Currently, words are actively borrowed. Borrowings in modern Russian: history of appearance, causes, problems and examples of use

There are several main stylistic varieties in the literary language. Each of these varieties is intended for use in certain areas of communication.

Remember and write down the names of the styles you know.

Sample execution: The sphere of everyday communication- Conversational style.

Scope of scientific communication - ...
Business and official business communication - ...
The sphere of influencing communication is ...
The sphere of domestic communication - ...

What is the term for the four styles of language you have recorded?

16. Fill in the chart "Styles of literary language". What styles are opposed to each other?

Each style is characterized by its own set of linguistic means - lexical, phraseological, grammatical.

In scientific style texts, these are terms, special vocabulary, complex constructions; socio-political vocabulary abounds in journalistic texts, etc. However, in all styles, the bulk of language means are neutral, interstyle words and constructions, that is, those that can be used in different styles. It is against their background that specific linguistic means characteristic of a certain style of speech stand out.

The presence of a common language fund testifies to the unity of the literary language. And at the same time, we are witnessing a constant process of interaction between styles. So, the colloquial style penetrates into such book styles as scientific, journalistic, artistic. In its turn Speaking enriched by elements of book styles.

17. Analyze an excerpt from A. I. Kuprin's story "The Evening Guest". In what words and sentences are the feelings of the hero most vividly, figuratively conveyed? Find cross-style (neutral) vocabulary. What terminological words are included in the narrative? Describe the style of this piece.

Here the gate creaked ... Here steps sounded under the windows ... I hear how he opens the door. Now he will enter, and the most ordinary and most incomprehensible thing in the world will happen between us: we will start talking. The guest, making sounds of different heights and strengths, will express his thoughts, and I will listen to these sound vibrations of the air and guess what they mean ... and his thoughts will become my thoughts ... Oh, how mysterious, how strange, how incomprehensible for us the simplest life phenomena!

18. Read A. Markov's poem. What comparisons does the poet use to describe speech that gives people joy and, conversely, deprives them of it? wonderful feeling? What other means artistic speech does the poet use in the poem?

There is speech, like a steppe breeze,
There is speech like the depth of the sea.

There is a speech, like pouring rain,
When the seeds sprout
Like spring keys

And even like lead hail -
On the crown of the head knocks, knocks,
So much so that you are not happy with life.

Compare two statements.

Which of them simply communicates information?

From what statement do we learn about the attitude of the author to what he is talking about, about his mood?

Tomorrow will be bad weather. It will probably be cloudy, it will rain. I really don't want to go out of town.

Tomorrow, September 5, air temperature will be 12-14 degrees Celsius, partly cloudy, intermittent rains.

Which statement contains words with an evaluative meaning?

Name them.

Which statement is dominated by words and phrases that accurately indicate the signs of the weather for tomorrow?

What styles do you remember?

19. Read the poetic lines of R. Wodis. What do you need to know to communicate successfully? Give examples to show that the "six things" really need to be taken into account when communicating.

Only six things you need to know
And language is not your enemy,
To whom to tell, _ (addressee)
What to say, _ (content)
Why, _ (task)
When, - (time)
And where, _ (place)
And How. _ (in what style and in what genre)

Sample reasoning: Of course, it is important to know who you are talking to, with whom you are communicating. For example, I will ask my father and teacher in different ways to help me solve a problem. I’ll say to dad: “Dad, the task doesn’t work out in any way. Help me solve a math problem. As soon as you have time ... "And I will tell the teacher before the lesson:" Elena Sergeevna, I'm sorry. I couldn't solve the problem. I don't know what I did wrong. Please see my solution. Where did I make a mistake?

20. Read the text (taken from the encyclopedic dictionary). What style is he? Specify syntactic constructions characteristic of the scientific style.

The Black Sea, the sea of the Atlantic Ocean, between Europe and Asia Minor. Kerch Strait connects with Sea of Azov, the Bosphorus - with the Sea of Marmara and further through the Dardanelles with the Aegean and mediterranean sea. The greatest depth is 2210 m. Large rivers flow into it: the Danube, the Dnieper, the Yuzh. Bug, Dniester, Rioni. At a depth of more than 150 m, the water is contaminated with hydrogen sulfide (there are no living organisms at great depths). Fishing (sturgeon, horse mackerel, mackerel, etc.).<...>There are numerous resorts on the coast.

21. In what style does A.I. Kuprin talk about a ring with an emerald (smaragd)?

You always wear this ring with an emerald, my beloved, because the emerald is the favorite stone of Solomon, the king of Israel. He is green, clean, cheerful and gentle, like spring grass, and when you look at him for a long time, your heart brightens; if you look at it in the morning, then the whole day will be easy for you.

22. The writing. Describe a stone or any other object that you like. It can be a precious or ordinary object that you have found, bought, given to you, an object that adorns your clothes, room, yard, street, etc. Decide first of all what kind of subject you will write about and in what style .

23. Each style is implemented in certain genres (i.e., in certain types of text). Previously, the names of speech genres were given. Write their names in the table.

Genre names: article in scientific journal, message from the president, explanatory note, conversation with a friend, report (in the laboratory), monograph, official correspondence, protocol, newspaper article, patent description, conversations in the family, letter to a friend, instruction, abstract, dictionary entry (in the encyclopedic dictionary), debate, debate, speech at the anniversary, report.

In what cases did you find it difficult to determine the style of the genre?

Academician V. G. Kostomarov writes in his book “ Language taste epoch": "The style of today's communication is characterized by the blurring of the boundaries between different communicative spheres, the leveling of types of speech, including the official one..."

Give one or two examples of texts that confirm the idea of V. G. Kostomarov about the “blurring of boundaries” between text styles.

24. Read a fragment of the text "Russian Language" from D. S. Likhachev's book "Notes and Observations" (1989). Which part of the "Notes ..." can be described as a journalistic style text, and which part - as a text conversational style? Prove your opinion by analyzing the language means in these two parts of the text.

Much has been written about the Russian language as the language of the people. This is one of the most perfect languages of the world, a language that has evolved over more than a millennium, producing in the 19th century the best literature and poetry in the world. Turgenev said about the Russian language: "... one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!"

But it also happens that a person does not speak, but “spits with words.” For each common concept, he has not ordinary words, but jargon. When such a person speaks with his spitting words, he reveals his cynical essence...

Jargon is a type of speech used mainly in oral communication by a group of people united on the basis of profession or age.

Which column contains jargon? Explain their meaning.

25. What slang words do you know or hear? In what cases is their use justified?

26. Currently, words are actively borrowed from American English, even in cases where there are no less accurate Russian equivalents, for example:

conversion- transformation,
stagnation- stagnation
consensus- consent, agreement,
corrupt- sellable. Etc.

Have you heard such foreign borrowings? Write down the ones you remember. How do you feel about the fashion to use as many foreign words as possible, regardless of the speech situation?

27. Find and write down more common equivalents for foreign words summit, digest, slang, display, rating, show, investment.

