Richness of speech ways to enrich speech. Richness (diversity) of speech

Wealth- a very important component not so much of speech itself, but of the culture of speech, since the culture of speech presupposes the choice of linguistic and speech means from several options, and the richness of language and speech makes it possible to make this choice.

Richness of speech is a quality that indicates a certain level of speech mastery and a conscious desire to diversify one’s speech using various linguistic and speech means. Accordingly, varied speech is called rich, and monotonous speech is called poor.

Rich speech reflects the high level of culture of its author and thereby helps to increase his status in communication;

Caring for the richness of speech is a way to show respect for the author of the speech to its addressee;

The richness of the addressee’s speech, in turn, contributes to his better understanding of someone else’s speech, etc.

Thus, richness of speech is a prerequisite for successful communication in different situations and therefore one of its most important advantages. In this plan rich speech- this is the norm, poor speech - a deviation from the norm, its violation.

Excessive diversity without taking into account the relevance and expediency of speech harms the unity of speech and complicates perception, since it requires much greater effort from the listener (reader) to correlate words with the intended meaning and the need to recode information. And if such efforts in artistic speech can be regarded as a means of activating its perception, then in non-artistic speech creating additional difficulties for the addressee is rarely justified. Consequently, wealth is assessed as the dignity of speech only when the various means of language and speech are used expediently.

There are two main types of wealth: richness of language and richness of speech.

1). Richness of language - this is a variety of units of all levels

· Phonetic richness(poetry)

· Word-formative wealth

· Lexical richness

· Grammatical richness

2). Speech wealth is based not only on linguistic, but also on speech units themselves.. Speech wealth in general is a much broader and more capacious concept than linguistic one.

· Intonation richness (pauses, stress, etc.)

· Semantic richness- this is the wealth of meanings that language units can express in speech.

The meaning of each linguistic unit is determined, firstly, in its comparison with other units of the same level, which makes it possible to consider them in the same row, to establish common and distinctive features; secondly, the meaning of each linguistic unit is determined by its ability to be combined with other units of the same level. In other words, semantic richness refers only to speech and is based on the synthesis of its linguistic and speech aspects.

Speech itself is infinitely varied:

In terms of goals, since both the richness of content and the expression of the feelings or will of its author have many options in terms of the direction of the impact of speech, its intensity, and the meanings and shades of their meanings;

By topic (subject of speech), since the statement can be devoted to absolutely all facts, events and phenomena of life;

By forms (remember the material on types of communication);

By style and genre;

By a set of verbal and non-verbal means;

By means of expression, etc.

Accordingly, each form of speech has its own various characteristics.

The richness of speech is manifested not only in the creation of texts, but also in their perception, because the richer a person’s linguistic and speech baggage is, the simpler and more accurate recognition and recognition occurs various elements speech, and especially - their recoding into “one’s own language”.

III. SPEECH ACCURACY

Accurate called speech if the meanings of the words and phrases used in it are fully correlated with the semantic and objective aspects of speech. In an effort to create precise speech, the author takes care that it cannot be understood approximately, incorrectly or differently.

Precision in speech is achieved only when its purpose is completely clear. The culture of speech in this regard is determined by the clarity (accuracy and logic) of thinking, as well as the compliance of the goals with ethical and communicative standards.

In written speech, more stringent requirements for accuracy are due to the fact that the writer is usually not able to fill in the information, therefore written speech requires greater detail, completeness and certainty in the presentation of thoughts.

Correct speech - this is speech compliance with norms literary language.

Speech Accuracy – this is the correct understanding of objective reality and its correct reflection in speech.

Logicality of speech - This is the correspondence of speech to the laws of logic.

Appropriateness of speech- selection and organization linguistic means, meeting the goals and conditions of communication.

Clarity of speech- this is the absence of ambiguity, the perception of the text exactly in the meaning that was intended by the speaker.

Brevity of speech- this is the ability to convey an idea in the least number of words using linguistic means.

Richness of speech- this is the maximum variety of linguistic means used in speech.

Expressiveness of speech- these are all the features of speech that attract the interlocutor’s attention to it.

15. CONTROL AND LACK OF CONTROL IN SPEECH. CONSCIOUS/UNCONSCIOUS AND LIES IN SPEECH COMMUNICATION. CONSEQUENCES OF FALSE INFORMATION FOR COMMUNICATION PARTICIPANTS.

Human intelligence is divided into conscious And unconscious ; The motives of human behavior can lie in the zone of both conscious and unconscious. In a specific human act, in particular in speech, both are manifested: conscious motives and unconscious ones.

Let us consider this problem in more detail in relation to a special type of verbal communication - an attempt to deceive.

When a person speaks, especially when you see him, he conveys:

1) information itself, which is usually the zone of the conscious;

2) your attitude to this information;

3) his attitude towards those people to whom he is speaking.

A person, as a rule, wants to hide his attitude towards information and people, because his attitude towards people is not always quite friendly, and if he deceives, then his attitude towards the information is as unreliable. At the level of natural language (NL) in written speech, revealing its relationship to information and to speech communicants can be difficult, and at the level of spoken speech it can practically not be hidden, because Body Language (BL) signs demonstrate an unconscious desire to hide emotional information.

It should be understood that having exposed you in a lie, the listener will do it internally, for himself, and will not declare that he does not really trust your words. If you deceive him, he will feel your negative attitude to yourself (if that’s how you feel about him) and will give an appropriate response emotional reaction. Moreover, it is curious that, as a rule, he will also accept this information not consciously, but unconsciously, i.e. will feel internal dissatisfaction with verbal communication, and as a result of this dissatisfaction, the response may be very undesirable for us.

Natural language and Body Language as sign systems are fundamentally different from each other. The main difference is that NL is linear, and BL is a vertically organized paradigmatic column, where many signs are implemented simultaneously, and it is impossible to build a sequential text.

This means that all mental efforts at this moment fall on the conscious: the person thinks intensely about what he is saying, and the BL sign system functions completely spontaneously and betrays him even more, because there is no intellectual strength left to control it.

Lie- one of the communicative functions. A lie in speech is a person’s lack of belief in the truth of what he says. Objective lies, like objective truth, are not given to man in knowledge, but faith is given. It is curious that there is a lie, no one knows, but when a person deceives, he always understands that he is deceiving.

communication mechanism during lying

The speaker conveys misinformation, and at the same time with disinformation, against his will, through BL signs he conveys his attitude towards it and his attitude towards the speech communicant. A person’s internal attitude towards disinformation is negative: the brain perceives any intellectual inadequacy painfully, the nervous system enters a state of stress. Lie detectors are built on this principle. The lie detector perceives nerve impulses, i.e. stimulation of the central nervous system. When a person cheats, the central nervous system is in a state of stress, which is recorded by sensors. The same negative state of arousal without the help of a lie detector is perceived by the listener through BL signs.

When deceiving, a person experiences severe mental discomfort.

In addition to the information itself, about which he does not know whether it is true or false, the listener records the nervousness and inner restlessness of the interlocutor.

