Morphemic parsing of the participle. Morphological analysis of the sacrament: implementation methodology

One of the most interesting, but at the same time, difficult parts of speech in the morphology of our language is considered to be the participle. An example of parsing this part of speech, as well as its differences from other groups, will be considered in more detail in this article.

Controversial opinion

As you know, linguists still cannot agree on what a participle is. Some are inclined to believe that this is the most common She has a number of her own characteristics that other groups do not have, her own system of declensions and many other distinctive features.

Others consider it a special form of another part of speech - the verb. belonging to this group, we will give in the article below) is still in limbo. Therefore, we will not consider any of the points of view to be erroneous.

Pledge

The mentioned part of speech has the category of pledge. It is not only in our language, but also in many others, for example, in English. An actual participle (examples: thinking, living, singing) is defined as one that conveys an action performed by the actor himself.

So, if we have the word “flying” in front of us, then we immediately imagine an object that makes a flight. It can be a bird or an airplane - they do it themselves, and therefore we can consider such a sacrament to be valid, that is, without the help of someone doing their job.

The passive participle is considered opposite in meaning (examples: cut down, painted, split). AT this case In order for the action to be carried out, the help of another person or object is needed.

Embroidered pattern is a passive participle, since the pattern could not make itself. It was created by the one who took a needle and thread in his hands.

It should be noted that the spelling of this part of speech will depend on the correct voice.

Valid

Each of the participle groups has its own set of special suffixes. Features of word formation are necessarily considered in the course of studying each part of speech.

So, the real participle (examples: fled, hungry, distraught, located) has two groups of suffixes, which depend on the time in which we will use it.

The following are currently used:

-ash- - shiver ash uy
-crate- - kip crate uy
-yi- - roar yi uy
-Yusch- - boron Yusch uyya

Past tense. The participle (example: lying) has other suffixes:

-sh- - grew sh uy
-vsh- - combat vsh uyya

It is not difficult to tell them apart in time. Must be substituted for each sacrament auxiliary words. If we have the present time in front of us, then the word “now” will do (burning (now) fire, darkening (now) sky).

When we see the sacrament in the past tense, we boldly substitute “yesterday” for it (a crying (yesterday) child carrying (yesterday) a bag).

Passive

This voice is distinguished by its set of derivational suffixes. So, the passive participle (examples: sought, ground) in the present tense is formed using:

-ohm- - attracted ohm th
-eat- - unforgettable eat th
-them- - stuck them th.

Moreover, the first two suffixes (“om” and “em”) are used only in those participles that were formed from verbs that have the first conjugation. “They” are written only when the basis was the verb in the second conjugation.

In the past tense, this part of speech is used with suffixes:

-enn- - bake enn th
-nn- - solder nn th
-t- - colo t th

It must be remembered that (their examples were given above) in the full form they will always have two letters n: bring - brought. In short, only one: afflicted - afflicted.

Parsing plan

After studying each part of speech, students, as a rule, begin to analyze it. It is carried out according to certain plan and is called morphological. It includes features characteristic of a particular group of speech. Consider how the sacrament is parsed.

Plan example:

grammatical meaning.

This paragraph should include information about what morphological load this part of speech carries. As a rule, this is a sign of action.

2. Word formation.

Here it is necessary to give an example of a verb, which is the main one, as well as suffixes indicating tense and voice.

3. Permanent signs.

This paragraph lists those signs that never change:

real or passive;
perfect or imperfect view;
time (it is worth remembering that the sacrament has no future).

4. Non-permanent signs:

if we have a passive participle, it is necessary to indicate the form in which it is used (full or short);
case;
both in full and short forms - gender;
number.

5. Member of the proposal.

Such a plan morphological analysis the most frequently used. Some disassemble the participle according to a different principle, first highlighting the signs of the adjective, and then the verb.

Sample

After the above plan, it is necessary to analyze the sacrament itself with examples.

The moon, hidden behind a cloud, dimly illuminated the street.

Let's analyze the word "hidden".

Gram value - a sign of action.
Hide + vsh.
Permanent signs:

valid ( independent execution actions of the moon)
perfect view;
hid (when?) yesterday - past. temp.

4. Non-permanent signs:

eminent. case;
well. genus;
units number.

5. In a sentence, this word is part of separate definition, which is expressed here participle turnover. Accordingly, the words "hidden" - the definition.

Thus, we learned what features the sacrament has. Now, using this information, it will not be difficult to complete the described part of speech.