For reference: summit meeting (meeting at highest level); screen; jargon; performance-spectacle; authority, popularity; contribution; summary, collection of materials.

Gramoty.ru magazine

Borrowed vocabulary in teaching the Russian language

T. T. Keldiev, Associate Professor of the Russian Language Department, Tashkent State University of Economics

AT recent decades Russian literary language is strongly influenced by borrowed foreign words (Americanisms, Anglicisms).

At all times, starting from the Petrine era, there is a process of borrowing words. This is understandable: since ancient times, peoples have entered into cultural, trade and political ties with other states. All these processes could not but lead to language changes.

We all understand the meaning of words like scarf, jeans, shorts, but words cause difficulties in understanding swinger, leggings, bandana or capri. So, for example, in the Encyclopedic Dictionary capri explained as an island in the Tyrrhenian Sea within Italy. And today's youth in a word capri calls cropped trousers. How much the named word will take root in Russian, time will tell. It seems that the fashion for these trousers will pass and the word will be forgotten. After all, language is a living organism, some words appear, others disappear. For example, with the collapse of the USSR, such words as pioneer, state farm, Bolshevik, KGB etc. In other words, foreign words enter the language, disappear, return.

“Borrowings from American English are considered by many to be the most striking feature of our language development today, comparing their flow with the French flood experienced in the eighteenth century. As in most countries of the world, the United States in the minds of Russians, especially young people, is increasingly taking root as a center that radiates, if not legally, then attractively technical innovations, examples of social order and economic prosperity, living standards, aesthetic ideas, cultural standards, tastes. , manners of behavior and communication ...

According to the fashion of the day, English words are borrowed even when no less accurate Russian equivalents are available, for example: conversion(conversion), stagnation(stagnation), consensus(consent, agreement), image(image), pluralism(diversity, plurality of opinions; previously it was known as the name of a certain “idealistic doctrine”), presentation(view), etc.

It is amusing that such barbarisms are often replaced by Russified French words. Yes, instead of multiplier and cartoon started talking and writing animator, animation(artist-animator, animated television series). And such examples are by no means isolated: briefing(press conference, briefing), display(screen), cartridge(cartridge), slang(jargon), publicity(advertising)".

Among borrowed words, it is possible to single out borrowings of a linguistic and non-linguistic nature.

Non-linguistic borrowings appear as the names of new phenomena in various fields: economics ( broker- "intermediary in the conclusion of transactions"; marketing- "control system"; manager- "specialist in company management"); politicians ( inauguration- Inauguration ceremony impeachment– “expression of no confidence in the government”; speaker- "head of parliament"); social, cultural, household ( origami- "ancient Japanese art of paper making"; jacuzzi- "hot tub" top -"short blouse"); engineering and electronics ( Printer- "printing device"; split system– “technical device for air conditioning”). Along with non-linguistic reasons, there are also reasons of a linguistic nature: a foreign word replaces a descriptive phrase ( notebook- portable computer; hamburger- hot cutlet in the dough; bonus- additional remuneration for work; gift); clarifies, details the concept ( display- not any screen, but “a device for visually displaying information - in the form of text, tables, drawings, etc.; sponsor- not a philanthropist, but "an individual or legal entity that finances an event and advertises its products"; service- not just a service, but a system of organizations and services providing services to the population). Often new borrowings replace Russified ones. foreign words: slang(jargon), show(performance), hit(smash hit). In this case, we are also talking about borrowings of a linguistic nature, since a new word replaces a descriptive phrase or clarifies the concept.

It is possible to relate differently to the borrowing of foreign language vocabulary, but this process cannot be abandoned. Therefore, the study of new borrowed vocabulary, its meaning and use is an urgent task of teaching non-philologists.

At the same time, students have to explain why sometimes a borrowed word is used instead of a native one when presenting a thought; why use image if there is a word image, for what summit if you can say summit meeting; than fashionable now remake better than usual alterations; why consensus preferred consent.

The teacher, of course, should be able to professionally explain the main reasons for the complex and ambiguous process of borrowing, to talk about the socio-psychological conditions in which this process takes place. Let's list some of these conditions.

At present, in the official ideology of Russia and the CIS countries, unifying tendencies prevail over the opposition of the Soviet way of life to the Western model; there is a reassessment of social and moral values, mixing narrow national interests with universal ones. Finally, in the spheres of politics, economics, culture, art, sports, fashion, trade, music, an open orientation to the West is characteristic. All these processes undoubtedly served as an important stimulus that facilitated the activation of the use of foreign vocabulary.

In addition, business and cultural ties have intensified; overseas tourism flourished; cooperation with foreign specialists has become closer and longer. All this led to the intensification of communication, and therefore to the direct and strong influence of one language on another.

So, in Russian speech, first in the professional sphere, and then outside it, terms related to computer technology appeared: the word itself a computer, as well as display, file, printer, copier etc.

It has become customary to use numerous economic terms such as broker, barter, marketing, manager and others. Many of them were borrowed a long time ago, but were previously used mainly among specialists. However, in our days they have sharply intensified and become widely used.

Borrowing new vocabulary and the expansion of the scope of the use of previously borrowed foreign vocabulary occurs in less specialized areas of human activity. Let us recall at least such widely used words as video, show(and their derivatives), image, presentation, nomination, sponsor, thriller, hit, disco, disc jockey, top model and many others. others

No matter how the teacher treats borrowed words, he must teach the student to use this vocabulary correctly and appropriately. To do this, it is necessary to explain not only the meanings of borrowed words, but also their compatibility, system-linguistic relations with synonyms, antonyms, genus-species and thematic inclusions in related lexical groups.

Intensive borrowing of foreign words led to the emergence of dictionaries such as "New Dictionary of Foreign Words", " Modern dictionary foreign words ", etc. Work on borrowings should be carried out constantly in the classroom of the Russian language, which will undoubtedly have an impact on the enrichment vocabulary students. These can be tasks of a different nature. The proposed system of exercises in the classroom on the culture of speech will facilitate the work of a teacher with foreign vocabulary, will teach not only to recognize it, but also to actively use it in speech.

Exercise 1. Determine the meanings of words of foreign origin by choosing the correct answer. If necessary, use a dictionary of foreign words.

1. Mass media (English) a) printing; b) funds mass media; c) television.

2. Couturier (French) a) fashion designer; b) an artist; c) an architect.

3. Legitimate (French) a) legal, legal; b) illegal; c) related to legal;

4. Thriller (eng) a) three works; b) trilogy; c) a horror book or film, the plot of which is replete with images of bloody scenes, murders, violence, etc.

5. Producer (English Amer.) a) philanthropist; b) patron; c) a financial figure in the world of art (film and stage), exercising ideological, artistic, organizational and financial control over the production of a film or performance.

6. Nouveau riche (French) b) specialist; c) a businessman.

7. Slang (English) a) argotism; b) set slang words, slang meanings; in) obsolete words.

8. Fraction (French) a) part of a group; b) party; c) a piece of something.

9. Panegyric (French). a) type of temperament; b) illness; c) praise.

10. Crossman (English) a) a cross-country lover; b) an athlete; c) cross-country participant.

Answers: 1b, 2a, 3a, 4c, 5c, 6b, 7b, 8a, 9c, 10c, 11c.