When a person is deceived, evil is, of course, brought to him. Since the external world is projected onto our consciousness with a large degree of error, every grain of truth acquires special value: it helps a person navigate environment. When you deceive a person, you deprive him of information that is useful to him. And the world in his mind is distorted even more. This is comparable to a blind man entering an unfamiliar room with three windows, the last of which is open. If you deceive a blind person by saying that there are only two windows in the room, he will calm down after feeling them, and it is very likely that he will die by falling out of the third one.

Thus, during deception, the following communicative situation arises: the listener

1) accepts information without knowing whether it is genuine or not;

2) picks up the irritation of the speaker’s central nervous system, and this alarms him, causing him to respond with nervousness;

3) feels that he is being treated poorly. The response is exactly the same: The person does not even understand that he has formed a negative response, but this has already happened, and he will continue to act in accordance with his state of mind.

We have reviewed speech communication in conditions of unexposed lies. The communication model looks completely different in a situation where a lie is exposed (especially in public).

At this moment, a very dangerous situation arises speaker's situation, associated with a complete loss of authority in the eyes of not only the person who exposed him in a lie, but also in the eyes of everyone present at the exposure. Along with the loss of authority comes a loss of trust. Authority and trust belong to categories that are difficult to achieve, very easily lost and practically never restored.

An important aspect of the type of communication under consideration is moral aspect. A lie is an evil in relation to a verbal communicant, and every time a person commits it, one should think about the extent to which he himself wants such evil to be directed at him. Nobody likes to be deceived. From a moral point of view, people should not be deceived. But a moral barrier is a barrier that each person sets for himself; it cannot be imposed by anyone from the outside. Therefore, to the extent that you allow yourself to have a sinful attitude towards other people, you allow yourself to enter into false communication with them.

Of course, there are life situations in which it seems that a person should be deceived for reasons of humanism (“white lies”). The most common example is usually given of a person who is hopelessly ill and who is not told that his illness is irreversible, but, on the contrary, is told that he is recovering and looks clearly better today than yesterday. Should this be done? It seems that “white lies” is also a function, the argument of which is the personality of the patient. Depending on what kind of person you are addressing, you can assess the legality or illegality of deception. If in front of you is a strong person, accustomed to accepting independent decisions(and, as you know, a person needs reliable information to make decisions), with your deception you bring him harm, depriving him of knowledge of the truth, and therefore of making adequate decisions. A person wants to have time to take stock of his life, but you deprive him of the opportunity to understand that this time has come. By hiding the correct information, you prevent him from realizing in life what he intended. The result is an unfinished book, an unfinished film, an uncomposed song... If a person is a believer and, like any person, has sinned a lot, he needs time to repent. Time for repentance is not an hour that a priest spends at the bedside of a dying person, it is time, and it must be given to the person. (Why do true believers categorically object to death penalty even for the worst criminals? Because if a person is killed by force, he will not have time to repent, but if he is left alive, then he will have this time.) And these are not the only cases when the thought that a “white lie” is good , doesn't seem so obvious. We should not forget about pure medical factor. Cases of significant activation have been recorded protective forces body: if a person is directly told that he is dying, the body finds in itself an internal reserve that defeats the disease, which normal conditions cannot be defeated - this is how the thirst for life turns out to be strong. In case of incurable diseases, the human immune system cannot cope. It is known that the bioenergetic method of treatment is based on stimulating the activity of the immune system. The word of truth can also be such a stimulant. Therefore, the thesis “white lie” should be approached with great caution and very individually.

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Theoretical part

Issues for discussion:

1. The concept of speech accuracy. Accuracy is conceptual and substantive.

2. Conditions for creating speech accuracy:

Features of use polysemantic words and homonyms,

Differentiation of meanings of paronyms,

Use of synonyms in speech.

3. The concept of purity of speech, conditions for creating and means of achieving purity of speech:

Use of foreign language vocabulary,

Purposeful use of dialectisms.

4. Logicality of speech, conditions and means of achieving consistency.

5. Wealth of speech, conditions and means of achieving wealth.

6. Expressiveness of speech. Expressive capabilities of different language levels. The concept of tropes and stylistic figures.

7. Speech appropriateness: types of appropriateness, means of achieving it.

Correct speech– compliance of the linguistic structure of speech with current language norms. Creation conditions: mastery of the norms of modern literary language and their observance in one’s speech.

Speech Accuracy- this is a strict correlation of the word with the designated objects of reality. Creation conditions: 1) knowledge of the subject of speech; 2) knowledge of the language system (distinction between paronyms, homonyms, meanings of polysemantic words, etc., mastery of the synonymous capabilities of the language); 3) correlation of knowledge of the subject of speech with knowledge of the language system.

Logicality of speech– correspondence of semantic connections and relations of language units in speech to the relations of objects and phenomena in reality. Creation conditions: 1) mastery of the logic of reasoning; 2) knowledge of linguistic means that contribute to the organization of semantic coherence and consistency of elements of speech structure.

Richness of speech– the maximum possible saturation of speech with different, non-repetitive means of language necessary to express meaningful information. Creation conditions: lexical richness (knowledge of the vocabulary and phraseological fund of the Russian language), semantic richness, syntactic richness (the ability to use the whole variety of syntactic constructions), intonational richness.

Expressiveness of speech- such features of the structure of speech that support the attention of the listener or reader. Creation conditions: 1) independence of thinking, activity of consciousness of the author of the speech; 2) indifference, interest of the author of the speech in what he speaks or writes about, and in those for whom he speaks or writes; 3) good knowledge of the language and its expressive capabilities; 4) good knowledge of the properties and features of language styles.

Appropriateness of speech- such an organization of language means that makes speech consistent with the goals and conditions of communication. Creation conditions: communicative competence, adequate choice of topic of communication, adherence to speech etiquette and choice of speech means in accordance with the communication situation.

Practical part

Task 1. Speech accuracy. Replace each of the definitions with one word that exactly matches the given concept:

1) one who is devoted to his people, homeland;

2) a very short period of time;

3) an ensemble of three singers or musicians;

4) excessive conceit, pride, unfounded claims to anything;

5) a sense of proportion in human behavior;

6) one who pursues an aggressive policy of strengthening weapons and preparing for war;

7) excessive self-confidence;

8) a person who avoids communication with other people;

9) the first letters of the name and patronymic;

10) a rare item of cultural or historical value;

11) a person with a narrow, limited mental outlook;

12) a diplomatic worker who is a representative in any special field;

13) slanderous writing with offensive attacks;

14) a person starting a business;

15) a man with black or very dark hair;

16) a person capable of all sorts of dishonest acts, fraud.

Task 2. Speech accuracy. For these phraseological units, select a) synonymous phraseological units, b) antonymous phraseological units.

a) Chickens don’t peck, fly at breakneck speed, small fry, in the middle of nowhere, neck to neck, even if the grass doesn’t grow, lead by the nose, in what the soul holds on, by the sweat of your brow, hit the sky with your finger, two inches from the pot, below any criticism, the soul goes to the heels, bring it to clean water;

b) the cat cried, beat his head like the back of his hand, there’s nowhere better to go, the Kolomna tower, crawl like a turtle, as fast as you can; not in the eyebrow, but in the eye; important bird.

Task 3. Speech accuracy. Replace the underlined words with more precise meanings.

