Important indicators in this regard are the educational index, the ratio of literacy of men and women, the number of students in secondary schools, students in colleges and universities. The number of universities, schools, libraries and readers who visit them is also important. Based on these parameters, a list of the most educated countries peace.

Netherlands

Express info by country

The Earth is in third place in terms of distance from the Sun and in fifth place among all the planets in the solar system in terms of size.

Age– 4.54 billion years

Medium radius - 6,378.2 km

Middle circle - 40,030.2 km

Square– 510,072 million km² (29.1% land and 70.9% water)

Number of continents– 6: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America, Australia and Antarctica

Number of oceans– 4: Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic

Population– 7.3 billion people (50.4% men and 49.6% women)

Most populous states: Monaco (18,678 people/km2), Singapore (7607 people/km2) and Vatican City (1914 people/km2)

Number of countries: total 252, independent 195

Number of languages ​​in the world– about 6,000

Quantity official languages - 95; most common: English (56 countries), French (29 countries) and Arabic (24 countries)

Number of nationalities– about 2,000

Climatic zones: equatorial, tropical, temperate and arctic (basic) + subequatorial, subtropical and subarctic (transitional)

The Netherlands is a wonderful country with many outstanding sights, a high standard of living, respect for human rights and medicine. It is not surprising that it is included in the list of the 10 most educated countries in the world with a literacy rate of 72%. Higher education is available to every citizen of the country, and from the age of five, education for children is mandatory. There are 579 public libraries and approximately 1,700 colleges in the Netherlands.

New Zealand

New Zealand is located in the southwest Pacific Ocean. The country is not only one of the richest economies in the world, but also one of the most literate countries. The New Zealand education system is classified into three different levels, including basic school, high school and higher education. At each of these levels of education, the New Zealand school system is based primarily on functional research rather than mere memorization. The New Zealand government pays maximum attention to educational institutions. That is why the literacy rate in New Zealand is 93%.

Austria

The Central European German-speaking country of Austria is one of the strongest economies in the world. 98% of Austrians can read and write, which is a very high figure. Not surprisingly, Austria is on the list of the most developed countries in the world with a high standard of living, first-class educational institutions and medical services. The first nine years of free and compulsory education are paid for by the government, and further education must be paid for by yourself. Austria has 23 famous public universities and 11 private universities, 8 of which are ranked among the best in the world.

France

France is one of the most beautiful countries in Europe and the 43rd largest country in the world. The education index is 99%, which indicates one of the highest levels of education among 200 countries worldwide. A few decades ago, the French education system was considered the best in the world, having lost its leading position only in the last few years. The educational system of France is divided into three stages, including basic, secondary and higher. Among the many universities in the country, 83 are funded by state and public funds.

Canada

The North American country of Canada is not only the second largest country in the world, but also one of the richest in terms of GDP per capita. It is also one of the most educated countries in the world. Living in one of the safest countries, Canadians enjoy in a healthy way life with high quality educational institutions and advanced medicine. The literacy rate in Canada is approximately 99%, and the three-tier Canadian education system is very similar to the Dutch school system. 310,000 teachers teach at the basic and senior levels, and approximately 40,000 teachers are employed at universities and colleges. There are 98 universities and 637 libraries in the country.

Sweden

This Scandinavian country is one of the five most educated countries in the world. Free education for children between the ages of 7 and 16 is compulsory. Sweden's education index is 99%. The government is trying hard to provide equal free education every Swedish child. There are 53 public universities and 290 libraries in the country.

Denmark

Denmark boasts not only the strongest economic system in the world. It is also one of the happiest countries on the planet with a literacy rate of 99% making it one of the most literate in the world. The Danish government spends a huge amount of their GDP on education, which is free for every child. school system in Denmark offers high quality education to all children without exception.

Iceland

The Republic of Iceland is a beautiful island country located in the North Atlantic Ocean. With a literacy rate of 99.9%, Iceland is one of the three most literate countries in the world. The Icelandic education system is divided into four levels, including preschool stage, elementary, high school and higher education. Education from 6 to 16 years is compulsory for all without exception. Most schools are funded by the government, which provides children with free education. 82.23% of the country's citizens have higher education. The Icelandic government spends a significant portion of its budget on education, maintaining a high literacy rate.