Participle is an unconjugated form of a verb that has a certain lexical meaning - to show the procedural attribute of an object. Distinctive feature This part of speech lies in the fact that it has the features of two others at once - an adjective and a verb. The name came from Latin word"participium", which in translation means "participating".

What did the participle borrow from the verb?

Morphological analysis communion requires a serious approach, since when performing this procedure, it is necessary to take into account a large number of available signs from the verb and adjective. The verb and the participle are connected by a similar lexical meaning, and sometimes it actively makes itself felt. For example, the verb "blush" has the meaning "become red", the participle "blushing" has the same meaning. In addition, the verb and the participle have common morphological features that appear in the analysis of the categories of aspect, transitivity and intransitivity, voice and tense. Of particular note are the passive participles, which are formed from transitive verbs. Participles and verbs can equally control a noun in a sentence, this is another similar feature.

Adjective signs in participles

Communion has common features and with an adjective. Primarily we are talking about the same grammatical features(suffix, ending, stem). Also, these two parts of speech have the same dependent categories of nominal type (gender, number, case), which will depend on the categories of the noun with which the participle agrees. Passive past participles have full and short forms, which is why they are similar to quality adjectives. The participle can borrow syntactic functions in a sentence from an adjective and play the role of an agreed definition or nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Morphological analysis of the sacrament: school level

In order to understand exactly how to parse the sacrament, it is necessary to decide how to perceive it: how independent part speech or specific form verb. It is in determining the status of the participle that the most important difficulty arises here, which is reflected in reference books on linguistics. In all textbooks used in secondary schools, the participle is described as a special form of the verb. It is there that a scheme for parsing the participle is given, which corresponds to the understanding of this part of speech in the status of an independent one. Some linguists believe that if the participle plays the role of an independent part of speech, then its real and passive forms past and present should be treated as separate words. In this case, the following parsing scheme should be used: indicate the participle in the initial form (noting gender, number, case), morphological features of a word of constant type (reflexivity, tense, aspect, passive / real) and inconstant type (number, gender, form and case ). In its form, the participle can be complete and incomplete, and the case is indicated only for the word in the first form. Then you should indicate the syntactic role of the participle within the sentence.

Parsing the sacrament at the university level

The morphological analysis of the participle is actively used not only in the study of the Russian language in school level but also at university. AT last case a more in-depth version of the parsing is used, which makes it possible to obtain complete picture by the word under study, which can be useful if necessary to obtain information about its origin. This parsing occurs according to the following scheme: a word is indicated inside the text, a part of speech, categorical meaning, initial form participles + question to her and semantic question. You should also indicate verb stem, from which the participle was formed, along with the suffix used to create given word. Additional categories are indicated: type, recurrence (indicated by real participles), voice, tense and transitivity (indicated for real participles). Also, when performing this analysis, it is necessary to indicate the form of the participle (short or full) and note its indicators; clarify the noun with which it agrees, and indicate the concordant categories (gender, number, case). Finally, you need to specify the syntactic functions of the participle.

How to parse a short participle?

Passive participles have a full and short form and thus need special treatment. The morphological analysis of a short participle is carried out according to the following scheme: the attribute of the subject, the question for the participle, the initial form are indicated. It is also necessary to indicate a number of morphological features: time, type, recurrence, form, number, gender. The case does not need to be determined here, since short participles cannot be declined. You also need to specify syntactic function words within a sentence. Short participles should be parsed in a special way, they can change by gender and number. In a sentence, they can play the role of the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate, this should be taken into account when performing the analysis. It should be remembered that short participles can coincide with short adjectives, and it can sometimes be very difficult to distinguish them from each other. Short adjectives can have lexical meaning a sign of an action that is carried out in a certain time period. Brief passive participles usually denote a sign of an object that is the result of an action committed in the past.

What else can be confused with short participles?

According to some linguists, short passive participles can be similar to functional homonyms ending in "that" and "but": covered, removed, smoky. These grammatical homonyms are called participle predicatives (words of the state category) and are distinguished into a separate part of speech. Short passive participles can be used in two-part sentences, they must necessarily agree with nouns and noun pronouns in some nominal categories. These word forms can perform the function of the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate.

Participle: morphological analysis of the part of speech

It is necessary to perform a morphological analysis of the participle to determine its belonging to one form or another. Otherwise, when performing the analysis, you can make a serious mistake and indicate the part of speech incorrectly. Reference books may be used, if necessary. additional literature, which allows you to determine the part of speech as accurately as possible.

