, influencing their interlocutors through words, intonation, gestures, facial expressions. Today, the methods of influencing human consciousness have become much more diverse, effective and sophisticated thanks to the practical experience accumulated over millennia, as well as through the creation of special technologies for communication, interaction and management of people.

Current page: 1 (total book has 22 pages)

Krysko Vladimir Gavrilovich.

Secrets of psychological warfare (goals, tasks, methods, forms, experience).

Minsk, 1999

... unbearable expenses for the Soviet "response" to SDI, huge irrevocable assistance to "friendly regimes" and the waste of gigantic sums in Afghanistan (more than $ 70 billion over 10 years of war), combined with a specially organized reduction in world oil and gas prices - the main source of income for the USSR - led to the economic collapse of the great state that was once the Soviet Union. So the results of the manipulation of consciousness can be the most stunning!

KRYSKO Vladimir Gavrilovich- Doctor of Psychology, Professor, Colonel of the Reserve, currently Professor of the Public Relations Department of the State University of Management.

Born in 1949, graduated from the Faculty of Special Propaganda of the Military Institute of Foreign Languages in 1972, Liaoning University (Shenyang, China) in 1988.

In 1977 he defended his Ph.D. thesis on the topic "National-psychological characteristics of the personnel of the Chinese army", in 1989 - a doctoral dissertation on the topic "The influence of national-psychological characteristics on the combat activity of the personnel of the armies of the imperialist states."

Some scientific works: (monographs, textbooks, teaching aids):

 Ethnopsychology and international relations. – M.. 2002.

 Social psychology: a textbook for universities. - M., 2002.

 Social psychology: a dictionary-reference book. - Moscow-Minsk, 2001.

 Social psychology in schemes and comments. - M., 2001.

 Secrets of psychological warfare (goals, tasks, methods, forms, experience). - Minsk, 1999. - 47.04 pp.

 Ethnopsychological dictionary. - M., 1999.

 Introduction to ethnopsychology. - M., 1996.

 Ethnopsychological features of entrepreneurial activity. - M., 1993.

 Psychological portraits of foreign communication partners. - Minsk, 1992.

 Moral and psychological training of the personnel of the imperialist armies. - M., 1990.

 The Influence of National-Psychological Characteristics on the Combat Activity of Army Personnel

 imperialist states. - M., 1987.

 National-psychological characteristics of the personnel of the "self-defense forces" of Japan. - M., 1986.

 Socio-political and psychological characteristics of the population of China. - M., 1983.

 National-psychological characteristics of Chinese military personnel. - M., 1977.

Email: [email protected]

Preface.

The essence of war in the usual sense of the term has been comprehensively studied. The features of psychological warfare are correctly understood only by specialists. Meanwhile, one of the main goals of any "conventional" war is precisely to change the psychology of the enemy. What does it mean to “force him to surrender to the mercy of the victor”, or “accept the proposed settlement plan” of some problem? This implies, among other things, to form in him a conviction that further resistance is pointless, to deprive him of faith in his success, i.e. change psychology.

So what is psychological warfare?

Part one. General characteristics of psychological warfare.

Information for thought. The famous saying of the German general Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831) "War is the continuation of politics by other means" has long been a generally accepted truth. “The essence of politics is the struggle for power” is another axiom, which today also does not need to be confirmed by scientists.

Chapter 1. The essence of psychological warfare.

What is the difference between conventional warfare (in the form of armed struggle) and psychological warfare?

1. The concept of psychological warfare.

The concept of "psychological warfare" has two main meanings.

1. Decompose everything good that is in the country of your enemy.

2. Involve prominent enemy figures in criminal enterprises.

3. Undermine the prestige of the enemy's leadership and expose it to public disgrace at the right time.

4. Use for this purpose cooperation with the meanest and meanest people.

5. Kindle quarrels and clashes among the citizens of a country hostile to you.

6. Incite the youth against the old.

7. Interfere with the work of the government by all means.

8. Prevent by all means the normal supply of enemy troops and the maintenance of order in them.

9. Bind the will of the enemy warriors with songs and music.

10. Do your best to devalue the traditions of your enemies and undermine their faith in your gods.

11. Send women of easy virtue in order to complete the work of corruption.

12. Be generous with offers and gifts to buy information and accomplices. Don't skimp on money or promises at all, as they bring great results.