Norway

Norwegians can be called the healthiest, wealthiest and most educated people in the world. With a literacy rate of 100%, Norway boasts some of the most highly trained professionals in the world. A significant part of tax revenues to the budget is spent on the education system of the country. They love to read books here, which is confirmed by the number of public libraries - there are 841 of them in Norway. The school system in Norway is divided into three levels: basic, intermediate and higher. Education from six to sixteen years of age for children is compulsory.

Finland

Finland is beautiful European country. It rightfully occupies a leading place in the lists of the richest, as well as the most literate countries in the world. Finland has been improving its own, unique education system for many years. Nine years of schooling are compulsory for children aged 7 to 16 and are completely free, including government-subsidized nutritious meals. Finns can be called the best readers in the world, judging by the number of libraries in the country. The literacy rate in Finland is 100%.

One of the false myths about tsarist Russia At the beginning of the 20th century, the myth of the "dark peasant mass" and "almost universal illiteracy" remains. This is not true. The literacy rate grew very rapidly throughout the reign of Nicholas II, and especially rapidly in 1906-1917. The level of literacy of young peasants can be judged from the data of conscripts for the army, more than 80% of whom were peasants - by 1913, more than 70% of conscripts were literate. But first things first.

Literacy according to the 1897 census

The starting point for literacy rates across Russian Empire at the beginning of the century, the data of the Census of the Russian Empire for 1897 are accepted, recognized by domestic and foreign scientists. Total literate (excluding Finland) - 21.1%, incl. 29.3% men and 13.1% women.

At the same time, literacy was highly differentiated across the regions of the Russian Empire. . By the beginning of the 20th century, Russia lagged far behind the developed countries of Europe (except Italy) in terms of literacy.

According to extrapolation estimates made in relation to the most developed provinces of the Russian Empire, during the 19th and early 20th centuries, literacy rural population grew by 1.8% per year.

Literacy in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century

The General Census of 1897, similar in scale and depth, was planned for 1915 in the Russian Empire, and all documentation for its implementation was prepared, however, due to the outbreak of the First World War, it was canceled. However, to assess the development of school education, enrollment of children school age and the level of literacy before 1917, data were used from the complete school census of January 1911 and data provided by the provincial and district educational authorities to the Ministry public education by January 1, 1915 (according to the standards of the complete school census of 1911) (p. 146).

In addition, in 1913 a general zemstvo congress on school statistics was held, after which zemstvo school statistics received a new development. Some of these data (including school statistics as of January 1, 1915), along with other statistics from the Ministry of Public Education of those years, are also used by some modern researchers.

The TSB (2nd edition) provides the following data on the dynamics of reducing the illiteracy of recruits in the Republic of Ingushetia (the percentage of illiterates among recruits):

Percentage of illiterate conscripts in Russia:

Percentage of illiterate conscripts in Russia

Years 1896 1900 1905 1913

% illiterate 60% 51% 42% 27%

As you can see, already in 1913, literacy among conscripts was 73% (by 1917 - more than 80%).

The draft commissions of the Russian army clearly separated the literate (who could read and write), the illiterate (who could only read) and the illiterate (who could neither read nor write). At the same time, the illiterate and illiterate were trained in the army.

Estimates of the average level of literacy of the population in Russia as a whole by 1914-1915 vary quite a lot: from 35-38% by 1915 to 43% in 1917. Former Minister of Education P.N. Ignatiev in his article gave an estimate of 56% of the literate of the entire population of Russia (in 1916).

According to a study by the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the guidance of Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor M. M. Gromyko, written on the basis of the results of sociological studies (late XIX - early XX centuries) of several groups of scientists of the Imperial learned societies tsarist Russia, the real literacy of peasants was noticeably higher than official statistics, since many (especially the Old Believers) did not consider it necessary to record their literacy during surveys, and for a number of other reasons (p.59-60). It is also noted that the craving of peasants for literacy, interest in books and periodicals grew steadily, especially rapidly after 1906. Funds for the formation of funds for rural libraries, including the purchase of books and subscriptions to periodicals, were collected from all peasants, including the illiterate.

Development measures primary education in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century

School education reforms began under Nicholas II even before Russo-Japanese War and revolutions of 1905-1907. In 1896, the transition from three to four years of primary education began, with all the new schools being built as four years, and at the same time excellently organized. All previous types of schools, including three-year zemstvo ones, also passed to the four-year school.