The special position of the sacrament in Russian

This part of speech has a dual nature, therefore it takes special place in the Russian language system. Back in 1757, M.V. Lomonosov stated that the sacrament should be considered as a special part of speech, at that time such a decision was made on the basis of available ancient traditions. In the 20th century, some linguists continued to lobby for this idea, arguing that the sacrament has every right to receive a separate position. There was also a point of view according to which the participle should be considered a verbal form of the adjective. Now this opinion is not so popular, but its followers still insist on it. There is a third opinion, according to him, scientists agree with the hybridity of the participle, but argue that its connection with the verb is too strong. That is why it is not possible to single out the sacrament into a separate category. This point of view is shared by the leading linguists of the 20th century, taking into account the famous “Russian Grammar-80”, which is used today as one of the leading textbooks in linguistics, was compiled.

There are several ways to morphologically parse the participle, depending on whether the participle is considered a verb form or independent part speech.

Parsing the participle as a form of the verb, it is logical to describe all the signs related specifically to the participle as inconstant; thus, the following must be indicated in non-permanent signs: in the form of participle, present / past tense, real / passive voice, full / short form (for passive), gender, number, case (for full).

However, in all school textbooks, including those that describe the sacrament as special form verb (complex 3, previous editions of complex 1), a scheme for parsing the participle is given, corresponding to the understanding of the participle as an independent part of speech. If we consider the participle as an independent part of speech, then the real and passive participles of the present and past tense will be separate words, and not forms of the same word. So, reading, reading, reading and reading will be recognized as 4 independent words. Based on this logic, the following scheme for parsing the participle is proposed:

1. Communion. Initial form - I. p. husband. kind of unit numbers.

2. Morphological features:

a) permanent:

recurrence,

real / passive,

b) inconstant: in the form of a participle

Full / short (only for passive),

Genus (in singular),

Case (for full).

3. Syntactic role in a sentence.

It is this scheme proposed in complex 3; in complex 1, the scheme is similar, minus the sign of recurrence. In complex 2 in category permanent signs for some reason, the full / short form is also assigned.

Let us give an example of parsing the participle as a form of the verb and as an independent part of speech.

A revolving glass door with brass steamer rails pushed him into a large pink marble vestibule. An information desk was located in a grounded elevator. A laughing woman's face peeked out from there.

(I. Ilf and E. Petrov).

Parsing the participle as a form of the verb:

spinning - verb, beginning. shape to twirl;

fast. signs: non-transitional, return, NSV, II ref. (excl.);

synth. role: definition.

grounded - verb, beginning. ground form;

fast. signs: transitional, non-returning, NE, II ref.;

non-post. signs: in the form of a sacrament, suffer., past. time, full form, male kind, unit numbers, P. p.;

synth. role: definition.

laughing - verb, beginning. form of laugh;

fast. signs: non-transition, return, NSV, I ref;

non-post. signs: in the form of a participle, really, present. time, female kind, unit numbers, I. p.;

synth. role: definition.

Parsing the participle as an independent part of speech:

revolving - ch., early. shape revolving;

fast. signs: return, NSV, actual, present time;

synth. role: definition.

grounded - moreover, early. form grounded;

fast. signs: non-returning, SV, passive, past. time;

non-post. signs: in full. uniform, husband. kind, unit number, P. p.;

synth. role: definition.

laughing - prich., early. laughing shape;

fast. signs: return, NSV, valid, present. time;

non-post. signs: in wives. kind, unit number, I. p.;

synth. role: definition.

Morphological analysis of the sacrament(parsing under the number 3)

Check with your textbook: the participle and gerund are defined in it as forms of the verb, or as independent parts of speech.

Notes:

Participles can be identified by questions (what? What is doing? By whom ...?) and by suffixes:

Real past participle (-vsh-, -sh-). Suffix -sh used when the stem of the infinitive ends in a consonant:

carry→ carrying, carrying→ carrying.

(Note that the suffix -w- it is also used if the verb ends in -to knock, -to eret: wipe - wiped, bruise - bruised. Erroneous forms wiped out, bruised are unacceptable in the literary language).

Passive past participle (-enn-, -nn-, -t-)

Real participle of the present tense (-usch-, -yushch-, -ashch-, -yashch-)

Passive present participles (-em-, -om-, -im-)

Participles do not have future tenses. Only participles formed from verbs do not have present tense forms. perfect look.
Short participles, like short adjectives, in the sentence they play the role of a predicate: The computer is grounded.
Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs, have a full and short form

Signs by which a verbal adjective can be distinguished from a participle:

1) Verbal adjectives are formed only from verbs imperfect form: boiled milk (but there is whole line verbal adjectives- exceptions: made, cutesy, seen, desired, swaggered, chased, cursed, slow, sacred, unseen, unheard, unexpected, unexpected, unintentional, counted, wakeful eye).