Psychological warfare in this form exists (is used) for as long as the person himself exists. However, in the distant past, people were able to influence each other only in the process of direct communication, influencing their interlocutors through words, intonation, gestures, facial expressions. Today, the methods of influencing human consciousness have become much more diverse, effective and sophisticated thanks to the practical experience accumulated over millennia, as well as through the creation of special technologies for communication, interaction and management of people.

The term "psychological warfare" in its non-scientific (everyday, everyday) meaning can characterize:

 political activity of individuals, groupings, parties, movements;

 election campaigns candidates for various elective posts;

 struggle of competing individuals (and small groups) for leadership in industrial, scientific and other collectives;

 political, economic or cultural confrontation between conflicting ethnic groups;

 negotiation process between competing firms or organizations.

In some countries, they are following the path of creating psychological warfare units with personnel who are well trained, equipped, and ready for practical action anywhere and at any time. These units are usually part of the armed forces of the state or its special services.

If necessary, they can be used in peacetime, including against their own citizens. This approach has become widespread in the USA, the USSR, the FRG, the PRC, and in some other countries.

In other states, reduced psychological warfare units (peacetime staff) are included in civilian structures.

Finally, in a number of countries, both government propaganda agencies and the commercial media are led by cadre specialists in psychological warfare. They carry out constant propaganda and information support for the policy of the leadership of their countries. This practice is widespread in South Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia and the Philippines.

So, psychological warfare is a combination of various forms, methods and means of influencing people in order to change their psychological characteristics (views, opinions, value orientations, moods, motives, attitudes, behavior stereotypes) in the desired direction, as well as group norms, mass moods. , public consciousness in general.

Psychological influence can be carried out by various methods.

First, by psychological means proper. For example, in the pre-war period, the government of any country, through the media, seeks to form patriotic views and beliefs among its people (especially among military personnel), to ensure the priority of state policy goals in the mass consciousness. At the same time, a potential adversary is trying to instill into the minds of the population and military personnel of this state ideas and moods that are beneficial only to him, opposite in direction. For example, it incites nationalist prejudices, dissatisfaction with the political or economic activities of the government.

Secondly, psychological influence can be carried out by military means. For example, the Soviet Union deployed its troops and missiles near the border with China, in Vietnam, on the territory of Cuba for the purpose of psychological pressure. The USSR and the USA have repeatedly sought to achieve their political goals through the demonstration of military force. One of the classic examples of psychological impact through a military demarche is the dispatch of 20 US Navy warships to the coast of Haiti in 1994.

The junta of General Cedras, which seized power there, experiencing, on the one hand, the psychological pressure of the world community, processed by the United States, and on the other hand, due to the direct threat of the use of military force, was forced to transfer the levers of control to the overthrown president Aristide. Two more examples are the systematic bombing by US aircraft of targets in Iraq and the use of NATO aircraft against Yugoslavia. Here, the matter was not limited to one show of force, the war machine was set in motion.

Thirdly, a system of trade and financial sanctions can be used for psychological impact, aimed at the economic undermining of a potential adversary. Thus, economic sanctions (including on behalf of the UN) against Iraq, Yugoslavia, Cuba, Libya, Sudan and a number of other countries entail a significant decrease in the standard of living of the majority of the population, numerous domestic difficulties, an increase in morbidity, malnutrition and, as a result, mass dissatisfaction of citizens with the existing situation.

Fourthly, psychological influence can be carried out by purely political means. For example, a demonstrative march held in Moscow in January 1999 by members of the nationalist organization A.

Barkashov "Russian National Unity" led to a fierce controversy between representatives of various political forces in Russia and intensified the confrontation between them.

2. Types of influence in psychological warfare.

According to domestic and foreign experts, the psychological impact is divided into the following types:

1) information and psychological,

2) psychogenic,

3) psychoanalytic,

4) neuro-linguistic,

5) psychotronic,

6) psychotropic.