This process in Russia as a whole was largely completed already by 1903, and finally by 1910-1912. After 1906, parochial schools also began to switch to the four-year plan (the share of which in the total rapidly growing number of schools was steadily decreasing).

The reforms were also aimed at reducing the "bureaucratic dependence" of the secondary school; with the same purpose, Nicholas II in 1904, by his decree, abolished the direct connection between obtaining certificates of graduation from gymnasiums and universities and the assignment of ranks according to the Table of Ranks. These reforms were also aimed at strengthening the role of parents in school life, decentralization of education management and focus on "local needs". Published in 1896-1904 whole line decrees related to primary education, including, for example, funding various kinds primary schools, as well as on the material support of students in primary schools (p. 128).

In general, in a broader sense, it was at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries (several years before the Russo-Japanese War and Revolution) that the idea of ​​the gymnasium as an instrument for forming a layer of officials, which had been entrenched since the reign of Nicholas I, came into serious conflict with the broader concept secondary school as the main body that forms the cultural forces of the nation as a whole and the "needs of life" (primarily the country's economy) (p. 38) then to universities (p.119-120).

By 1914, all this was implemented. According to d.h.s. S. Volkov, the share of students from the "lower classes" in universities (primarily technical ones) reached 50-80%.

INTENSE GROWTH OF SCHOOLING AFTER 1907

Universal Primary Education Project

The development of elementary school education has accelerated significantly since the end of 1907. On November 1, 1907, a draft law “On the introduction of a universal primary education in the Russian Empire." Commission on public education, which received this project, considered it more three years. However, the discussion of the Universal Primary Education Bill was postponed several times. On January 28, 1912, the State Council formed a conciliation commission to resolve the disputes that arose. At the same time, the State Council proposed to increase to 10.5 million rubles. the minimum loan amount by which appropriations for the needs of elementary schools were to be increased within 10 years. During the discussion of the report of the conciliation commission (May 21, 1912), the Duma refused the proposed compromises, in connection with which, on June 6, 1912, the State Council rejected the bill, and, contrary to some assumptions not based on facts, the law on universal, compulsory and free elementary education in tsarist Russia was not accepted. - Nevertheless, the same modern critics of this law write:

“Since the issuance of the law of May 3, 1908, the first measures have been taken in the country related to the implementation of the project for the introduction of universal education in the country, which involved the creation of school networks of primary educational institutions.”

The Law of May 3, 1908, signed by Nicholas II, also provided for additional financing (credit) of 6.9 million rubles for the needs of primary education, and contributed to its accelerated development. At the same time, according to the decree of May 3, 1908, education in all schools, which was subject to additional state funding (including zemstvo schools) was free.

The New Encyclopedic Dictionary of 1916 (p. 127) also notes:

“From 1908 the legislative work of the Duma began in the field of universal education and in general primary education. A number of laws on primary education are being issued, closely related to the introduction of universal education..

« During 1908-1915, credit for the permanent needs of primary education increased as follows: in 1908 - by 6,900,000 rubles, in 1909 - by 6,000,000 rubles, in 1910 - by 10,000,000 rubles, in 1911 - by 7 000,000 rubles, in 1912 - by 9,000,000 rubles, in 1913 - by 10,000,000 rubles, in 1914 - by 3,000,000 rubles, in 1915 - by 3,000,000 rubles.

As seen, credit for the needs of primary education increased even during WWI. Not only funding, but all measures for the development of primary education (including an increase in the number of schools and their accessibility within a radius of no more than 3 miles) carried out steadily until 1917

It should be noted that not only in Russia, but also in other European countries, laws on compulsory primary education were introduced not “at once” (from the date the Law was adopted by the government or parliament), but over decades, with heated debates in parliaments: “Laws on universal primary education in different countries were accepted into different time and their adoption was accompanied by a long controversy and struggle.

For example, in England, a package of relevant legislation was put into effect between 1870 and 1907 after serious opposition (which insisted on non-intervention of the state in this matter) was overcome. It should be noted that the formal legislative introduction of universal education did not always mean its real introduction ”(p. 55) - and then D. Saprykin cites Italy as an example, where, although the Law was officially introduced in 1877, in practice it was not observed until until the end of the First World War.

In the Republic of Ingushetia, on the contrary, although the law initiated in 1908 and submitted to the Duma in 1912 had not yet been adopted by 1917, in fact the development of school networks and funding proceeded so rapidly that, for example, already in 1912 in the Moscow province 95% of boys 12 -15 years old were literate (and 75% of girls) (p.708-709).