Exercise 2. Is it justified, from your point of view, to use the following foreign words in modern speech? Make suggestions with them.

Grand Prix (the highest award at a festival, competition), grant (cash allowance issued by special funds and intended for material support scientific research), yeti ( snowman), killer (hitman), know-how (new advanced production technologies), summit (summit), exclusive (exclusive), electorate (collection of voters).

Exercise 3. Replace the following terms with foreign words.

1) enthusiast, fan, fan of artists, athletes; 2) host of music programs; 3) specialist cosmetologist; 4) economic commodity exchange; 5) general agreement on the main issues; 6) a specialist conducting purchase and sale operations; 7) mass media; 8) a mass publication containing a brief simplified summary of popular works of fiction; 9) fashionable pop song, melody; 10) compiler of texts of speeches, speeches for high-ranking officials of the state.

Answers: 1) fan; 2) showman; 3) makeup artist; 4) barter; 5) consensus; 6) trader; 7) mass media; 8) digest; 9) hit; 10) speechwriter.

Exercise 4. Analyze the example of a television program from a newspaper Soviet Russia for 17.09.1994. What linguistic means are used to create a humorous effect?

Russian television for the nearest bright future

6.00. - How do you do! Shaping.

6.15. - Home video.

7.20. - Briefing with the mayor of the village, Sir Razdolbaev.

7.40. - Show dossier on rentier. Transfer for showmen, supermen, bartenders, businessmen, bezmenov…

10.00 - Our cinema. “Muter your tag…”….

11.30. - Hello, Playboy. Show party for schoolboys.

12.00. - ABC in heaven. Press Express with Catholic-Lutheran-Protestant Pastor Shlag.

13.00. - Reck-time.

13.15. – Time out.

15.00. - “Ai love you, country!” A festive rock revue show dedicated to... how is it in Russian... the revival of Russia!

19.20. – Brain ring after tour neps.

20.00. - Bluff club in the Russian parliament.

22.00. - Exclusive. Winkand with the superstar of the hit parade of the All-Russian competition "Miss Milking Machine Operator 97" Barbie Sidorova..

Exercise 5. What do the words below mean? Say them out loud. In which of them does the unstressed sound (O) remain during pronunciation?

Aroma, glass, specifically, model, radio, sonnet, boa, veto, synopsis, nocturne, novel, trio, bolero, dossier, concert, oasis, piano, foyer, burgundy, cocoa, communiqué, poet, sonata, phoneme.

Answers: boa, nocturne, radio, bolero, communique, sonnet, dossier, oasis, trio, cocoa, poet, foyer.

Exercise 6. Very often people abuse foreign words, which often causes ridicule. Read the text and say why it makes you smile? What do the foreign words used mean?

Madame! Women! Citizens! Just people and iron ladies! Misses and Mrs!.. We wish you happiness in management, good family consensus and pluralism in personal life! And so that you never have stagnation, but, on the contrary, presentations in all respects! I wish you a strong image at work, a beautiful face and an excellent sponsor in everyday life! In short, a great alternative for you in family life...

Exercise 7. How do you feel about foreign words? Find foreign words in the mass media and write them down. Read the texts and express your opinion.

It is easy to fight the clogging of the French language with foreign words. The French do not know foreign words, do not learn, do not like, and if they had to acquire such knowledge somewhere, they speak with a deliberate accent. They remake, for example, English speech in their own way, that is, they emphasize the last syllable, which makes it impossible to understand a Frenchman who speaks English. (M. Chikin)

Mexicans are strange people. They do not want to exchange their Spanish for another language. But they live side by side with the Americans - common border, over a hundred billion dollars of annual trade. But somewhere it says "market" or "parking" - never. Even brokers, dealers, brokers - all are called by their own, Spanish words ... (E. Umerenkov)

Exercise 8. Which spheres do the following words belong to? Give their interpretation.

Briefing, monitoring, bodybuilding, summit, clearing, digest, slogan, dissident, audience, emission, embargo, impeachment, impresario.

Exercise 9. Do you agree that foreign words clog speech, especially if there are their Russian counterparts, if their meaning is unclear, and when they are used for the sake of fashion, it is meaningless, unnecessarily? Give such examples.

Exercise 10. Write down borrowed words in your specialty. Make suggestions with them.

Borrowing words is a natural phenomenon. But excessive enthusiasm for them, I think, harms the Russian language. Time will put everything in its place. After all, few of the many foreign words are retained, while others disappear. So, for example, such foreign words as Victoria(victory), attention(attention, respect for someone), audited(worry), etc.

Exercise 11. Replace borrowed words with Russian equivalents.

1. In addition to the showroom, where all Volkswagen cars officially sold in Russia are constantly on display, there is a technical center (“Koms. Pravda”). 2. Today, one of the main blockbusters of the year, the film "Night Watch", is being released on cinema screens. 3. Realtors are required for work. 4. Evgeny Popov wrote a remake of Turgenev's novel "On the Eve" (AIF). 5. After a short lunch, I went up to my room (“Koms. Pravda”). 6. The house provides underground parking, centralized security, satellite TV ("Koms. Pravda"). 7. The scale of beer addiction of teenagers is becoming menacing (AIF).

Answers: 1) showroom; 2) a sensation, a film that has huge popularity; 3) a real estate agent; 4) alteration; 5) second breakfast; 6) parking; 7) a teenager from 13 to 18 years old.

But in the Russian language there are many borrowed words that are used in everyday life, without which it is impossible to do. Can't be called otherwise taxi, movies, perfume, mayonnaise, beefsteak. These words have become familiar to us. Foreign words have become familiar, “their own” today cherry, cucumber, soup, chest, bazaar, cutlet, tie, iron and etc.

“The process of borrowing is eternal and fruitful at many costs; the fate of individual words is ambiguous. In principle, foreign words are a normal phenomenon, and without them it is difficult to join the world culture. In addition, as A. S. Pushkin noted, the Russian language is condescending to other people's words, “receptive and sociable”, capable of accepting a lot while preserving itself. It is impossible not to mention the fact that these words often contribute to internationalization - a process that is undoubtedly progressive, as long as it does not encroach on ethnic identity.

Thus, foreign words, used without measure, clog the language, make speech incomprehensible. However, their reasonable use enriches speech, gives it greater accuracy. Of course, the immoderate and inappropriate use of foreign words is unacceptable, but inappropriateness and immoderation are harmful and absurd when using any word. Bans and restrictions will not achieve anything here. Here, according to L.P. Krysin, “planned and painstaking scientific and educational work is needed, the ultimate goal of which is the education of a good language taste.” And good taste is the main condition for the correct and appropriate use of linguistic means, both foreign and native.

Literature

1. Vvedenskaya L. A. et al. Russian language and culture of speech. Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2003.