1. Information and psychological impact(often called information-propaganda, ideological) - this is the impact of the word, information.

So, a leaflet, exerting a propaganda influence (ie, influencing the mind), can simultaneously cause psychological experiences, for example, a feeling of longing for the homeland, for the family. During the Second World War, Soviet leaflets with poems by E. Weinert "Think of your child", distributed among German soldiers, had a strong emotional impact on them.

The text of a leaflet distributed by Soviet troops during the war in Afghanistan is another example of such an impact, designed for a mass response:

"Holy war fighters! You know that some people, under the slogan of holy war, protect their own interests, pushing people to war. They themselves are in the luxurious palaces of Peshawar. We all know that they have accumulated a fortune in Pakistan and in other countries. Such people will not let the fire of war go out to protect their own interests.You know that the engineer Hekmatyar and Professor Rabbani and others who pretend to be champions of Islam violate the provisions of the Sharia and the Koran.They lead a wild life, and we are thrown into the muzzle of war.True that peace in Afghanistan is not in the interests of these people and reconciliation is needed not by them, but by the Mujahideen, who are dying in the fire of war, leaving their families without breadwinners.

So think about who fights and becomes a victim, and who leads a wild life and replenishes his fortune?

2. Psychogenic impact is a consequence:

 a) physical impact on the brain of an individual, as a result of which a violation of normal neuropsychic activity is observed.

 b) the shock impact of environmental conditions or some events (for example, pictures of mass destruction, numerous victims, etc.) on the consciousness of a person, as a result of which he is not able to act rationally, loses orientation in space, experiences affect or depression , falls into a panic, into a stupor, etc.

The less a person is prepared for the psycho-traumatic influences of the surrounding reality, the more pronounced are his mental traumas, which are called psychogenic losses. Therefore, in the organs of psychological warfare of some states (for example, Israel) there are specialists whose task is not only to demoralize the population and personnel of the enemy troops, but also to provide real assistance to their military personnel for their recovery from psychogenic losses and quick commissioning.

A particular, but very indicative case of psychogenic influence is the influence of color on the psycho-physiological and emotional state of a person.

Thus, it has been experimentally established that under the influence of purple, red, orange and yellow colors, the breathing and pulse of a person quickens and deepens, his blood pressure rises, and green, blue, indigo and violet colors have the opposite effect. The first group of colors is exciting, the second - soothing.

There are some patterns in the preference for certain colors:

 a) Related to the type of human nervous system. So, people with a weak nervous system most often like red and yellow colors, people with strong nerves - green and blue.

 b) Associated with the historical past of the ethnic group, of which he is a representative, and with his individual life experience. The red color, for example, is associated with the sight of blood or the reflection of a fire, and therefore causes anxiety and anxiety, increases activity.

The blue color, which appears in hereditary memory as the color of the sky, evokes a sentimental mood. Black color is identical to darkness and causes sadness.

White color in Western civilization is usually associated with light and purity, it causes an upbeat, solemn mood. However, in Japanese, Chinese and some other Asian cultures, it is combined with the concepts of cold and emptiness, the equivalent of which is death. Hence the white color of the burial shrouds and mourning clothes of the Japanese and Chinese, mourning coloring among primitive peoples.

A close relationship exists between color and sound. So, the colors corresponding to the even intonations of the human voice are green and purple. They are associated with negligible expression. Yellow, black and red, on the contrary, carry a very strong emotional charge. Red and yellow colors are associated with the voices of speakers who are in a state of positive mood. The voices of people in a state of depression, apathy and anxiety are strongly associated with gray, blue and brown colors.

 Correctly chosen color scheme allows creating the necessary emotional background, conducive to the perception and assimilation of the text;

 colors that are incorrectly matched to the content cause displeasure;

 a negative reaction to the color combination can spread to the content of the text, which reduces the effectiveness of its psychological impact in general.