As early as 1897, some zemstvos began drawing up plans for the transition of their counties to universal education - by 1915 they were among those 46 counties that had practically completed this transition.

As of January 1, 1915, the percentage of the ratio of the number of students to the number of children from 8 to 11 years old in the provinces, according to the article of the New encyclopedic dictionary 1916, was the following:

provinces of Moscow and Petrograd 81-90% , 7 provinces 71-80% , 20 provinces 61-70% ...."

For boys, almost complete coverage of primary education was provided in the central provinces of the European part of the Republic of Ingushetia (and in some Little Russian provinces) as early as 1914/1915, and at such rates, by 1924/1926, full coverage of all children by school would have been provided throughout Russia.

Of course, the level of literacy and the development of schools in regions with a predominantly non-native population (as in Central Asia) were far behind.

TEACHER TRAINING

In 1914, there were 53 teachers' institutes in Russia, 208 teachers' seminaries, and 280,000 teachers worked. AT pedagogical universities more than 14,000 students studied at the seminaries and seminaries of the MNE; in addition, additional pedagogical classes of women's gymnasiums released only in 1913 15.3 thousand students. The number of professionally trained teachers in primary schools also steadily increased, including in the remaining parochial schools (despite the lower pay in them): if by 1906 82.8% (in one-class) and 92.4% (in two-year) professionally trained teachers, then by 1914 - already 96 and 98.7%, respectively

PROSPECTS FOR UNIVERSAL SCHOOL AFTER 1917

What were the prospects for completing the process of full enrollment in primary education for all children of school age in Russia? - As of 1914, in different counties and cities of the Republic of Ingushetia (in total, there were 441 county zemstvos in the Republic of Ingushetia): “universal education was carried out in 15 zemstvos; 31 zemstvos are very close to implementation” (p. 146) (that is, in more than 10% of zemstvos). It is also indicated there that in 1914 88% of zemstvos carried out (transition) to universal education in agreement with the MNP, moreover, according to the construction for 1914, "62% of the zemstvos had less than 5 years before universal education, 30% - from 5 to 10 years, and only 8% - more than 10 years." It was expected that universal primary education in the territory European Russia will be achieved between 1919 and 1925 (in more than 90% of zemstvos, universal education could be introduced by 1924).

Summing up the reforms national education by 1917 (both general primary and secondary, and professional and higher), the head of the Center for Research in Scientific and Educational Policy at the IIET RAS D. L. Saprykin writes

“A unified system of education involving complete “coordination” of general and vocational education, in particular, the possibility of transitions between general and vocational educational institutions of the same level, was formed in the process of reforms of 1915-1916 carried out by P. N. Ignatiev with the full support of Nicholas II. These reforms created a harmonious single system national education, which included:

1) 3-4 year cycle of primary education,

2) 4-year cycle of post-primary education (the first four classes of gymnasiums, the course of higher elementary schools or relevant vocational schools,

3) 4 year cycle of complete secondary education ( last classes gymnasiums or vocational secondary schools),

4) higher educational institutions of the university or special type, 5) the system of education for adults, which began to be created at an accelerated pace, especially after the adoption of the Prohibition in 1914. …

In the last ten years of the reign of Nicholas II, a kind of " national project”: a program for the construction of “school networks”, in particular, networks of school buildings throughout the country, which ensured the availability of schools for all children of the Empire with a radius of 3 versts. ... During the reign of Nicholas II, Russia firmly entered the top five most developed countries in terms of the level of development of science, scientific and technical education and "high-tech industries".

Youth literacy

“Freedom promised literacy; freedom promised deliverance from ignorance, oppression, poverty; freedom gives you the opportunity to do something new, to choose" Koichiro Matsuura, 2001

The minimum definition of literacy is “the ability to read, write and make short, simple statements about one’s Everyday life". At the age of 15-24, of all people living in the world, 88% are literate. More than half of this age group live in Asia.
Most young people living in most countries of the world can read and write. Only five states have less than 50% of literate youth. Four of these five countries are in North Africa. Japan has the highest youth literacy rate in a single area.

The largest number of literate youth live in East Asia, where the youth literacy rate is 98.9%. Of the 12 regions, 8 have a youth literacy of over 95%.