2. Kostomarov V. G. Linguistic taste of the era. St. Petersburg: Zlatoust, 1999.

3. Krysin L.P. On the vocabulary of the Russian language of our days // Russian language at school and at home. M., 2002. No. 1.

There are adopted words in absolutely every language of the world. They come with any interaction of countries. This article will help you understand what borrowed words are and how to distinguish between them.

In contact with

Loanword Dictionary

Borrowed words in Russian appear in relationships with representatives of other countries, nationalities, in a similar way, speech is supplemented and improved. Borrowed vocabulary appears when an important concept is missing.

Borrowing words from other languages significantly complements the speech, where they enter, make people closer to each other, it becomes easier to understand foreigners who use international terms in speech.

The dictionary of borrowed words contains borrowed words that came to Russian in different time periods. Meaning they are revealed very fully, the etymology is explained. You can find the necessary word by the first letter, as in a regular glossary.

Words borrowed from other languages

Foreign words that came through adoption behave differently. Some take root, enter into speech, changing according to all the rules of the Russian dialect (for example, a sandwich), while others do not change, they are used in their original state (a vivid example of the word sushi).

Borrowed words divided into Slavic and non-Slavic. For example, Slavic dialects - Czech, Ukrainian, Old Slavonic, Polish, etc. Non-Slavic - Finno-Ugric, Germanic, Scandinavian, Turkic, etc.

List of foreign words in Russian

Borrowed words in the majority are simply forced to change according to all the rules of the Russian dialect: phonetically, semantically and morphologically. But over time, such terms are so firmly established in everyday life that most simply cease to be regarded as alien. For example, words "school", "sugar", "activist", "banya", "artel" and others were originally brought into Russian from other dialects, only now they are taken for Russian.

Attention! Borrowed from others adverbs, words can change drastically: some change only the endings, others can change gender, others even change their meaning.

Consider the words conservatory, conservative, canned food.

At first glance, their meanings are completely different, even these three expressions came from completely different countries, but they have something in common, something that catches the eye even at first glance - they are similar in spelling.

This is explained very simply. They came to our dialect from Italian, French and Latin. And in their turn came one term from Latin, meaning "preserve."

Important! To correctly determine the lexical meaning of any word, you need to find out where it was introduced from.

If there is no certainty whether an expression came from other languages or is native Russian, dictionaries come to the rescue, which explains not only the meaning, but also the occurrence.

For clarity, below are examples of borrowed words in Russian:

Borrowing language	adopted word	Semantics
	Business	Occupation, business
	Price list	price list
	Gameplay	Game process
	Diving	Swimming underwater
	Penalty	Punishment
	Blogger	Man posting online diary on internet
	parking	Parking
	Cake	Cake
Arab	Admiral	sea lord
	Score	Stock
	Robe	Honorary Outfit
ancient greek	Aristocracy	The power of the chosen
	Atheism	godlessness
	Comedy	Joyful songs
	Optics	See
	Skeleton	withered
	Telephone	far audible
	Tragedy	goat song
	Photo	light recording
	Bank	Bench
Italian	Vermicelli	Worms
	Paparazzi	Annoying mosquitoes
	Tomato	Golden Apple
Latin	gravity	severity
	Oval	Egg
	Rail	straight stick
	Soldier	Coin for military service, salary
	Stimulus	animal stick
	Pot	round cauldron
Deutsch	Cup	Bowl
	Camp	storage
	Mouthpiece	Mouth product
	Leggings	Pants for riders
	Market	Circle, square
	Prison	Tower
	Apron	front handkerchief
	Barrier	felled tree
	State	State
	Chess	Shah passed away
Persian	Kebab	six slices
	Suitcase	Warehouse of things
	redneck	livestock
Polish	begging	Kneel
	Bouillon	Decoction
	Conductor	drive
French	Corset	Body
	Marauder	Robber
	Still life	dead nature
	Dude	Pigeon
	Masterpiece	business professional
	Floor	platform

foreign words

You can often hear the phrase foreign word. What are foreign words what are they?

Foreign words are adopted terms from other dialects. The introduction of borrowed words occurs in two ways: through conversation and through literature. it natural process interaction between two different languages and cultures.

There are a number of differences that can be used to determine How do native Russian words differ from borrowed ones?.

The first sign is phonetic:

Starts with the letter a. It is easy to distinguish them, since truly Russian expressions with the letter a begin extremely rarely. They start with a only interjections, imitate sounds and their derivatives.
Native Russian words do not have the letter e at the root, this is typical for adopted terms. Exceptions - , interjections and formed from adopted words.
Letter f. Exceptions are imitation of sounds, interjections, the word owl.
Several vowels at the root of a word indicate loanwords in Russian.
Consonant combinations"kg", "kd", "gb" and "kz" in the roots of words.
Combinations of "ge", "ke" and "he" in the root. Originally Russian words have these combinations only in the stem-end combination.
Combinations of "vu", "mu", "kyu" and "byu" in the root.
Doubled consonants in the root.
A solid consonant sound before the vowel e, read as e.
The words, starting with the letter e.

The second sign is morphological:

Nouns that are not inflected.
Invariability of gender and number of nouns.

The third sign is derivational:

Prefixes of foreign origin.
Suffixes of foreign origin.
Roots such as aqua-, geo-, marine-, grapho-, etc.

Summing up, it should be noted that original Russian and borrowed words easy to distinguish, just paying attention to the above signs.

Borrowed vocabulary

What is borrowed, really? These are expressions that have entered into speech from other languages due to external (political, commercial, general cultural ties, definitions of concepts, objects) and internal (the law of savings verbal means, language enrichment, popular term) reasons.

Consider examples of loanwords and their meaning.

Examples of English words

Russian term	English term	Meaning
Bodysuit	Body - body	body-hugging outfit
Jeans	Jeans - denim	This type of trousers is in the wardrobe of almost everyone.
clutch	To clutch - squeeze, grab	Lady's bag small size, it is carried in the hand
Leggings	Leggings - gaiters, leggings Leg - leg	Tight gaiters of various textures and colors have been extremely popular among fashionistas for more than one year.
Pullover	To sweat - sweat	The sweater is very warm and the origin of the name is obvious
Stretch	To stretch - stretch	Highly stretchy fabrics. The Russians transformed it into a "stretch"
Hoodie	Hood - hood	Hoodie
Shorts	Short - short	Cropped trousers
Jam	To jam - crush, squeeze	Jelly density jam
Roast beef	Roast - fried Beef - beef	Most often a piece of meat, grilled
Crisps	Chips - crispy fried potatoes	One of the favorite treats of children and adults
Brand	Brand - name, brand	Popular Brand
Investor	Investor - contributor	A company or individual who invests money in projects in order to multiply the invested funds
know-how	To know - to know	A unique technology that allows you to make an exceptional product or service
Release	Release - release	Production of products such as a music disc, a book, etc.
Browser	Browse - browse	Utility for viewing sites on the Internet
Notebook	Notebook - notebook	laptop computer
Best-seller	Best - the best Seller - sold	The product that serves the best
Loser	To lose - lose, fall behind	Jonah
puzzle	puzzle	Puzzle with an impressive number of pieces
Rating	To rate - evaluate	Product awareness level
Soundtrack	sound - sound Track - track	Most often music written for a film
Thriller	Thrill - nervous trembling	A movie that can make you chill with fear

List of foreign words in Russian can be continued indefinitely. Finding out from which language the word came into speech, one can trace how the interaction between countries took place.