1. The carpenter is clever nailed down large nails into the boards. 2. Having become interested in the computer, he completely quit your former hobby. 3. Enough after talking, they went home. 4. Wall of an old house fell, shrouded in clouds of dust. 5. Near Yalta let's go thunderous rain. 6. The patient spoke quietly and illegible. 7. Azamat was skillful rider. 8. First accurate hunter shot killed hare

Task 4. Logical speech."On a stump in the forest."

Express opposing opinions on a given topic.

– I like classes where everyone can speak freely, make noise, move around, because...	– I like classes where there is silence, because...
– I don’t like lectures where you have to think hard, because...	– I like lectures where you have to think hard because...
– I like working in subgroups because...	– I don’t like working in subgroups because...
– I like it when the lecturer gives all the information on the record, because...	– I don’t like it when a lecturer gives all the information on the record, because...

Task 5. Logical speech. Identify which laws of logic are violated by the authors, explain and correct logical errors.

1. The guards were hit on the head, but the warehouse remained intact. 2. Pavel Orlov has only recently worked with us, but he is a good specialist. 3. On the Kirsanov estate, Bazarov showed himself to be a hardworking person: every day he woke up early in the morning and went for walks. 4. Everyone especially liked the duet of button accordion players Shishkin, Sidorov, Luzgin. 5. Riding on motor boats and making noise in the water, fish do not always lay eggs. 6. I work as a driver, so in my free time I practice wrestling. 7. The subject of the story is quite distant times, which indicates the author’s advanced age. 8. He sat at the control panel of the diesel locomotive and, squeezing his eyelids, vigilantly looked ahead. 9. L.N. Tolstoy depicted both the aristocracy and war in his novel War and Peace. 10. 20 vocal numbers were performed, including 2 dance numbers. 11. Our cafe offers you dumplings with butter, dumplings with vinegar, dumplings with meat, boiled dumplings. 12. Despite the fact that this athlete is a father of many children, he still won the competition.

Task 6. Purity of speech. Read the text, indicate the elements that clog the speech.

1. The commissar of the Red Army theaters arrived - who, not at all embarrassed by Gorky’s presence, smoked and made a speech about the dark mass of Red Army soldiers whom we must enlighten. He had several “means” in each sentence. “So, comrades, we will show them the Canto-Laplace doctrine of worldview.” It can be seen from everything that he was a telegraph operator reading the “Bulletin of Knowledge”. And I remembered another such agitator - before the play “Robbers” at the Bolshoi Drama Theater, he said:

– Comrades, the Russian writer, comrades, Gogol, comrades, said that Russia is a troika, comrades. Russia is a troika, comrades, and this troika is carried, comrades, by peasants, breadwinners of revolutionary cities, comrades, workers who created the revolution, comrades, and you, dear Red Army soldiers, comrades. So said Gogol, comrades, the great Russian revolutionary writer of the Russian land ( without pausing), comrades, smoking in the theater is strictly prohibited, and whoever wants to smoke, comrades, go out into the corridor. (K. Chukovsky. Diary.)

Task 7. Purity of speech. Read the text. What violates the purity of speech of Chekhov's hero? What qualities, besides purity, is speech lacking?

“I know everything,” he said. - All! Yes! I see right through it. I have long noticed this, so to speak, uh... uh... uh... spirit, atmosphere... breath. You, Tsitsyulsky, read Shchedrin, you, Spichkin, also read something like that... I know everything. You, Tuponosov, compose... that... articles, all sorts of things... and you behave freely. God! I ask you to! I ask you not as a boss, but as a person... In our time this cannot be done. This liberalism must disappear.

(A.P. Chekhov. Speech and strap.)

Task 8. Richness of speech. Compare the two texts and evaluate them in terms of correctness and richness of speech. What linguistic means make speech rich?

1. Evening was coming. The sun was setting below the horizon. Its rays were barely visible through the trees. Dawn appeared in the sky.

2. “It was already evening; the sun disappeared behind a small aspen grove that lay half a mile from the garden: its shadow stretched endlessly across the motionless fields. The sun's rays, for their part, climbed into the grove and doused the trunks of the aspens with such warm light that they became like the trunks of pine trees, and their foliage almost turned blue and above it rose a pale blue sky, slightly reddened by the dawn.” (I. Turgenev. Fathers and sons)

Task 9. Richness of speech. Find synonyms for the word “good”. Determine what the differences between them are.

Task 10. Richness of speech. What features of the Russian language are we talking about in this text?

How, for example, can you convey in French the difference between: “I rearrange the chairs”, “I rearrange them”, “I rearrange them”, “rearranged”, “rearranged”? Or is it possible to find words of the same root in another language to convey the phrase: “When the tincture was steeped, I insisted that it was time to instruct the workers how to place a funnel on a bottle?” (V. Bryusov).

Task 11. Expressiveness of speech. Match tropes and stylistic figures with their definitions.

1. Anaphora	a) transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another by contiguity
2. Metaphor	b) arrangement of words that are close in meaning in order of increasing or decreasing their emotional and semantic significance
3. Antithesis	c) replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its essential features
4. Hyperbole	d) the use of words in figurative meaning based on similarity
5. Metonymy	e) transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another according to attribute quantitative ratio between them
6. Gradation	f) repetition of the same elements at the beginning of each parallel row
7. Epiphora	g) allegorical depiction of an abstract concept using a concrete image
8. Paraphrase	h) combination of concepts that contradict each other
9. Synecdoche	i) deliberate understatement of the size, strength, significance of any object
10. Allegory	j) strengthening the expressiveness of speech by sharply contrasting concepts, thoughts, images
11. Oxymoron	k) division of a sentence, in which the content of the utterance is realized in several intonation-semantic speech units
12. A rhetorical question	l) repetition of the same elements at the end of each parallel row
13. Parcellation	m) deliberate exaggeration of the size, strength, value of any object
14. Litota	o) an affirmation or denial in the form of a question to which an answer is not expected

Task 12. Expressiveness of speech. Indicate the means of expression used in these examples.

A. 1. It was getting light. A succession of clouds, like camels, slowly chewed the last star (Yu. Davydov). 2. The stormy day has gone out; On a stormy night, darkness spreads across the sky like lead clothing (A. Pushkin). 3. A curly moon lamb walks in the blue grass (S. Yesenin). 4. In my Moscow, the domes are burning, in my Moscow, the bells are ringing (M. Tsvetaeva). 5. Everything was ten times more audible than during the day, every word, every splash of an oar, every heartbeat (E. Zamyatin). 6. I am floating along a long and unsteady river, Where dreams speak dual language(F. Grigoriev). 7. On the asphalt of a melted suburb, having thrown off her coat and ABC books, the girl in the crystal ball of jumping ropes quietly separated from the ground (A. Voznesensky). 8. The forest shed its peaks, the garden exposed its brow, September died. And the dahlias were scorched by the breath of the night (A. Fet). 9. All day long, silhouettes of crimson hearts fall from maple trees (N. Zabolotsky).