In addition, it is necessary to take into account the effect of color on the readability of inscriptions:

 people notice color inscriptions 35% more often than black and white ones;

 good visibility and clear perception are provided if colors are displayed: on yellow - black, on white - blue, green or black, on red - green and vice versa;

 Poor visibility and inadequate perception occur if colors are displayed: on white - red, orange or yellow, on black - orange, red, green and vice versa.

3. Psychoanalytic (psycho-correctional) impact- this is the impact on the subconscious of a person by therapeutic means, especially in a state of hypnosis or deep sleep. There are also methods that eliminate the conscious resistance of both an individual and groups of people in the waking state. For example, in the USSR, Professor I.V. Smirnov, on the instructions of the Ministry of Defense, developed the technology of computer psychoanalysis and computer psycho-correction, which allows:

 carry out mathematical and statistical analysis of the body's reactions to external influences that occur during a very quick visual viewing or sound reading of various "stimuli" - words, images, phrases;

 absolutely accurately determine the presence of specific information in the subconscious of a person and measure its significance for each person, reveal hidden motivation, true aspirations and inclinations of people;

 on the basis of the identified and analyzed information, to obtain a complete picture of neurotic, disturbing a person (or whole groups of people) states of the psyche;

 if necessary, carry out purposeful (at will - acting immediately or with a delay) correction of mental states, the main acting factor of which are words-commands, pictures-images and even smells-motivators of certain behavior.

4. Neurolinguistic impact(NLP - Neuro-Linguistic Programming) is a type of psychological influence that changes people's motivation by introducing special linguistic programs into their minds.

It is interesting that after, under the influence of an instructor, a person "understands" what he "needs", he independently (but under the influence of the stereotype of perception embedded in his consciousness) begins to collect information about his daily activities, about his states and experiences. Comparing his real, currently present state with the desired (possible), he determines what resources he needs to mobilize and what exactly needs to be done in order to achieve comfort of feelings and moods.

The formula for changes in the psyche of an object under the influence of an instructor is schematically as follows (see diagram).

In the course of neurolinguistic programming, the effects of "mirror image", "synchronization" and "psychological signaling" are commonly used.

"Synchronization" is the mutual adjustment of bodily rhythms (including the rhythm of breathing) by listening and speaking subjects. So, it is known that during a conversation, as it were, people “dance” with their bodies to the beat of their own speech to give it more expressiveness. At the same time, the listener also makes micro-movements in time with the rhythm of the interlocutor's voice, thereby providing an invisible, but subconsciously felt emotional relationship with him. Synchronization is maximum if the communicants are in a state of agreement or dialogue with each other. And it is minimal in case of dispute and conflict between them. When attention is scattered, synchronization is also interrupted.

"Psychological signaling" is the relationship that exists between the position of the subject's eyes and the sensory processes responsible for receiving and processing information entering his brain. In particular, when a right-handed person looks up and to the left, he activates his visual (visual) memory. If the eyes are directed upward and to the right, this signals the construction of a new visual representation or image by the brain. If a person's eyes are oriented predominantly in a horizontal direction, it means that he controls the space in front of him and the people or objects located there that are subject to attention. If the eyes are oriented down and to the left, then the brain of the right-hander is occupied mainly with the input of kinesthetic (tactile) information. Finally, looking down and to the right signal the predominant implementation of the internal dialogue.

The instructor interprets these eye movements of the interlocutor and builds his speech as needed to achieve his goals.

Psychoanalytic and neurolinguistic types of influences are useful when they are used for humane purposes. If they are used to ensure their dominance, then they are psychological violence against people.

5. Psychotronic (parapsychological, extrasensory) influence- this is an impact on other people, carried out by transmitting information through extrasensory (unconscious) perception.

In this regard, it should be noted that television and other mass sessions of supposedly extrasensory influence (for example, Kashpirovsky, Chumak and other "wizards") are vivid examples of the most common deception. In part, mass hypnosis takes place here, but to a much greater extent - mass hysteria and mass mental infection.

Psychotronics focuses mainly on methods associated with the use of technical means of influencing consciousness, for example, the mentioned generators. At present, it is too early to talk about the active use of psychotronic weapons as a means of psychological warfare, but its specialists are doing everything possible to make maximum use of what has already been at least minimally developed.