Examples of native Russian and borrowed words in the science of lexicology are strictly distributed according to their origin.

There are many glossaries explaining what foreign language terms are. They explain, from what language some expression came. It also contains sentences with borrowed words from all ages. Many expressions after a long time began to be perceived as primordially Russian.

Now the most famous dictionary- this is the “School Dictionary of Foreign Words” by V.V. Ivanova. It describes what language the word came from, what it means, and examples of usage. This is one of the most comprehensive glossaries, covering the most basic concepts of the most commonly used terms.

Examples of loanwords

Are borrowed words necessary?

Conclusion

Find out what language some word came, quite simply, having understood its original meaning. The dictionary gives a whole list of expressions, while it is constantly updated. The history of terms and their origin can tell a lot, one has only to look for a word in a glossary.

Kirillova Natalya Viktorovna,

One of the topical topics of our time is the borrowing of words in the Russian language, which is becoming more and more.

Foreign words overwhelm Russian speech, pushing aside the initial, Russian words. Is it good or bad for the native language? Are these words necessary or not? Can we do without them?

Borrowing foreign words is one of the ways in which the modern language develops. Language always responds quickly and flexibly to the needs of society.

The Russian people in the course of its history had various connections with the peoples of the whole world. The result of this was numerous foreign words borrowed by the Russian language from other languages.

In relation to borrowed words, two extremes often collide: on the one hand, a glut of speech with foreign words, on the other, their denial, the desire to use only the original word.

There are times when they are quite tolerant, but at other times they are judged negatively. Nevertheless, despite this or that reaction of society, one part of the borrowed words enters the language, and the other is rejected.

The attitude towards borrowed words in society is changing. The process of borrowing is normal for the development of a language. True, not all languages are equally susceptible to foreign language influence. It depends on various factors. For example, from geographical. Thus, Iceland, due to its insular position and isolation from others European countries for many centuries it was loosely connected with the "mainland" peoples. Therefore, Icelandic has few borrowings from other languages.

Change vocabulary language is often associated with a change in other aspects of the life of a people, society, including the emergence of new technical devices (for example, all words used in the development of computer technology, scientific research), cultural phenomena (the emergence of new types of art, etc.) .

The number of borrowed words in the Russian language is in the tens of thousands, and the process of borrowing occurs at different times.

Foreign words in the Russian language have long been the subject of close attention and discussion of scientists, public figures, writers, lovers of the Russian language.

Scientists were interested in what place borrowed words occupy in the vocabulary of the Russian language, from which languages most words are borrowed, what is the reason for borrowing, and whether foreign words clog up the native language.

Repeated attempts were made to replace words that came from other languages with Russian ones. So Peter I demanded from his contemporaries to write "as intelligibly as possible", without abusing non-Russian words. M. V. Lomonosov in his "theory of three calms", highlighting the words of various groups in the Russian vocabulary, did not leave room for borrowings from other Slavic languages. A.P. Sumarokov, N.I. Novikov, V.I. Dal. Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov wrote about borrowings: “... the perception of other people's words, and especially without the need, is not enrichment, but damage to the language ... Our language is so infected with an ulcer that even now it is difficult to clean it out; and if this imaginary enrichment continues for a few more years, then perfect purification cannot be hoped for. But K.I. Chukovsky, famous children's writer, on the contrary, welcomed foreign words and wrote about their attitude as follows: “Only simpletons and ignoramuses can be imposed the idea that the Russian language suffers even the slightest damage from the fact that along with the word universe there is space in it, along with dances - dances, along with with muscles - muscles, along with sympathy - sympathy, along with questions - problems, along with imagination - fantasy ... You need to be a hopeless prude to demand the expulsion of such synonyms that enrich our language, especially since these synonyms, as happens almost constantly very different connotations."

However, the borrowing of words is a natural and necessary process in the development of any language. Lexical borrowing enriches the language and usually does not harm its originality, since at the same time the main, “own” vocabulary is preserved, and in addition, the grammatical structure inherent in the language remains unchanged, internal laws language development. Some words came to us a long time ago, and now only linguists can determine their "foreignness". So, for example, the word bread, which in many languages, and in particular Russian, was borrowed from Old Germanic.

What makes one people borrow words from another?

Main external cause- borrowing a word along with borrowing a thing or concept. For example, with the advent of such things as a car, conveyor belt, radio, cinema, television, laser and many others, their names also entered the Russian language. Most borrowings are associated with the development of science, technology, culture, economics, and industrial relations. Many of these words are firmly established in life, and then lose their novelty and move into an active vocabulary. Yes, in the 50s and 70s. 20th century a large number of terms related to the development of cosmonautics appeared: astronaut, cosmodrome, space vision, telemetry, spaceship and others. Today, all these words have become common.

Another reason is the need to designate some special kind of objects or concepts.

Most often, the need for naming objects and concepts arises in various branches of science and technology, so there are so many foreign ones among scientific and technical terms.

Finally, the borrowing of new words is due to the influence of foreign culture, dictated by the fashion for foreign words.

The Russian language borrowed words from the classical languages - ancient Greek and Latin. Borrowing from Greek began in the ancient period (IX-XI centuries), both orally and through Old Church Slavonic. New borrowings from Greek penetrated to us through Latin and European languages.

In addition to ancient borrowings, many words came into the Russian language from new Western European languages: German, English, French, Dutch, Italian, Spanish.

There are also borrowings that have not been mastered by the Russian language, which stand out sharply against the background of Russian vocabulary. Special place among them are exoticisms - words that characterize specific features life different peoples and are used in describing non-Russian reality. So, when depicting the life of the peoples of the Caucasus, the words aul, saklya, dzhigit, arba, etc. are used.

Another group of borrowings that have not been mastered by the Russian language are foreign inclusions: ok, merci, happy end. Many of them retain non-Russian spelling, they are popular not only in ours, but also in other languages.

Summing up, I would like to note, no matter how a new word is formed, only the justified use of borrowed vocabulary decorates and develops the language.

On the one hand, borrowing without measure clogs speech, making it not understandable to everyone. Excessiveness, inappropriateness, groundlessness of the use of borrowings leads to the formation of ridiculous phrases. But on the other hand, borrowing is development language vocabulary, and this natural process cannot be rejected.

However, the beauty of the language lies in its originality, brightness and expressiveness. Let's not mindlessly and irrationally pollute our beautiful Russian language with foreign, sometimes rather clumsy, words and expressions!