B. 1. The rain lisped in the leaves, in the dahlias (G. Semyonov). 2. The nuts laughed across the clean floor with a fractional laugh, the mirror winked and swayed, the dozing walls straightened up, became cheerfully, like soldiers, heel to heel (V. Shishkov). 3. And the fireman climbed out onto the deck, all black, with eyes lined with coal dust, with a fake ruby on his index finger (V. Nabokov). 4. In the bare room, where behind a low partition, in the stuffy wave of the sun, officials sat at their desks, there was again a crowd, which, it seemed, had only come to look with all their eyes at how these gloomy gentlemen were writing (B Nabokov). 5. In the morning, when the first rays kissed the dew, the earth came to life, the air was filled with sounds of joy, delight and hope, and in the evening the same earth fell silent and sank into harsh darkness (A. Chekhov). 6. Sometimes the moon peered through the clouds for a moment, but gloomy clouds tried to obscure it, as if they did not want it to shine on the earth (V. Arsenyev).

Task 13. Expressiveness of speech. Correct speech errors made when using tropes.

1. Man is a blank slate on which the external environment embroiders the most unexpected patterns. 2. The judge was as simple and modest as his office. 3. The steppe was in bloom: red and yellow tulips, blue bells, and steppe poppies stood like torches. 4. The young generation of our skaters took to the ice. 5. An accordion with a girl glued to it was found at the scene of the incident. 6. Underground heroes (about miners) reached higher levels in the fourth quarter. 7. For some reason, the ship always goes home faster, as if it wants to snuggle up to native land. 8. The mind gave us steel arms-wings, and instead of a heart a fiery motor. 9. The flight attendant looked at me with a gentle eye and let me go ahead. 10. Lisa and her mother lived poorly and, in order to feed their old mother, poor Lisa I was collecting flowers in the field.

Task 14. Expressiveness of speech. Find and name the means of expression (tropes, stylistic figures) used in the poem.

Quiet, Starlight Night, The moon shines tremblingly; Sweet are the lips of beauty On a quiet, starry night. My friend! In the radiance of the night How can I overcome sadness?.. You are as bright as love, On a quiet, starry night. My friend, I love the stars - And I’m not averse to sadness... You’re still dearer to me On a quiet, starry night. (A. Fet)	I'm waiting... The nightingale's echo rushes from the shining river, The grass under the moon is covered in diamonds, Fireflies are burning on the caraway seeds. I'm waiting... Dark blue sky Both in small and in big stars, I hear the heartbeat and the trembling in my arms and legs. I'm waiting... There's a breeze from the south; It’s warm for me to stand and walk; The star rolled to the west... Forgive me, golden one, forgive me! (A. Fet)

Two lives (Duma) There are two lives in the world. One she burns brightly, like the sun; In her eyes it is a heavenly quiet day; In radiance - holy thought and feeling; Her manpower so luxurious Sounds like free and reasonable speech. And this is the life of the earthly spirit; It is long, like God's eternity... Another life is dark; In her eyes there is earthly sadness and night; And she sleeps in a sound and rebellious sleep, Thought lurks in her flowery forms, But does not sound like free speech; In the darkness she is more inclined to remain silent. And this is the life of the dust of the earth; She is brief, like the shine of a falling star... (A. Koltsov)	I was with her I was with her; she said: “I love you, my dear friend!” But she strictly bequeathed this secret to me from her friends. I was with her; She swore not to exchange me for the charm of gold; Only burn with passion for me, love me, love me like a brother. I was with her; From the lovely lips I drank happy oblivion And forgot everything earthly At the lovely maiden breast. I was with her; I will forever live with her soul; Let her cheat on me - But I won’t be a cheater. (A. Koltsov)

Task 15. Appropriateness of speech. Read an excerpt from A.P.’s story. Chekhov's "Confession, or Olya, Zhenya, Zoya." Is the hero's speech appropriate in this situation? How do you think this story ends?

“− Overture,” I declared in love, “brought me to some thoughts, Zoya Egorovna... So much feeling, so much... You listen and crave... You crave something like that and listen...

I hiccupped and continued:

- Something so special. Do you thirst for unearthly... Love? Passion? Yes, it must be love... (I hiccupped.) Yes, love...

Zoya smiled, became embarrassed and waved her fan vigorously. I hiccupped. I can't stand hiccups!

− Zoya Egorovna! Tell me, I beg you! Do you know this feeling? (I hiccupped.) Zoya Egorovna! I look forward to hearing!

- I... I... don’t understand you...

- I was attacked by hiccups... It will pass... I'm talking about that all-encompassing feeling that... God knows what!

− You drink some water!

“I’ll explain and then I’ll go to the buffet,” I thought and continued:

- I'll say it briefly. Zoya Egorovna... You, of course, have already noticed...

I hiccupped and out of frustration at the hiccups I bit my tongue.

- You, of course, noticed (I hiccupped)... You've known me for about a year... Hm... I'm an honest person, Zoya Egorovna! I'm a hard worker! I'm not rich, that's true, but...

I hiccupped and jumped up."

Explain the meaning foreign words, encountered in the remarks of the heroes of the story. For what purpose did the author use borrowed words in the work?

MONKEY TONGUE

Russian is a difficult language, dear citizens! Trouble is it’s so difficult!

The main reason is that there are too many foreign words in it. Well, take it French speech. Everything is good and clear. Keskese, merci, comsi - all, please note, purely French, natural, understandable words.

Come on, come on now with the Russian phrase - trouble. The whole speech is peppered with words with a foreign, vague meaning.

This makes speech difficult, breathing is impaired and nerves fray.

I heard a conversation the other day. There was a meeting. My neighbors started talking.

It was a very smart and intelligent conversation, but I, a person without a higher education, had difficulty understanding their conversation and flapped my ears.

The matter began with trifles.

My neighbor, not yet an old man with a beard, leaned over to his neighbor on the left and politely asked:

- Well, comrade, will this be a plenary meeting, or what?

“Plenary,” the neighbor answered casually.

“Look,” the first one was surprised, “that’s why I’m looking, what is it?” – as if it were plenary.

“Yes, be calm,” the second one answered sternly. – Today it’s very plenary, and the quorum has reached such a level – just hang in there.

- Yah? - asked the neighbor. – Is there really a quorum?

“By God,” said the second.

- And what is it, this quorum?

“Nothing,” answered the neighbor, somewhat confused. – I got there and that’s it.

“Please tell me,” the first neighbor shook his head with disappointment. - Why would it be him, huh?

The second neighbor spread his hands and looked sternly at his interlocutor, then added with a soft smile:

“You, comrade, probably don’t approve of these plenary sessions... But somehow they are closer to me.” Everything somehow, you know, comes out in them minimally on the essence of the day... Although I will frankly say that lately I have been quite permanent about these meetings. So, you know, the industry is going from empty to empty.

“That’s not always the case,” the first objected. – If, of course, you look from the point of view, then yes – the industry specifically.

“Specifically, in fact,” the second one sternly corrected.

“Perhaps,” the interlocutor agreed. – I admit that too. Specifically in fact. Although how when...

“Always,” the second one snapped briefly. - Always, dear comrade. Especially if after the speeches the subsection is brewing minimally. Discussions and shouting will not end then.

A man walked up to the podium and waved his hand. Everything fell silent. Only my neighbors, somewhat heated by the argument, did not immediately fall silent. The first neighbor could not come to terms with the fact that the subsection was welded minimally. It seemed to him that the subsection was brewed a little differently.