Adult Literacy

"I'm somehow less interested in the weight and convolutions of Einstein's brain than in the almost complete certainty that people of his equal talent lived and died in the cotton fields of the sweatshop." Stephen Jay Gould, 1980

There are 360,000,000 literate adults worldwide, 82% of the adult population can read and write simple messages. Here, adults refer to people over the age of 15. Adult literacy rates are consistently lower than youth literacy rates in all regions of the world. The greatest differences are observed in North Africa - 17%, in Central Africa - 13%, in Southeast Africa - 11%. The smallest difference between youth and adult literacy rates is 1% in Japan. Largest population literate adults lives in China, India and the United States. In India, the literacy rate is 61%, and in the other two territories it is 91%.

Illiterate girls

The largest gap between male and female literacy is in South Asia, North Africa and Southeast Africa. In Pakistan, the number of illiterate boys is subtracted from the number of illiterate girls, resulting in 2,600,000 "extra" girls who cannot read and write, that is, there are 24% more girls aged 15-24 than illiterate boys of the same age.

The highest illiteracy among girls in the Middle East is in Yemen. In the countries of Eastern Europe, the highest female illiteracy is in Turkey, in the Asia-Pacific region it is in Indonesia, in South America it is Guatemala, and in North America— in the United States.

Illiterate women

"Illiteracy, in essence, is a manifestation of social inequality, inequality in the distribution of power and resources in society." Bharati Silawal-Giri, 2003

in South America and Western Europe men and women have very similar literacy rates. Elsewhere, especially in India, China, Pakistan and Islamic Republic Iran, there are very big number women who cannot read and write compared to the men who live there. Male and female literacy rates in Yemen are 69% and 28%, in Nepal 62% and 26% respectively, in Mozambique 62% and 31%, and in the Central African Republic the gap is 64% and 34%.

Elementary education

“Everyone has the right to education,” according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The second Millennium Development Goal is to achieve universal primary education. In 2002, 5 out of 6 school-age children were enrolled in primary education worldwide. However, registration does not guarantee attendance or completion of education.

If primary education continues beyond the expected enrollment years, then the statistic may exceed 100%. there are impressive results - 108% of students. On the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, only 30% of children in Angola are educated in primary school.

Secondary education

There are approximately 73 million children in the world studying and receiving secondary education, out of a possible 122,000,000 children. That is, only 60% of children receive secondary education.

In China, on average, 89% receive secondary education, while in India the figure is only 49%. Figures in Africa are even lower: 45% in North Africa, 25% in South East Africa and 13% in Central Africa. The lowest is 5% in Niger.

What is mandatory in some states becomes rare in other countries. The largest student population is in China: a quarter of all secondary school students in the world live there.

There are no girls in elementary school

The area with the largest absolute gap between girls' and boys' enrollment in primary education is India. In India, in the first 5 years of primary school, there are 8 million fewer girls than boys. This is 10 times more than in any other country.

Other countries with the largest difference in percentages between girls and boys among primary school students are Yemen, Chad, Benin and Niger. There are 2.5 million fewer girls than boys in North Africa, just a fraction of the total of 9 million girls who could be enrolled for the first 5 years of study there, but this is not happening.

There are no girls in high school

Areas with large male-female ratio differences at the high school level often have the same gender gap as in elementary school. In the same territories, there are significantly fewer girls in secondary education: the gap between the total number of girls and boys in each group is about 3 million worldwide.

In 104 countries, boys and girls in equally enter educational institutions; and there are a number of countries where the enrollment of girls is slightly higher than that of boys. These territories are found mainly in South America, North America, Eastern Europe and Western Europe. Anomalies in these regions when the boys goes to high school more than girls include countries: Peru, Guatemala, Bulgaria, Italy and Switzerland.

Higher education

Higher education is higher education. It comes after secondary or vocational education. In the world, about 105 million students are enrolled in higher education every year. Most high percent an older population of students enrolled in Finland. In Finland, this figure is 3.6 times higher than the world average - 140 times more likely to get a higher education than in Mozambique.

Areas that have a low number of people going to higher education are mainly in Central Africa. India sends half of its people with secondary education to universities, China is close to 2/3, and only 4 of the 24 countries in the Middle East have the lowest rates.