Literature:

1. http://gab-garevoi.narod.ru/inoslova_v_russkom.html

2. http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/krysin-02.htm

3. http://www.london-moscow.ru/_zaimstvovaniya_v_russkom_yazike

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Introduction

Currently, there is an intensive penetration of anglicisms into the Russian language, which caused an aggravation language situation, concern and controversy among linguists, as well as representatives of the general Russian public, who declared the need to cleanse the language of "foreign" words and protect the Russian language from the aggressive intrusion of foreign borrowings, especially Anglo-Americanisms.

In our opinion, the speech of modern teenagers is most influenced by Anglo-Americanisms. After all, youth culture is its own world, unlike anything else. He differs from an adult in his expressive, sometimes even harsh and rude manner of expressing thoughts, feelings, a kind of verbal absurdity that can only be used by young people who are brave and resolute, opposed to the whole world and created their own unique world. As a result of this - the emergence of youth slang, for which borrowings from the English language are one of the most important sources of formation. This raises the question: Is it necessary to English words, maybe some of them are completely useless and even harmful both for Russian speech in general and for the speech of modern teenagers?

Relevance of the research topic and the need for its choice are due to the widespread use of anglicisms in the speech of Russian youth.

Object of study are lexical units English origin and their derivatives (i.e. Anglo-Americanisms).

Subject of research is the speech of a modern teenager in Bryansk

As hypotheses we assume that Anglo-Americanisms do not have any influence on the speech of the modern teenager.

aim This work is to identify modern Anglo-Americanisms in the Russian language, study the features of use and study the degree of their penetration into the speech of modern schoolchildren, namely, on the example of students of the MBOU "Gymnasium No. 3" in the city of Bryansk.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks:

study and analyze theoretical material, to define Anglo-Americanisms, to describe the features of youth slang;

to determine the reasons for the borrowing of Anglo-Americanisms in the modern Russian language and ways of forming Anglo-Americanisms;

to analyze the spheres of penetration of Anglo-Americanisms into the Russian language;

to analyze the frequency and characteristics of the use of borrowings by teenagers.

When solving the tasks set, the following methods:

analysis of literature and various sources;

observation;

questioning;

comparative analysis;

generalization.

The practical value of the work is that the results of this study can be used in lessons and elective courses in stylistics, Russian and English to educate schoolchildren in the culture of dealing with foreign words, the development of linguistic consciousness and culture, the correct use of "foreign" borrowed words in the language.

Structure research work: introduction, theoretical part, practical part, conclusion, bibliographic list, Appendix.

Chapter 1. Theoretical part of the study.

Anglo-Americanism is a word borrowed from the English language or its American variant.

Borrowing is the process of moving from one language to another various elements, which are understood as units of various levels of the structure of the language - phonology, morphology, syntax, vocabulary, semantics.

The most common is lexical borrowing. Its specificity lies in the fact that the word is not borrowed as a whole, as a grammatically formed word, but only as part lexical material, which receives a new design only in the system and by means of the borrowing language. one

For a word to enter the system of a borrowing language, the following conditions are required:

transfer of a foreign word phonetically and grammatically by means of a borrowing language;

correlation of the word with grammatical classes and categories of the borrowing language;

phonetic and grammatical development of a foreign word;

word-formation activity of the word;

semantic development, namely, the certainty of meaning, the differentiation of meanings and their shades between words and borrowings that existed in the language;

regular use in speech.

However, some conditions are optional, for example, the phonetic and grammatical association of a word and its word-formation activity. Thus, in the Russian language, the words jam, college, dossier, attache, coffee, interview and many others are widely used, not assimilated grammatically and not mastered phonetically. 2

The national language in its real existence is the unity of order and chaos, and this is what ensures its harmony and viability. It is impossible to completely eliminate the conservative and ordering principle from the language without jeopardizing the very existence of society and social forms organizations; at the same time, the eradication of all destructive and chaotic elements would turn language into a frozen, dead scheme, devoid of the ability to develop. One of such “disturbing” factors at the present stage of development of the Russian language is youth slang. 3

The word "slang" itself comes from the English "slang" - jargon and carries the concept of youth slang as a set of dialects, colloquial and everyday speech of young people.

The slang of young people in Russia, like the general jargon, is heterogeneous, it covers almost all spheres of life. The jargon is focused on a person - the spheres of his being, relationships with other people. It often happens that the slang words used by young people “move” into the speech of adults and become an integral part of it. four

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, three stormy waves in the development of youth slang have been noted. The first dates back to the 1920s, when the revolution and civil war, having destroyed the structure of society to the ground, gave rise to an army of homeless children, and the speech of adolescent and youth students, who were not separated from the homeless by impenetrable partitions, was colored with many "thieves" words.

The second wave falls on the 50s, when "dudes" took to the streets and dance floors of cities. The appearance of the third wave is not associated with an era of turbulent events, but with a period of stagnation, when the suffocating atmosphere public life The 70-80s gave rise to various informal youth movements and "hippie" young people created their own "systemic" slang as a linguistic gesture of opposition to the official ideology.

What influences the slang of modern Russian youth?

Development of computer technologies. The Internet, its wide possibilities, rapidly developing Computer techologies always attracted young people.

Modern musical culture. One of the hobbies of young people is music. It is part of the life of young people. Contemporary music - mix different cultures, musical trends, the result of composer experiments. Foreign music is now more popular among young people, and Russian performers and compositions are sometimes perceived with distrust and contempt.

English, German and French.

English in youth circles is considered the most "fashionable" and the most promising for learning. Many young people are familiar with it. Therefore, many youth jargons are words that are borrowed from English, but have not been translated into Russian.

Computer games, videos, cartoons. A lot of slang words come into the speech of young people from computer games, but most often these words are specific in use, they are used mainly by young people for whom games are a hobby. Teenage or, in other words, school slang can be heard in any yard where guys meet, approximately, of the same age up to 15-16 years old. Teenage slang (examples): lafa, roll cotton wool - mess around; stole, stole - stole, wrote off; ticha - from "teacher" (teacher). 5

Slang, which is actively used by modern youth, is a kind of protest against the surrounding reality, against typification and standardization. This is reflected in the appearance of young people (shocking hairstyles, clothes, piercings, tattoos). So the young man stands out from the crowd. main feature youth slang is the constant emotionality, expressiveness, appraisal and figurative speech of young people. Along with speech, it develops and is constantly updated. youth jargon. It contributes general dynamics Russian literary language. 6

1.3. Reasons for borrowing Anglo-Americanisms in the modern Russian language and their role in its formation.

The language of any nation is a living organism. A striking proof of its viability is the constantly changing vocabulary: archaisms and obsolete words are falling out of use, the meaning of existing words is expanding, new words are emerging - neologisms, which are formed either by the means of the language itself or are borrowed from other linguistic systems. It should be noted here that the process of borrowing words from other languages is quite natural and common, just as contacts between peoples are natural and common - political, commercial, cultural. And in our time of intensive interlingual communication - even more so.

Borrowing from one language to another is facilitated by:

1) easy and fast movement of tourists;

2) numerous international contacts;

3) the omnipresence of the media.