2) Verbal adjectives do not have prefixes: fried cutlet, confused answer. If the prefix non- is added to the adjective, then it remains an adjective and is written with one n: slaked lime - quicklime;

3) Verbal adjectives do not have dependent words: sauerkraut, compare: sauerkraut for the winter.

4) Verbal words in -ovanny, -evanny - adjectives: transformed, sterilized.

Examples of morphological parsing of the participle

Parsing the participle as a form of the verb:	Parsing the participle as an independent part of speech
spinning- verb, beginning shape twirl; post. signs: non-transitional, return, NSV, II ref. (excl.); non-post. signs: in the form of a participle, really, present. time, female kind, unit numbers, I. p.; synth. role: definition.	spinning- prich., early. shape revolving; fast. signs: return, NSV, valid, present. time; non-post. signs: in wives. kind, unit number, I. p.; synth. role: definition.
(with) playing- verb, initial form - to play; permanent signs: NSV, irrevocable, intransitive, 1 sp., real, past tense; fickle signs: pl., etc.; synth. role: definition.	(with) playing- adj., initial form - playing; permanent signs: non-returning, NSV, real, past time; non-permanent signs: plural, etc.; synth. role: definition.
running- verb, beginning run shape; post. signs: non-transitional, non-returning, NSV, I ref; non-constant. signs: in the form of a participle, really, present. time, cf. kind, unit numbers, I. p.; synth. role: definition.	running - ch., early. running form; fast. signs: non-returnable, NSV, valid, present. time; non-post. signs: cf. kind, unit number, I. p.; synth. role: definition.
grounded- verb, beginning ground form; post. signs: transition., non-return., SV, II ref.; non-constant. signs: in the form of a sacrament, suffer., past. Time, full form, male Kind, unit numbers, P. p.; synth. role: definition.	grounded- prich., early. shape grounded; fast. signs: irreversible, NE, passive, past. time; non-post. signs: in full. uniform, husband. Rode, unit hours, P. p.; synth. role: definition.
purchased- verb, initial form - to buy; permanent signs: SV, irrevocable, transitive, 2 sp.; non-permanent signs: full. passive, present Time, single, male, R.p.; synth. role: definition.	purchased- moreover, the initial form is bought; constant signs: irrevocable, NE, passive, present. vr.; non-permanent signs: full. f., singular, male, R.p.; synth. role: definition.

Morphological analysis of the participle(parsing under the number 3)

Notes:

The participle - denotes an additional action, answers the questions what by doing? (NSV) or having done what? (SV). Participles imperfect form formed from the stem of the present tense with the help of suffixes -and I:

be silent: silently-at → silentlya ;
decide: resolving-ut → resolvingI .

Participles perfect look formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of suffixes -in, -lice, -shi:

shut up: shut up-th → shut upin ;
decide : decide-th → decidein ;
to do : busy-th-Xia→ busylice s;
bring : brought-ti → broughtshea .

The syntactic role of the gerund can only be determined in the context of the sentence. If there are dependent words - part of the circumstance, if not - the circumstance.
A gerund can turn into an adverb, while it loses all verb categories, i.e. values of type, time, pledge and control: Neither bread nor clothes are obtained lying down. You must come on immediately.

The participles that have passed into adverbs are found in the composition phraseological combinations: sleeveless, hands folded, swarming, etc., as well as turns of the adverbial type: apparently; as a matter of fact etc.

Examples of morphological analysis of gerunds

Parsing the participle as a form of the verb:	Parsing the participle as an independent part of speech
sipping- verb, beginning shape sip; post. signs: transition., non-return., NSV, I ref.; non-permanent. signs: in the form of a gerund; synth. role: part of the circumstance.	sipping- gerund; fast. signs: transition, non-return, NSV, unchangeable; non-post. signs: no; synth. role: part of the circumstance.
stumbling- verb, beginning form - stumble. permanent signs: non-transition., return., NSV, I ref.; non-constant. signs: in the form of a gerund; synth. role: part of the circumstance.	stumbling- gerund.post. signs: non-transitional, return, NSV, unchangeable non-constant. signs: no; synth. role: part of the circumstance.
after graduating- verb, beginning form finish; post. signs: transition., non-return., SV, II ref.; non-constant. signs: in the form of a gerund; synth role: part of the circumstance.	after graduating- gerund; post. signs: transitional, non-returning, SV, immutable; non-permanent. signs: none; synth role: part of the circumstance.