Women not in higher education

Where the majority of girls complete secondary education, there are more women than men who subsequently enter higher education. The exceptions are Japan, where 46% of university students are women, and the Republic of Korea, 34%. Where fewer girls than boys receive secondary education, there the ratio of women to men tends to be worse at the tertiary level. Where many do not even complete primary education, there are even fewer women in higher education. In Central Africa, North Africa, South Asia and Southeast Africa, gender differences start as early as primary school. In 122 countries, the number of women in tertiary education is the same as or greater than that of men, resulting in equal numbers of male and female students.
“Literacy of the population. World statistics»

In spite of wide use educational institutions and the availability of all kinds of information, the problem of literacy exists in modern times.

Definition

Literacy is the level of possession of knowledge and skills in a particular area, as well as the ability to apply them in practice. The degree of mastery of one or another subject determines the level of accessibility of certain information for a person.

Initially, the concept of literacy was used to determine the level of proficiency in reading and writing according to the norms of the native language. In the modern world, this concept has acquired a broader meaning and is now used to refer to knowledge. high degree in other areas of activity. There are such concepts as economic, legal, psychological, technological and scientific literacy.

information awareness

The literacy rate is one of the most actual problems in the current educational system. It implies not only the ability to find the necessary information, but also the ability to navigate in an endless information flow, analyze and synthesize the knowledge gained, benefiting and applying it in practice.

In many European secondary and higher education institutions, the education system is different from ours. The main difference lies in teaching students to use the information, and not to take notes and memorize. Of course, the development of memory is no less important. However, according to such an education system, it is important not only to assimilate the material, but also to learn how to independently draw conclusions and conclusions, find alternative solutions, see the relationship between seemingly different subjects of discussion, conduct a discussion, supporting your statements with logical arguments, and so on.

Varieties

Educational research activities includes the following types of literacy:

• Literacy in reading and writing.
• Possession of information carriers (computers and other gadgets).
• Ability to benefit from the telecommunications industry.
• Media literacy.
• Informational.

The last point unites the previous ones and is the key one. In the 21st century, you need to be able to cope with the flow of information and have the ability to quickly find, perceive and transfer knowledge in a particular area.

Proficiency in computer skills

The term was first proposed by the president of the Information Industry Association, Paul Zurkowski. This concept can be characterized as the ability to use a set of knowledge and computer skills to solve certain problems, plan various actions and anticipate their consequences. Because at the present time Information Technology are an integral part of society, the ability to use a computer has become no less important than writing and reading skills. This knowledge can significantly speed up the search process. necessary information in any field of science, art, culture or technology. Such technologies have greatly facilitated human interaction with a continuous information flow.

Network Literacy

Cultural Level

Any person who has ever been abroad must have noticed that knowledge of a foreign language is often not enough to fully understand local residents. It is related to cultural and social features every country. Any language is not just a dry set lexical items and grammar rules, a living system constantly evolving through interaction with other cultures. Can't be mastered perfectly foreign language, deliberately excluding history, cultural experience and social norms countries. The formation of literacy from the point of view of the cultural aspect implies not only familiarity with a wide range of basic knowledge. This is the freedom to use them. Therefore, cultural literacy is a concept that includes not only communication skills according to the rules of a particular language, but also a lot of other knowledge. This is etiquette, the ability to use figurative speech(idioms, metaphors, phraseological units), knowledge of traditions and customs, folklore, moral and moral side and much more.

Psychological literacy

This area includes all kinds of communication skills: the ability to establish contact, object, criticize, lead a discussion, convince, speak to the public. In general, this includes everything related to issues of relationships and communication skills.

How to improve spelling literacy

There is an opinion that the ability to write correctly is innate. However, contrary to popular belief, the acquisition of this skill is available to everyone. The best way- start intellectual development child from an early age. Then cognitive process will be easy and effortless.

First educational activities the child is built on imitation of the speech of others, therefore it is very important to create favorable environment. Certain speech skills are formed thanks to parents: the ability to correctly place stresses in words, build sentences, find suitable phrases in each case and express themselves intelligibly. Therefore, it is very important to communicate with the child as much as possible, to read fairy tales and poems aloud. A little later, when he learns to read on his own, correct writing words and phrases with repeated repetition will be deposited in memory. In addition, there are various intellectual and logic games.

Reasons for illiteracy

Compared to the recent past, it has now become much easier to search for any information. Almost everyone has the opportunity to use computer programs, tracing and misprints, find all sorts of textbooks, dictionaries and reference books. Nevertheless, the problem of literacy remains relevant to this day.