Recently, according to the statistics of linguists from different countries, the largest number of borrowings comes from the English language and from its American version. 7

Today, linguists distinguish three main groups of people who speak English, depending on the role this language plays in their lives. The central group is made up of Americans, British, Irish, Canadians, Australians and New Zealanders (320-380 million), that is, those for whom English is their native language. The second group is everyone who uses English as a non-native language, but in whose states this language is considered the second official language: residents of India, Singapore and more than 50 other countries of the world (150-300 million). The third group consists of the peoples of those countries that have not historically been subjected to physical colonization, but are experiencing a powerful cultural influence of English. These are European countries, China, Japan, Greece, Poland (from 100 to 1000 million people). This last, rapidly growing group includes Russia.

Borrowings from this language have become so widespread that linguists have given them a separate term - "Anglo-Americanisms". As a confirmation of this phenomenon, S.I. Ozhegov in the Dictionary of the Russian Language interprets anglicism as a word or turn of speech borrowed from the English language. English is one of a small number of languages, borrowings from which have received their own term.

Such a large number of borrowings from English is currently due to the following reasons:

1) the economic power of the United States of America;

2) the prestige of the American way of life (especially recreation);

3) widespread American culture(music, cinema, sports).

In addition, any novelty that came from across the Atlantic is perceived with enthusiasm. So, equipment, machines, machinery, scientific discoveries, consumer goods come to us from the USA with the name, instructions for use, written in English language.

Anglo-American borrowings are divided into two groups:

1) scientific and technical terms;

2) common vocabulary,

Only specialists deal with the first group of borrowings. English is the language of international relations, the language high technology, the language of jurisprudence and economics. English is spoken fluently in various professional circles throughout Europe.

The second group of Anglo-American borrowings affects all segments of the population, which are divided into two categories:

1) the first try to replace Anglo-Americanisms with the words of their native language;

2) the latter accept Anglo-Americanisms, as they exist and spread further, using them in their speech.

The reasons for using Anglo-American borrowings in speech depend on the people themselves. Among these reasons are the following:

1) indifference;

3) the ability to use the same term in different parts of the world;

5) snobbery

According to scientists, the geolinguistic situation of the planet early XXI century is the global spread of the English language. Despite this, unmotivated words of English origin are often agnonyms (that is, words whose meaning is not clear, unknown to most native speakers). Such vocabulary "clutters" our language, leads to misunderstanding of speech, in addition, it can easily be replaced by Russian equivalents. Excessive use of borrowed analogues leads to a loss of interest in the native language, Russian literature and culture, a decrease in literacy and language and, as a result, common culture. 8

Can be distinguished following groups foreign borrowings:

Direct loans. The word occurs in Russian in approximately the same form and in the same meaning as in the original language. These are words such as weekend - weekend, money - money, face - face, offtopic - chatter.

hybrids. These words are formed by adding a Russian suffix, prefix and ending to a foreign root. In this case, the meaning of the foreign source word often changes somewhat, for example: buzz (busy - busy, fussy, restless), play (game - play).

Tracing paper. Words of foreign origin, used with the preservation of their phonetic and graphic appearance. These are words such as menu, disk, virus. Semicalca - words that, during grammatical development, obey the rules of Russian grammar.

Exoticisms. Words that characterize the specific national customs of other peoples and are used in describing non-Russian reality. Distinctive feature of these words is that they do not have Russian synonyms. For example: chips (chips), hot dog (hot-dog), cheeseburger (cheeseburger), sandwich.

Foreign inserts. These words usually have lexical equivalents, but differ stylistically from them and are fixed in one or another area of communication as means of expression giving speech a special expression. For example: o "kay (OK); wow (Wow); lol (Lol) - very popular these days.

Composites. Words consisting of two English words, for example: second-hand - a store selling used clothes; video-salon - a room for watching movies.

1.5. Spheres of borrowings of Anglo-Americanisms.

Anglo-Americanisms can be grouped into several main areas of their use:

Business, economics and finance. At the end of the 80s of the last century, many economic and financial terms entered our everyday language, and almost all of them are foreign in origin: barter, broker, voucher, dealer, investor, etc. The situation in the country at that time was such that economic issues became relevant not only for professionals, but also for ordinary people. Special economic and financial terms entered the general literary language, flashed on the pages of the press, sounded on the radio and television screens.

In business, many names of professions of English origin are used: HR manager, content manager, object manager, project manager, art manager instead of the traditional title of head of department; curator engineer, installation engineer instead of a one-word engineer; phytodesigner, eurodesigner,web designer, photodesigner.

Politics. The "Politics" group contains anglicisms denoting the names of new political phenomena and structures (primaries, speechwriter, etc.). As a rule, nouns are mainly borrowed in the sphere of political vocabulary. Evidence that anglicism was entrenched in lexical system Russian language is the presence of derivative words and a clearer linguistic unit, which includes significant characteristics of professional activity, and also, in some cases, reflects the requirements for a professional person and job responsibilities.

Sport. The concept area "Physical culture and sports" includes words that name new sports (bungee jumping, bobsleigh, diving, jogging), sports terms (out, break point, offside), sports equipment (snowboard, snitch), as well as slang words (gamer, fan), names of sports: baseball, golf, surfing, snowboarding; sports terminology: foul, knockout.

The word "sport" itself is a word of English origin. it component physical culture, means and method physical education, a system of organizing, preparing and conducting various complexes exercise. With sports, many other sports concepts from the English language came to the Russian language. For example: football, volleyball, match, penalty, time, etc. Without all these words now not a single one passes sporting event, competitions, not a single sports game. We are used to them, and now almost no one thinks that these words came to us from English.

Information Technology. We can safely say that today the computer and the Internet have entered the life of almost every Russian. Now almost all schoolchildren work with a computer that immerses them in the ocean itself. various information the Internet. After new victories in computer science, such terms as scanner, printer, monitor appeared. Wanderings on the Web began, "peeping into the windows of the Universe" - browsing, navigating and surfing through the gateways of information flows.

The word "Internet" came into Russian at the same time as the word "network"; in translation from English, it means "internet", or "unified network". The first part of this word - inter - inter - has long been "Russified" and does not require interpretation (cf .: international). The second part - no - net - in English has several meanings: network, grid, node, web, trap.

The emergence of new realities in our lives, thanks to new victories of computer conquests, also introduces their new designations in the language, for example, a byte is a unit of measurement of information capacity, spam is an annoying advertisement, a file is a nominal place in computer memory. 9

Mass media. Borrowings, being for the most part book or special words, are used mainly in the genres of book speech, in texts of a scientific and technical nature. Recently, the main source of language material has become modern media. Flipping through newspapers or watching TV, any person inevitably encounters many words of English origin. As a rule, all these words found on the pages of newspapers and magazines can be divided into three groups:

Words that have synonyms in Russian and are often incomprehensible to people, for example: monitoring is a synonym for "observation". The use of these words in many cases is not necessary and often only makes it difficult to perceive and understand the text.

Words that usually do not have synonyms in Russian. They have taken root for a long time, everyone understands, and many people do not even think about the fact that these words came to us from the English language, for example: athlete, football, problem.