Enter a word without errors:

Enter any word, then click "parse". After that, you will receive an analysis in which the part of speech, case, gender, tense and everything else will be written. Because parsing is performed out of context, then several parsing options may be offered, among which you will need to choose the correct one. Parsing is done automatically by the computer, so sometimes there may be errors. Be careful, online parsing is meant to help, not mindless rewriting. Note about the letter Yo: do not replace it with E.

Press Ctrl+D to bookmark the service for future reference.

In order not to experience difficulties in the scheme morphological analysis words or in the order of parsing, you should not automatically memorize the sequence and principle of parsing. It is best to focus on selection common features parts of speech, and then move on to particular features of this form. Wherein general logic parsing must be saved. Parts of speech will also help you.

The following examples of morphological parsing will allow you to understand the scheme of parsing the words of a sentence in Russian. However, it should be remembered that the presence of a text is a prerequisite for the correct analysis of parts of speech, because morphological analysis is a characteristic of a word (as a part of speech), taking into account the specifics of its use.

Consider examples morphological analysis.

Morphological analysis of a noun

initial form (in the nominative case, singular);
own or common noun;
animate or inanimate;
declination
number;
case;
role in the proposal.

Noun(parsing sample):
Text: Babies love to drink milk.
Milk is a noun, the initial form is milk, common noun, inanimate, neuter, 2nd declension, in accusative, singular (no plural), direct object.

Adjective parsing plan

initial form - infinitive ( nominative, singular);
category (qualitative, relative or possessive);
short or complete (only about quality);
degree of comparison (only qualitative);
gender (only about the singular);
case;
number;
role in the proposal.

Adjective(parsing sample):
Text: Alyonushka collected a full basket of mushrooms.
Full - adjective, initial form - full; quality: complete; in a positive (zero) degree of comparison, in the neuter gender, accusative case, is an addition.

numeral(parsing order):

initial form (nominative for quantitative, nominative singular, masculine for ordinal);
category by value (quantitative, ordinal);
category by composition (simple, complex, composite);
case;
gender and number (for ordinal and some quantitative);
role in the proposal.

Numeral (parsing sample):
Text: Four days have passed.
Four is a numeral, the initial form is four, quantitative, simple, in the nominative case, has no number and gender, is the subject.

Pronoun(parsing order):

initial form (nominative case, singular, if it changes by number and gender);
rank by value;
gender (if any);
case
number (if any);
role in the proposal.

Pronoun (parsing sample):
Text: Crystal raindrops dripped from it.
Nee is a pronoun, the initial form is she, personal, 3rd person, feminine, Genitive, singular, adverb of place.

Morphological analysis of the verb

infinitive (initial form);
returnable or irrevocable;
transitive or intransitive;
conjugation;
mood;
time (for the indicative mood);
person (for present, future tense and imperative mood);
gender (for past tense and conditional mood in the singular);
number;
role in the proposal.

Verb (parsing sample):
Text: They told the truth without fear of condemnation.
They said - a verb, the initial form - to say, irrevocable, intransitive, perfect form, 1st conjugation, in indicative mood, past tense, plural, is a predicate.

Participle(parsing order):

initial form (nominative, singular, masculine);
infinitive;
time;
returnable or irrevocable (for valid);
transitive or intransitive (for valid);
complete or short (for the passive);
gender (for the singular);
case;
number;
role in the proposal.

Participle (parsing sample):
Text: I look at the falling leaves and feel sad.
Falling - participle, initial form - falling, from the verb fall, imperfective, present tense, irrevocable, intransitive, feminine, accusative, singular, agreed definition.

gerund(parsing order):

the verb from which it is formed;
returnable or irrevocable;
transitive or intransitive;
role in the proposal.

The participle (parsing sample):

Text: When you go abroad, you are sad about home.
Leaving - a gerund, from the verb "to leave", an imperfect form, irrevocable, intransitive, a circumstance of the mode of action.

Adverb(parsing order):

category by value (definitive or adverbial);
degree of comparison (if any).

Adverb (parsing sample):
Text: The sun rose higher and the clouds dissipated.
Above is an adverb, adverbial place, is an adverb of place, comparative.

Video

Something is not clear? There is good video on the topic for adjectives:

The order of debriefing in your class may differ from what is suggested, so we advise you to check with your teacher for debriefing requirements.

Everything for study » Russian language » Morphological analysis of a word with examples and online

To bookmark a page, press Ctrl+D.

Link: https://site/russkij-yazyk/morfologicheskij-razbor-slova