There are several reasons for the low level of knowledge of the native language:

• No need for reading. Books are increasingly being replaced by other entertainment: watching all kinds of TV shows, series, computer games, and so on. And any information can be found on the Internet. This threatens not only with general illiteracy, but also with a decrease in the intellectual level, a deterioration in creative thinking.
• Reading low-quality literature. Per recent decades more and more entertaining literature began to appear, in which, in addition to the lack of useful information, you can meet a lot of spelling, grammatical and stylistic errors.
• Chatting in Internet. Slang, abbreviations and careless spelling are common in various chat rooms and forums. This style can become a habit. Unfortunately, for some people, literacy is something they can do without in everyday life.

Intellectual games and entertainment for children

So that the educational process does not seem burdensome to the child, it is necessary to conduct training in game form:

• Crosswords. this kind of intellectual entertainment helps to increase vocabulary. In addition to the usual crossword puzzles with lists of verbal tasks, there are those in which the questions are presented in the form of pictures. This game will help the child learn to perceive and transmit information.
• Various oral games into words: selection of rhymes, cities, search for a word starting with a certain syllable, and so on.
• Paper games: make up as many as possible short words from one long one, "Snake", where each subsequent word begins with the last letter or syllable of the previous one, "Field of Miracles", "Confusion" - a game in which you need to collect a word from mixed cards with letters.
• Desktop and Russian version of "Erudite".
• Learning the rules in a playful way. Thus, examples of literacy are much easier to remember:
  - "not wonderful, not beautiful, but dangerous and terrible: it is useless to write the letter t";
  - "either, something, something, something - don't forget the hyphen here";
  - "I can't bear to get married."
• It is also very useful to develop. You can offer the child the following exercises: find ten differences between two pictures, show several patterns on a piece of paper, and then ask them to reproduce what they saw from memory.

Older children can already be offered to independently compose crossword puzzles, as well as writing essays, short stories and verses. This will greatly increase intellectual level child, will help develop imagination and imaginative thinking.

It is also very important in the process of communication to eliminate the possible correct use and combination of words and phrases (for example, dress and put on), put stress in words (rings, cakes) and more.

If some words cause difficulties, you can get a personal dictionary for writing out difficult lexical units. Then with these words you can conduct small dictations. Another idea is games in the style of "insert missing letter". Repeated repetition will help bring the correct spelling of words to automatism.

Literacy is a skill that can be easily acquired or developed, but should be practiced regularly. Of course, the school will offer a large number of all kinds of exercises in phonetic, morphological and parsing. Therefore, at home it is undesirable to duplicate such classes. It is best to instill in a child a love of literature, offering him various genres, and conduct the educational process in a playful way. The main thing is that the training takes place at ease.

The Importance of Literature

Literacy is one of the important parts educational process. Of course, an important role is played by memorization of the rules and norms of the native language with the subsequent consolidation of the material in practice. However, this may not be enough. Those who seek to improve their skills of perception and presentation of thoughts should pay special attention to reading various literature. It is best to give preference to those authors who are fluent in the word and colorfully describe what is happening. Reading good books helps develop eloquence, the ability to penetrate the essence of things.

Intuitive Literacy

This concept implies the ability of a person to correctly express thoughts in accordance with the norms of his native language, despite the fact that he does not know the rules. This kind of ability usually develops in people who read a lot. Spelling, punctuation system and stylistic features of the language are deposited in memory. In addition, people who read develop good logical thinking, eloquence and ability to philosophical reasoning.

The role of literacy in society

Of course, a person who knows how to correctly express his own thoughts, does not suffer from tongue-tied tongue, expresses himself according to the stylistic norms of his native language and writes without errors, is much more likely to receive a prestigious education, and then to find Good work. General cultural awareness is no less important than professional education.

The importance of literacy cannot be overestimated. This is one of the most important criteria that distinguishes a primitive and uneducated society from a progressive one. According to world organization UNESCO, a high level of oral and written proficiency plays a key role in basic education, victory over poverty and sustainable development society.

There are no universal definitions and standards for literacy. Therefore, it is difficult to name exact statistics on the level of literacy in Russia. But still it exists.

According to the UNO, Russia is one of the twenty most literate countries in the world. But in terms of the level of education, unfortunately, it ranks 36th, behind many other developed countries. But it is worth considering that these data were relevant for 2013, when the latest studies were conducted. By 2016, the situation has clearly improved, given the overall progress in literacy development in Russia.