They shushed my neighbors. The neighbors shrugged their shoulders and fell silent. Then the first neighbor leaned over to the second and quietly asked:

- Who is this guy who came out there?

- This? Yes, this is the presidium. Very sharp man. And the speaker is the first. He always speaks sharply on the essence of the day.

The speaker extended his hands forward and began speaking.

And when he uttered arrogant words with a foreign, vague meaning, my neighbors nodded their heads sternly. Moreover, the second neighbor looked sternly at the first, wanting to show that he was still right in the dispute that had just ended.

It is difficult, comrades, to speak Russian. (M. Zoshchenko).

Test

Write a mini-essay on one of the topics:

1. Why do Russian people need to learn Russian?

2. People don't know what they don't like.

3. Why is it so difficult to speak in front of a large audience?

4. “A tree is held together by its roots, and a person is held together by its friends.”

5. Is it possible to live without media?

6. Do you consider yourself cultured person?

7. “Knowledge that is not replenished daily decreases every day.”

8. Why is it necessary to expand your vocabulary?

9. Why do we need books if we have a computer?

10. “Don’t be angry at a rude word, don’t give up at a kind word!”

11. Time of year and state of mind.

Exchange papers with a classmate and check them with each other. Conclude that the work contains such qualities as correctness, accuracy, logic, richness and expressiveness.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

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NON-GOVERNMENTAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT

discipline: Russian language

Richness of speech

Performed:

Vasiliev A.N.

Checked:

Magfurova S.O.

Naberezhnye Chelny, 2015

Introduction

1. The concept of richness of speech

Conclusion

Introduction

The richness of speech is the maximum possible saturation of it with different, non-repetitive means of language necessary to express meaningful information. The richness of speech can be characterized through the relationship of speech with language and consciousness. The Russian language has “enough colors to vividly depict any picture.” His huge vocabulary allows him to convey the most complex thoughts.

1. The concept of richness of speech

Level speech culture depends not only on knowledge of the norms of the literary language, the laws of logic and strict adherence to them, but also on the possession of its riches, the ability to use them in the process of communication. The Russian language is rightly called one of the richest and most developed languages in the world. Its wealth lies in an innumerable supply of vocabulary and phraseology, in the semantic richness of the dictionary, in the limitless possibilities of phonetics, word formation and word combinations, in the variety of lexical, phraseological and grammatical synonyms and variants, syntactic structures and intonations. All this allows you to express the subtlest semantic and emotional shades. The richness of an individual’s speech is determined by what arsenal of linguistic means he owns and how skillfully, in accordance with the content, topic and purpose of the utterance, he uses them in a specific situation. Speech is considered richer the more widely various means and ways of expressing the same thought, the same grammatical meaning are used in it, and the less often the same linguistic unit is repeated without a special communicative task.

2. Lexico-phraseological and semantic richness of speech

The richness of any language is evidenced primarily by its vocabulary. It is known that the seventeen-volume Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language includes 120,480 words. But not all vocabulary is reflected in it. native language: toponyms, anthroponyms, many terms, obsolete, colloquial, regional words, derivative words formed by active models. "Dictionary of the Living Great Russian language"contains 200,000 words, although not all words used in the Russian language are recorded in it mid-19th V. It is impossible to determine with maximum accuracy the number of words in the modern Russian language, since it is constantly updated and enriched. The reference dictionaries “New Words and Meanings”, as well as the annual issues of the series “New in Russian Vocabulary: Dictionary Materials” eloquently speak about this. Thus, a dictionary-reference book on materials from the press and literature of the 70s. (1984) contains about 5,500 new words and phrases, as well as words with new meanings that were not included in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language published before 1970.

The more lexemes the speaker (writer) owns, the more freely, fully and accurately he can express his thoughts and feelings, while avoiding unnecessary, stylistically unmotivated repetitions. The vocabulary of an individual depends on a number of reasons (the level of his general culture, education, profession, age, etc.), so he is not constant value for any native speaker. Scientists believe that modern educated person actively uses approximately 1012 thousand words in oral speech, and 2024 thousand in written speech. The passive stock, which includes those words that a person knows but practically does not use in his speech, is approximately 30 thousand words. These are quantitative indicators of the richness of language and speech.

Many of them have more than ten meanings (see, for example, take, beat, stand, time, etc.), and some lexemes have twenty or more meanings (see remove, put, bring, pull, go, etc.).

Thanks to the polysemy of words, significant savings in linguistic means are achieved when expressing thoughts and feelings, since the same word, depending on the context, can appear in different meanings. Therefore, learning new meanings of already known words is no less important than learning new words; it helps enrich speech.

Phraseological combinations have their own special meaning, which is not derived from the sum of the values of their constituent components, for example: the cat cried a little, carelessly, carelessly. Phraseologisms can be ambiguous: at random:

1) in different directions;

2) bad, not as it should be, as it should be, as it should be;

3) wrongly, distorting the meaning (to judge, interpret, etc.), give a hand:

1) extend your hand to shake as a sign of greeting, farewell;

2) offer to lean on your hand;

3) in combination with the noun help, to help, to assist someone.

Phraseologisms of the Russian language are diverse in their expressed meanings and stylistic role; they are an important source speech wealth.

The Russian language has no equal in the number and variety of lexical and phraseological synonyms, which, thanks to their semantic and stylistic differences, make it possible to accurately express the most subtle shades of thoughts and feelings. This is how, for example, M.Yu. Lermontov M.Yu. Lermontov - Russian poet, prose writer, playwright, artist, officer in the story "Bela", using synonyms, characterizes depending on the change internal state Azamat Kazbich's horse. First, the stylistically neutral word horse is used, then its ideographic synonym racer (a horse distinguished by high running qualities): What a nice horse you have! says Azamat, if I were the master of the house and had a herd of three hundred mares, I would give half for your horse, Kazbich! As the desire to acquire a horse at any cost intensifies, the word horse appears in Azamat’s vocabulary, the high stylistic coloring of which is quite consistent with the mood of the young man: The first time I saw your horse, Azamat continued, when he was spinning and jumping under you, inflating nostrils... something incomprehensible happened in my soul...

Artists of words creatively use the possibilities of synonymy, creating in some cases contextual (author's) synonyms. So, according to the observations of A.I. Efimov, in Shchedrin’s satire the word said has more than 30 synonyms: blurted out, muttered, thumped, exclaimed, squeezed out, nailed, barked, hiccupped, shot a snake-like thorn, moaned, cooed, noticed, reasoned, praised, said, blurted out and etc.

Moreover, each of these synonyms had its own scope of application. In certain contexts, almost complete interchangeability of synonyms is possible. The substitution function, one of the main stylistic functions of synonyms, allows one to avoid unmotivated lexical repetitions and promotes diversity of speech. For example: The lucky ones, I imagined, will not understand what I myself cannot understand (M. Lermontov). Here: if I don’t make it out, I don’t understand.

3. Word formation as a source of speech richness

The vocabulary of the Russian language, as you know, is enriched primarily through word formation. The rich word-formation capabilities of the language allow you to create a huge number of derivative words using ready-made models. For example, in " Spelling dictionary of the Russian language" (Moscow, 1985) about 3000 words are given only with the prefix na. As a result of word-formation processes, large lexical nests arise in the language, sometimes including several dozen words.