Words printed in newspapers in English, English letters. These words are all the more incomprehensible to most people, for example: Non - stop.

Household area. New borrowings-anglicisms related to the groups "Food" and "Drinks" are represented in the modern press by a relatively small number of words (barbecue, business lunch, topping, grilled chicken; ice-latte, ice-tea, fresh, light). This conceptual area also includes such borrowings related to the “Kitchen” group as cooler, deep fryer, coffee machines (coffee machine), coffee maker, jigger, rimmers, strainer, roller grill, pitcher, freezer, holder. Conceptual area "Dwelling, house" (2%). Anglicisms of this area perform a nominative function, naming the location of housing, elements of the housing structure, ventilation systems, furniture and interior items (building, townhouse, penthouse, high-tech, chill-out, split-system, rolls, kingsize). The region is represented by a relatively small number of anglicisms. "Clothes" (2%) and "Beauty Industry" are presented to the least extent: dress code, converse, label, military, prints, thongs, top, topless, trench coat, fashion, underground, modeling business, image, lifting, peeling, piercing, plement, scrub, stylist, tonic.

Thus, we came to the conclusion that foreign borrowings contribute to the expansion and enrichment of the vocabulary in the Russian language. ten

Chapter 2. Practical part.

2.1. The use of English words by students of the middle and senior levels of education of the MBOU "Gymnasium No. 3" in Bryansk.

In the practical part of our study, we will consider the main sources of the introduction of borrowed units from the English language, as well as the frequency and features of the use of anglicisms in the speech of modern schoolchildren. To do this, a survey was conducted "The use of borrowings from the English language in the speech of modern adolescents", the results of which served as material for this study. The survey involved 408 students 7-11 MBOU classes"Gymnasium No. 3", Bryansk.

The results of the survey show that 27% of respondents often use words of English origin in speech, 16% do not use them at all, and 57% of respondents rarely, but still use words of English origin in speech ( Attachment 1)

In the next question, “Where do you use words borrowed from English?” Students could choose several answers, so we got the following results: 130 people out of 408 respondents mainly use Anglicisms on the Internet, 108 people at school, 102 people on the street when communicating with friends, and even less often at home - 36 people and in public places - 32 people ( Appendix 2)

It should be noted that in 46% of respondents the use of English words has become a habit, which means that English-language slang has already become firmly rooted in the speech of Russian teenagers, 21% of respondents offered their own answer, 15% refrained from answering, 14% of respondents consider it fashionable phenomenon, and 4% use English words in their speech in order to look advanced among others. ( Appendix 3)

Based on the results of the study, it can be seen that the main source of the appearance of English words in speech is the Internet - 39%, teachers - 29%, friends - 20%, less often the media - 10% and parents - 2%. ( Appendix 4)

The results of the study showed that when answering the question “Do Anglo-Americanisms clog the Russian language and speech of modern teenagers?” The opinion of the respondents was divided almost equally, namely, 49.5% of respondents answered that anglicisms do not clog our speech, and the remaining 50.5% that they clog. ( Appendix 5)

The last stage of the study was the analysis of the speech of middle and senior students of the MBOU "Gymnasium No. 3" in terms of the use of Anglo-Americanisms. 27 borrowings were identified.( Appendix 6)

Having considered these words from the point of view of meaning, we came to the conclusion that anglicisms are most often used in the speech of adolescents as etiquette and evaluative words.

The conducted research allows us to conclude that English words are widely and firmly fixed in the speech of a modern teenager and the main sources of the appearance of English words are the Internet, printed editions, speech of teachers, TV and radio presenters.

Conclusion

On the this moment the influence of English on Russian is very widespread. From the English language, a lot of words have come to us related to the computer sphere, the field of economics and politics, sports and entertainment.

After analyzing the theoretical material, we came to the conclusion that today one of the social dialects most influenced by the English language is youth slang. The process of borrowing is one of the most important sources of the formation of this sublanguage.

Having determined the reasons for the borrowing of Anglo-Americanisms in the modern Russian language and the ways of their formation, it should be noted that, first of all, this is due to the global spread of the Internet (this fact is confirmed by the results of our survey). Another reason, in our opinion, is compulsory study English at school, in connection with which Anglicisms are understandable for teenagers. In addition, today's teenagers are actively interested in English-speaking pop culture.

Having described the features of youth slang, it must be said that at all levels of speech, slang is used to color speech or even to attract someone's attention. Absolute novelty and non-compliance with the formality of the use of certain slang gives pleasure.

But more importantly, this expression, which has a more or less hidden aesthetic impulse on the part of the speaker, reflects the personality and characterizes the speaker. A person who uses Anglo-Americanisms is considered an attractive conversationalist. The popularity of the English language is now so great that words borrowed from it seem to many more prestigious than native words with the same meaning.

After analyzing the frequency and characteristics of the use of borrowings by teenagers on the example of students of the MBOU "Gymnasium No. 3", we came to the conclusion that the concept of "slang in English" should be replaced by the phrase "additional English".

Thus, the hypothesis that Anglo-Americanisms do not have any influence on the modern teenager is not confirmed. Harmful borrowings litter the Russian language, as a result of which a teenager may lose the values of his native language; forget their native culture in pursuit of Western values and prestige.

Bibliographic list

Literature:

Internet resources:

Attachment 1

Diagram 1

Annex 2

Diagram 2

Appendix 3

Diagram 3

Appendix 4

Diagram 4

Appendix 5

Diagram 5

Appendix 6

Table 1 Anglo-Americanisms used by students of MBOU "Gymnasium No. 3"

Word	Meaning
	Hi
	Good Excellent
	Jonah


	Bye Bye
	friend, boy
	Understand?

	Excellent, super
	For a long time, for a long time

	Lightweight, comfortable


	mediocre
	Short, short

	rich
	princess, cutie


	Pretty, pretty
	Attractive
	Curse

	I'm sorry, I'm sorry

1 E.G.Borisova - Lukashanets "Lexical borrowings and their normative assessment". - Moscow "Science" 1999.

2 M.A. Breiter “Anglicisms in the Russian language: history and perspectives”. - Vladivostok, dialogue-Moscow State University 1997.

3 A. S. Zapesotsky, L. P. Fain “This incomprehensible youth” - Moscow, Mir, 1990

4 K. Aguzarova "Youth slang". - Daryal No. 6 2004

5 N.A. Dzheus "Lexico-semantic word formation in youth slang". - Krasnodar 2008

6 E.Yu.Vaulina, G.N.Sklyarevskaya “Let's speak correctly! The latest and most common borrowings in modern Russian. - Moscow 2005

7 SV Anokhin "Active processes of modern word production". Belgorod 1999

8 AI Dyakov "Reasons for the intensive borrowing of Anglicisms in modern Russian." - "Language and culture" Novosibirsk 2003.

9 P. P. Krysin "A foreign word in the context of modern social life // Russian language of the late XX century" Moscow: 1985-1995.

10 I.G. Savelyeva “Mass and popular culture in modern society: communication aspect”. Kazan: 2000