So, if in the early 90s. In the 20th century, there were just over 2,000,000 illiterate adults in the country, but by 2013 their number had dropped to about 400,000.

Results of surveys and surveys of literacy rates

Thus, according to the latest statistics, at the age of 15 and over, approximately 99.4% of the population of the Russian Federation can read and write. At the same time, 99.7% of men are literate, and 99.2% of women.

The literacy rate has risen not only due to the improvement in the quality of education, the opening of new schools and other educational institutions, but also due to the emergence of a desire to learn from the Russians themselves, who actively use dictionaries. More than 40% of the Russian population resort to various dictionaries weekly.

At the same time, after the encyclopedic (46% of respondents named it first), the most popular is orthographic dictionary(about 20% of respondents), and this Right way to improve literacy levels. Regular use of the dictionary allows you not only to remember the spelling of words, but also to significantly expand your horizons and vocabulary. Preference is given to the electronic version of the dictionary (60%), which is quite logical these days.

And most importantly, recent surveys have shown that more than 30% of respondents use the dictionary specifically for self-development, and not for study and work.

What did the USE-2016 show?

There is a progressive scale here. According to the results of the USE-2016, which showed an increase in the number of students who received high scores for the Russian language test, we can conclude that the literacy of Russian schoolchildren is growing.

This is also supported by the reduction in the number of students who have not completed lower threshold points required to obtain a certificate, by 0.5% compared to the previous year.
In 2016, those who did not pass the Unified State Examination in the Russian language accounted for 1% of all those tested, while the number of students who scored over 80 points increased by 5.5% compared to 2015, when 20% of examinees received high scores (in 2016 - 25.5% ). Also increased the number of students who showed results over 90 points.

Results of "Total dictation" 2016

Recall that the first mass dictation aimed at testing knowledge of the Russian language took place 12 years ago, and has been held annually since then. Anyone can participate in the event.
"Total dictation - 2016" brought together about 150 thousand participants, which exceeded last year's number by 1.5 times. More than 18 thousand people wrote the dictation while outside of Russia. Wherein excellent rating, which means professional language proficiency, was received by about 1% of the participants, which is a good result, considering total Russian-speaking population in the world.

Vocabulary of a modern Russian

According to the latest statistics, there are approximately 500,000 words in the Russian language, but in everyday life people use about 3000.
The vocabulary of a student is 2000 - 5000 words, an adult owns 5000 - 8000 thousand, an adult who has received a higher education has about 10,000 in stock, and 50,000 are available to an erudite.

it good result, but it is important to consider which words a person knows. Does his speech predominate youth slang or jargon, or in its active and passive reserve predominantly used scientific terms or other "better" words.

Ways to raise the level of literacy

Today, in the age of the Internet, this task has become more solvable than before. There are several main and most relevant ways to improve the level of literacy of the Russian language.
First of all, make sure that the dictionary of the Russian language and the grammar guide (if you do not have them in paper form) are in your browser bookmarks.

Second important point is reading. Read more. Moreover, this can also be done through the Internet. But remember it's important to choose good books, better than Russian classics, since the level of literacy of the Russian language among many modern "writers" sometimes leaves much to be desired.

And the third way - use various portals and sites dedicated to the Russian language. Unfortunately, there are few such projects on the Internet today. But still they are. For example, a lot of useful information is presented on educational portal Textologia.ru. Here you can find spelling and punctuation rules, and theoretical information in various philological disciplines, and interesting articles on the theory and history of literature. Also on the site there is a service "Ask a question" and a forum where you can get answers to questions, which is very helpful in learning.

By the way, Textology.ru magazine also helped us in writing this article, which provided the statistical data and other information given above. I would like to see more such projects online, then, perhaps, the literacy rate in Russia would be higher, and our country would be able to share the first places in the world ranking.

Summing up, we can confidently say that in last years in Russia, there is an overall increase in the literacy rate, and the data obtained in current year, demonstrate progress in mother tongue proficiency among Russian-speaking population. Therefore, it is quite possible to expect that by 2020 our country will take higher positions in the overall ranking, showing the whole world that Russians are educated and literate people. The main thing is the desire to improve one's level of literacy and the desire not to stop there, continuing development, regardless of age and life circumstances.