For example, a nest with a root is empty: empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, emptiness, empty, wasteland, wasteland, wasteland, devastate, devastate, devastation, devastator, devastating, desert, desolate, wasted, empty , empty, desolation, desolation, empty, etc.

Word-forming affixes add a variety of semantic and emotional shades to words. V.G. Belinsky is a Russian writer, literary critic, publicist, and Western philosopher.

On this occasion he wrote: “The Russian language is unusually rich in expressing natural phenomena... Indeed, what wealth for depicting the phenomena of natural reality lies only in Russian verbs that have types! Swim, swim, sail, sail, swim, sail, swim , float away, float away, float, float, float up, float up...: this is all one verb to express twenty shades of the same action!

There are a variety of suffixes in the Russian language subjective assessment: they give words shades of endearment, derogation, disdain, irony, sarcasm, familiarity, contempt, and so on.

For example, the suffix yonk(a) gives the noun a shade of contempt: horse, hut, room, the suffix -enk(a) a shade of endearment: little hand, night, girlfriend, zorenka, etc.

The ability to use the word-forming capabilities of the language significantly enriches speech and allows you to create lexical and semantic neologisms, including individual author’s ones.

4. Grammatical resources of speech richness

The main sources of speech richness at the morphological level are synonymy and variation of grammatical forms, as well as the possibility of their use in a figurative meaning.

These include:

1) variation of case forms of nouns: a piece of cheese a piece of cheese, to be on vacation to be on vacation, bunkers bunkers, five grams five grams and others, characterized by different stylistic coloring(neutral or bookish in nature, on the one hand, colloquial, on the other);

2) synonymous case constructions, differing in semantic shades and stylistic connotations: buy for me buy for me, bring for brother bring for brother, didn’t open the window didn’t open the window, walk through the forest walk through the forest;

3) synonymy of short and full forms names of adjectives that have semantic, stylistic and grammatical differences: the bear is clumsy, the bear is clumsy, the young man is brave, the young man is brave, the street is narrow, the street is narrow;

4) synonymy of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives: lower lower, smarter smarter, smartest smartest smartest;

5) synonymy of adjectives and forms indirect cases nouns: library book from the library, university building of the university, laboratory equipment for the laboratory, Yesenin's poems;

6) variation in combinations of numerals with nouns: with two hundred residents - residents, three students - three students, two generals - two generals;

7) synonymy of pronouns (for example, everyone every any, something something something anything, someone anyone anyone, someone someone, some any some something what some);

8) the possibility of using one form of number in the meaning of another, some pronouns or verb forms in the meaning of others, i.e., grammatical-semantic transfers, in which additional semantic shades and expressive coloring usually appear. For example, the use of the pronoun we in the meaning you or you to express sympathy, empathy: Now we (you, you) have already stopped crying, the use of we in the meaning I (the author's we): As a result of the analysis of the factual material, we came to the following conclusions.. (I came), the use of the future tense in the meaning of the present: You can’t erase a word from a song (proverb), You can’t pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty (proverb), etc.

The syntax of the Russian language with its unusually developed synonymy and variation, a system of parallel constructions, and almost free word order provides rich opportunities to diversify speech.

Syntactic synonyms, parallel figures of speech that have something in common grammatical meaning, but differing in semantic or stylistic shades, in many cases can be interchangeable, which makes it possible to express the same idea in a variety of linguistic means.

Compare, for example: She is sad She is sad, There is no joy No joy What kind of joy is there, It’s over academic year, the guys left for the village, The school year ended, the guys left for the village, Because the school year ended, the guys left for the village, After (as soon as, when) the school year ended, the guys left for the village.

Synonymous and parallel syntactic constructions allow, firstly, to convey the necessary semantic and stylistic shades, and secondly, to diversify verbal means of expression. However, in an effort to avoid syntactic monotony, one should not forget the semantic and stylistic differences between such constructions.

The same sentence in speech can acquire different semantic and stylistic shades depending on the word order. Thanks to all sorts of permutations, you can create several versions of one sentence: Nikolai and his brother were at the stadium Nikolai was with his brother at the stadium Nikolai was at the stadium with his brother, etc.

There are no formal grammatical restrictions for rearranging words. But when the order of words changes, the shade of thought changes: in the first case, the main thing is who was at the stadium, in the second where Nikolai was, in the third with whom. As noted by A.M. Peshkovsky, a sentence of five complete words (I’ll go for a walk tomorrow), depending on their rearrangement, allows 120 options. Consequently, word order is also one of the sources of speech richness.

In addition to word order, intonation helps to give the same syntactic structure various shades. With the help of intonation you can convey many shades of meaning, give speech one or another emotional coloring, highlight the most important, significant, express the addressee’s attitude to the subject of speech.

Let's take, for example, the sentence: My brother arrived in the morning. By changing intonation, you can not only state the fact of your brother’s arrival, but also express your attitude (joy, surprise, indifference, dissatisfaction, etc.).

By moving the intonation center ( logical stress), you can change the meaning of this sentence, Brother arrived in the morning (contains the answer to the question when did brother arrive?), Brother arrived in the morning (who arrived in the morning?). Intonation has the ability to “express semantic differences that are incompatible in one context in sentences with the same syntactic structure and lexical composition: What is her voice? What is her voice!, Your ticket? (i.e., yours or not yours) Your ticket! (t i.e., present it!) Intonation can give the same words completely different shades, expand the semantic capacity of the word. For example, the word hello can be pronounced joyfully, affectionately, friendly and rudely, dismissively, arrogantly, dryly, indifferently, it can sound as a greeting and as an insult, humiliation of a person, i.e., acquire exactly the opposite meaning. "The range of intonations that expand semantic meaning speech can be considered limitless. It would not be a mistake to say that the true meaning of what is said always lies not in the words themselves, but in the intonation with which they are pronounced.”

Thus, speech richness presupposes, firstly, the assimilation large stock linguistic means, and secondly, the skills and abilities to use the diversity of stylistic possibilities of the language, its synonymous means, the ability to express the most complex and subtle shades of thoughts in various ways.

5. Speech richness and functional styles

The Russian language is enriched due to the emergence of new words, expressions and combinations, the development of new meanings for words and stable combinations that already exist in the language, the expansion of the scope of use of a language unit, etc.

Innovations in language reflect changes that have occurred in reality, human social activity and his worldview, or are the result of intralinguistic processes. “All language changes,” noted L.V. Shcherba, a Russian and Soviet linguist and academician, are forged and accumulated in the forge colloquial speech".

Therefore, in enriching the language important role plays conversational style with its less strict, in comparison with book, norms, with its greater variability of speech units.

The conversational style, connecting the literary language with the common language, contributes to the enrichment of the literary language with new words, their forms and meanings, phrases that modify already established semantics, syntactic constructions and various intonations.

It is no coincidence that writers, poets, and publicists constantly resort to colloquial speech as inexhaustible source enrichment of the literary language. Also A.S. Pushkin, turning to the folk language, saw in it an eternally living and always refreshing source.

The entire 19th century, which gave rise to the geniuses of Russian literature, passed in search of ways to liberate the people under the sign of mastering and establishing popular speech in the struggle for the right of a writer to write in a living, simple and with a mighty tongue, not shying away from “peasant” words and phrases, but, on the contrary, relying on them as a model. Artists introduce words into literary speech most accurate folk words and expressions, the most successful constructions, conversational intonations, thereby contributing to its enrichment.

Fiction plays a primary role in consolidating innovations in the literary language. Genuinely works of art teach the reader unconventional verbal formulation of thoughts, original use of language means. They are the main source of enriching the speech of society and individuals.

The journalistic style, characterized by a tendency to eliminate speech cliches and to enliven the narrative with fresh turns of phrase, also contributes to the enrichment of speech. Publicists are constantly looking for linguistic means designed for emotional impact, making extensive and creative use of the riches of language. In newspaper journalism, changes occurring in colloquial speech are reflected faster than anywhere else, which contributes to their consolidation in general use.

Many words and combinations, when used in journalism, especially in newspapers, acquire socially evaluative meaning and expand their semantics. Thus, in the adjective class a new meaning was formed corresponding to the ideology, interests of a particular class (class point of view), the word impulse (internal urge, impetus to something, caused by the activity of nervous pathogens) in newspaper speech acquired positive assessment and specialized meaning: that which accelerates something, promotes development (impulse to creativity, powerful impulse, impulse of acceleration). At the same time, some newspaper reports are replete with familiar, inexpressive words and phrases, speech stamps, templates that impoverish speech, depriving it of expressiveness and originality. The speech of the newspaper, as well as business papers, is the main source of stamps. From here they penetrate into colloquial and artistic speech, giving rise to monotony and poverty. The official business style, with its standardization, widespread verbal formulas, stamps, stencils that facilitate communication in the field of legal relations, is the poorest and most monotonous in comparison with others.

However business speech in accordance with its internal functional differentiation, it can and should be diversified by including elements of other styles. Standardization and formal business style must have reasonable limits; here, as in other styles, a “sense of proportionality and conformity” must be observed.

In scientific speech, the choice of linguistic means is completely subordinated to the logic of thought. This is strictly thought-out, systematized speech, designed to accurately, logically consistently express complex system concepts with a clear establishment of relationships between them, which, however, does not interfere with its richness and diversity. Scientific style to a certain extent (albeit to a much lesser extent compared to artistic, journalistic and colloquial) contributes to the enrichment of the language, primarily due to vocabulary and phrases of a terminological nature.

Conclusion

I think that this information will be useful to us, higher education students. educational institution, in later life. To achieve verbal richness, you need to study the language (in its literary and colloquial forms, its style, vocabulary, phraseology, word formation and grammar).

List of used literature

1. Gritsanov A.A. philosophy: Encyclopedia. Minsk: Interpressservice. 2002, 1376 p.

2. Efimov A.I. Stylistics of the Russian language. M.: Enlightenment. 1969, 261. p.

3. Idashkin Yu.V. Facets of talent: About the work of Yuri Bondarev. M.: Fiction. 1983, 230 p.

4. Larin B.A. In memory of academician Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba. L.: 1951, 33 p.

5. Peshkovsky A.M. Questions of native language methodology, linguistics and stylistics. M.: Gosizdat. 1930, 311 p.

6. Pleschenko T.P., Fedotova N.V., Chechet R.G. Stylistics and culture of speech. Minsk: TetraSystems.2001, 543 p.

7. Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. M.: AST. 1998, 384 p. speech phraseological word formation

8. Russian writers. 1800-1917, T. 3. M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1992, 623 pp.

9. Slavin. L.I. The Tale of Vissarion Belinsky. M.: Furious 1973, 79. p.

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The level of speech culture depends not only on knowledge of the norms of the literary language, the laws of logic and strict adherence to them, but also on the possession of its riches and the ability to use them in the process of communication.

The Russian language is rightly called one of the richest and most developed languages in the world. Its wealth lies in the innumerable supply of vocabulary and phraseology, in the semantic richness of the dictionary, in the limitless possibilities of phonetics, word formation and word combinations, in the variety of lexical, phraseological and grammatical synonyms and variants, syntactic structures and intonations. All this allows you to express the subtlest semantic and emotional shades. “There is nothing like this in the world, in the life around us and in our consciousness,” says K.G. Paustovsky, - which could not be conveyed in Russian words: the sound of music, and... the sparkle of colors, and the sound of rain, and the fabulousness of dreams, and the heavy rumble of a thunderstorm, and children's babble, and the mournful roar of the surf, and anger, and great joy, and the sorrow of loss and the exultation of victory."

Speech is richer the less often the same signs and chains of signs are repeated in it, and this, in turn, means that speech is richer the more diverse it is in its linguistic structure, and it is precisely this circumstance that allows one to identify the concepts of wealth and diversity of speech.

Structural and linguistic conditions that ensure the richness of speech. Such conditions turn out to be (if we mean the speech of one person, individual speech) active stock linguistic means, i.e. that stock of words, their meanings, the stock of models of phrases and sentences, the stock of typical intonations, etc. - that stock from which a person is able to choose the means he needs and use it to construct a speech expressing necessary information. At the same time, the condition that ensures the richness of speech and its diversity is also the set of skills necessary for the easy and expedient use of language tools that are in a person’s active linguistic reserve.

The vocabulary of an individual depends on a number of reasons (the level of his general culture, education, profession, age, etc.), so it is not a constant value for any native speaker. Scientists believe that a modern educated person actively uses approximately 10–12 thousand words in oral speech, and 20–24 thousand in written speech. The passive stock, which includes those words that a person knows but practically does not use in his speech, is approximately 30 thousand words. These are quantitative indicators of the richness of language and speech.

Structural elements of language

However, the richness of language and speech is determined not only and not so much by quantitative indicators of vocabulary, but by the semantic richness of the dictionary, the wide ramification of word meanings. About 80% of words in Russian are polysemous; Moreover, as a rule, these are the most active, frequent words in speech. Many of them have more than ten meanings, and some lexemes have twenty or more meanings. Thanks to the polysemy of words, significant savings in linguistic means are achieved when expressing thoughts and feelings, since the same word, depending on the context, can have different meanings. Therefore, learning new meanings of already known words is no less important than learning new words; it helps enrich speech.

Phraseological combinations have their own special meaning, which is not derived from the sum of the values of their constituent components, for example: the cat cried- few, carelessly- carelessly, sloppy. Phraseologisms can be ambiguous: at random- in different directions; Badly; not as it should, as it should, as it should, etc. Phraseologisms of the Russian language are diverse in their expressed meanings and stylistic role; they are an important source of speech richness.

The vocabulary of the Russian language, as is known, is enriched primarily due to word formation. The rich word-formation capabilities of the language allow you to create a huge number of derivative words using ready-made models. As a result of word-formation processes, large lexical nests arise in a language, sometimes including several dozen words.

For example, a nest with a root is empty -: empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, wasteland, wasteland, wasteland, devastate, devastate, devastation, devastator, devastating, desert, desolate, wasted, empty, desolate, desolation, desolation, empty, etc.

The suffixes of subjective evaluation in the Russian language are varied: they give words shades of endearment, derogatory, disdainful, irony, sarcasm, familiarity, contempt, etc. For example, the suffix - yonk (a) gives the noun a connotation of contempt: horse, hut, little room; suffix –enk(a) – a connotation of endearment: little hand, night, girlfriend, zorenka, etc.

The ability to use the word-forming capabilities of the language significantly enriches speech and allows you to create lexical and semantic neologisms, including individual author’s ones.

The main sources of speech richness at the morphological level are synonymy And variation of grammatical forms, as well as the possibility of their use in a figurative meaning. These include:

1) variation of case forms of nouns: piece of cheese – piece of cheese, be on vacation - be on vacation, bins - bunkers, five grams - five grams and others, characterized by different stylistic colors (neutral or bookish in nature, on the one hand, colloquial, on the other);

2) synonymous case constructions, differing in semantic shades and stylistic connotations: buy for me - buy for me, bring for my brother - bring for my brother, didn’t open the window - didn’t open the window, walk through the forest - walk through the forest;

3) synonymy of short and full forms of adjectives that have semantic, stylistic and grammatical differences: the bear is clumsy - the bear is clumsy, the young man is brave - the young man is brave, the street is narrow - the street is narrow;

4) synonymy of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives: lower - lower, smarter - more intelligent, smartest - the smartest - smarter than everyone else;

5) synonymy of adjectives and oblique case forms of nouns: library book - book from the library, university building - university building, laboratory equipment - equipment for the laboratory, Yesenin's poems - Yesenin's poems;

6) variation in combinations of numerals with nouns: with two hundred inhabitants - residents, three students - three students, two generals - two generals;

7) synonymy of pronouns (for example, everyone - everyone - anyone; something - something - anything - anything; someone - anyone - anyone; someone - someone; some - some - some - some - some);

8) the possibility of using one number form in the meaning of another, some pronouns or verbal forms in the meaning of others, i.e. grammatical-semantic transfers, in which additional semantic shades and expressive coloring usually appear. For example, the use of the pronoun we in the meaning you or you to express sympathy, empathy: Now we (you, you) have already stopped crying(using we in the meaning I). As a result of analyzing the factual material, we came to the following conclusions...(using the future tense to mean the present).

Conclusion: The main conditions ensuring the richness of speech: a large amount of active vocabulary, the speaker taking into account the semantic content of the word, the variety of words used by the speaker grammatical means, mastery of the intonation capabilities provided by the language. Errors that violate the richness of speech: the concept of speech stereotypes (clichés and cliches); different kinds speech redundancy (repetitions of the same word, tautology). The concept of forced tautology.

The richness of speech is the variety of linguistic means used: a large volume of active vocabulary; variety of morphological forms used; variety of syntactic structures used.
The evaluative words rich and poor in relation to speech are used by philologists, writers, literary critics, and teachers. They proceed from speech experience, which is artistic speech, for example, Russian writers JI. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. P. Chekhov - rich, but in comparison; The newspaper's speech is, of course, poor.
Speech is considered rich if it is varied in its linguistic structure. A person must have more vocabulary, from which he can select the desired word and apply it in his speech.
The lexical richness of the Russian language is reflected in various linguistic dictionaries. For example, “Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Language”, published in 1847, contains about 115 thousand words, “Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V. I. Dahl includes more than 200 thousand words, D. N. Ushakov included in “ Dictionary Russian language" about 90 thousand words.
The richness of the Russian language lies not only in the large number of words, but also in the diversity of their meanings. New semantic shades give the language flexibility, liveliness and expressiveness. There are many different homonyms, synonyms, antonyms, and paronyms in our language, which make our speech colorful, varied, help avoid repetition of the same words, and allow us to express thoughts figuratively. There are many words in the Russian language that convey the speaker’s positive or negative attitude towards the subject of thought, that is, they have expression. For example, the words bliss, luxurious, magnificent, fearless, charm contain positive expression, and the words chatterbox, klutz, stupidity, daub are characterized by negative expression. Here is an example of expressive, emotional speech:
Although Nilovna is only forty years old, she considers herself an old woman. She felt old, having not truly experienced either childhood or youth, without experiencing the joy of “recognizing” the world. Gorky paints the portrait of Nilovna in such a way that sad, gray tones predominate in it: “She was tall, slightly stooped, her body, broken by long work and beatings from her husband, moved silently and somehow sideways... There was a deep scar above her right eyebrow. .. She was all soft, sad and submissive.” Surprise and fear are what this woman’s face constantly expressed. The sad image of a mother cannot leave us indifferent...
Here's another example, taken from a collection of articles about best practices in agriculture:
Introduction to crop rotation of legumes with which the activity is related nodule bacteria, as well as the creation of the necessary conditions for the better development of these plants are important measures for the accumulation of nitrogen and the provision of it to subsequent crops. Thus, applying phosphate and potassium fertilizers to peas increases its yield and, therefore, contributes to greater accumulation of nitrogen.
This speech is devoid of liveliness, emotionality, there are no living colors in it, such speech is boring and standard, built from cumbersome statements.
It is impossible to achieve verbal wealth without studying the amazing language of the people - in its literary and colloquial forms, in all the diversity of its styles and socio-professional varieties, in all the abundance and diversity of its vocabulary and phraseology, word formation and grammar.
Don't forget that intonation enriches speech. Literary Russian speech is characterized by a variety of intonations, taken from the spoken language and enriched and polished by the literary language. Intonation is not only raising and lowering the tone, it is also strengthening and weakening the voice, slowing down and speeding up the tempo, various changes in timbre, these are breaks in speech stream, or pauses. Intonation, participating in the construction of utterances,

tion and “layering” on syntax and vocabulary, creates excellent opportunities for expressing the most diverse shades of meaning.
Syntax also enriches speech. It is common to say that the grammar of a language (i.e., the ways and means of constructing and changing words and constructing sentences) is not flexible and active enough in creating speech diversity. The syntax of the Russian literary language has an enviable variety of means, methods, and types of constructing sentences that are very different from each other. You can use simple sentences in speech, or you can use complex ones; can be put into speech coordinating conjunctions, or you don’t have to enter it... Of course, in order to use flexible system syntactic means our language, you need to know it well - and not only in theory, but also in practice, in its speech existence. For the first time in the history of Russian literature, the poetry of A. S. Pushkin showed the flexibility and beauty of Russian syntax and Russian intonation. How well Pushkin’s syntax conveys the rhythm and melody of the waltz:
Monotonous and crazy
Like a young whirlwind of life,
A noisy whirlwind swirls around the waltz;
Couple flashes after couple.
The better a writer and speaker is familiar with the intonation resources of our language and the practice of using them verbally, the freer and more varied his speech.
Good Russian speech is famous for its apt and figurative words. It is no coincidence that verbal folk art has created such an abundance of proverbs and sayings. After all, language itself, its role in human life, are aptly and vividly reflected in proverbs and sayings. The speech creativity of the people never stops. The exponents of this folk talent are primarily national writers. Many statements of Russian writers and poets were included in mutual language people like idioms. Accurate sayings enrich our speech if they are used appropriately and at the right time.