Artistic style speech short description. Artistic speech style

Linguistic and stylistic feature of artistic style is called the special life of the word in thin work. His specific. feature is the update internal form (G.O. Vinokur) when the means of language (in particular, lexical ones) and their meanings turn out to be the basis, starting from which the artist creates a poetic word-metaphor, completely turned to the theme and idea of a particular artist. works. At the same time, the metaphorical meaning of a word can often be understood and determined only after reading the entire work, i.e. stems from art. whole.

The formation of the value of the artist. words in the broad context of the whole work noted B.A. Larin which revealed system interconnection words with other words artist. whole when expressing a cross-cutting poetic thought-idea, i.e. the leitmotif of the work is such a property of the poetic word of B.A. Larin named "combinatorial increments of meaning".

Concepts of the inner form of the artist. words and combinatorial increments of meaning are closely related to the concept "general imagery" (A.M. Peshkovsky), which is that everything language units of this or that work of art are aimed at expressing artistic image, being at the same time strictly aesthetically and stylistically motivated and justified, in connection with which the elimination of any one word from the text already leads to the “baldness” of the image. The same applies to the modification of the forms of the word - so it is impossible to change the word small fish on the fish in the title and text of Pushkin's "Tales of the Fisherman and the Fish".

According to V.V. Vinogradov, artist the word is fundamentally two-dimensional: coinciding in its form with the word national language and based on its meaning, artist. the word is addressed not only to the national language, but also to that world of art. reality, which is created or recreated in the work. The semantic structure of the word "is expanded and enriched by those artistic and visual "increments" that develop in the system of a whole aesthetic object" (Vinogradov V.V.). A more general, precise concept is artistic and figurative speech concretization(M.N. Kozhina).

So, as the main style feature they call ARTISTIC-FIGULATORY SPEECH SPECIFICATION, which is expressed by the system organization artistic speech, capable of translating a word-concept into a word-image through a system of linguistic means, combined author's image and capable of activating the reader's imagination. The linguistic means used in artistic texts are intended to serve mainly as an expression of the system of images, since in an artistic context words express not just concepts, ideas, but artistic images. Therefore, concretization here has a different character, means and ways of expression (not a word-concept or a word-representation is used, but a word-artistic image).

Artistic the work is capable of transforming the semantics of any word, including a neutral one, endowing it with textual increments of meaning, primarily emotionally expressive and aesthetic ones, which is achieved, in particular, by repetition lexical item in different contexts. This is connected with the manifestation of such an important feature of the semantics of the artist. works like dynamic meaning(Vinogradov V.V.). Multiple predication of a repeating nomination leads to the attachment of each new feature to the previous ones and the formation of a more complex textual meaning compared to the linguistic one. This phenomenon is typical and of great significance, so that some researchers even propose to single out special type lexical meaning – "artistic value"(Barlas L.G.). Word with artistic value- this is an element of the text, significant for the deeper semantic layers of the artist. text - figurative and ideological (Kupina N.A.). A specific feature of the functioning of linguistic means in art. style is also the predominance of the meaning of the word over its meaning, which leads to the creation of an implicit ideological and aesthetic content of the work (subtext) that requires special interpretation.

Influences the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, possibilities different styles, characterized by figurativeness, emotionality, concreteness of speech.

The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images.

The artistic style is realized in the form of drama, prose and poetry, which are divided into the corresponding genres (for example: tragedy, comedy, drama and other dramatic genres; novel, short story, short story and other prose genres; poem, fable, poem, romance and other poetic genres ).

A distinctive feature of the artistic style of speech is the use of special figures of speech, the so-called art trails that give color to the story, the power of depicting reality.

The artistic style is individually variable, which is why many philologists deny its existence. But it is impossible not to take into account that the individual-author's features of the speech of a particular writer arise against the background of common features artistic style.

In the artistic style, everything is subordinated to the goal of creating an image in the perception of the text by readers. This goal is served not only by the use by the writer of the most necessary, most exact words, due to which the artistic style is characterized by the highest vocabulary diversity index, not only the wide use of the expressive possibilities of the language (figurative meanings of words, updating metaphors, phraseological units, comparisons, personifications, etc.), but also a special selection of any figuratively significant elements of the language : phonemes and letters, grammatical forms, syntactic constructions. They create background impressions, a certain imaginative mood at readers.

Art style finds application in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function.

For the artistic style of speech is typical attention to the particular and the accidental, followed by the typical and the general. Reminisce" Dead Souls"N.V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personified certain specific human qualities, expressed a certain type, and all together they were a "face" modern author Russia.

World fiction - this is a "recreated" world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author's fiction, which means that the subjective moment plays the main role in the artistic style of speech. The whole surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in artistic text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, etc. This is connected with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphoricalness, meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech.

The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word performs a nominative-figurative function.

Lexical composition in the artistic style of speech has its own characteristics. The words that form the basis and create the figurativeness of this style include figurative means of Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life.

In the artistic style of speech is very widely used speech polysemy of a word, revealing in it meanings and semantic shades, as well as synonymy in all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of values. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also various figurative means from colloquial speech and space.

The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in the artistic text. Many words that scientific speech appear as well-defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech they carry concrete-sensual representations. Thus, the styles are complementary to each other.

For artistic speech especially poetic, inversion is characteristic, i.e. changing the usual word order in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of the word or to give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring.

Syntactic structure artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative and emotional author's impressions, so here you can find the whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks.

In artistic speech, it is possible and deviations from structural norms for the author to highlight some thought, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.

Try to write a comment in book style!!!

Greetings, dear readers! Pavel Yamb is in touch. A captivating plot, an interesting presentation, an inimitable, unlike anything style - and it is impossible to tear yourself away from the work. By all indications, this art style text or a kind of book, as it is most often used in literature, for writing books. It mainly exists in writing. This is the reason for its features.

There are three genres:

Prose: story, fairy tale, novel, story, short story.
Dramaturgy: play, comedy, drama, farce.
Poetry: poem, poem, song, ode, elegy.

Who hasn't done it yet? Leave any comment and download my book, which contains a fable, a parable and a story about copywriters and writers. Look at my art style.

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Task 1 of 10
1 .
- Yes, he drank the entire scholarship. Instead of buying a “computer” for yourself a new one, or at least a “laptop”
Task 2 of 10
2 .
What style of text does this passage refer to:
"Varenka, such a sweet, good-natured and sympathetic girl, whose eyes always shone with kindness and warmth, with a calm look of a real demon, walked to the Ugly Harry bar with a Thompson machine gun at the ready, ready to roll these vile, dirty, smelly and slippery types into the asphalt, who dared stare at her charms and drool lewdly."
Task 3 of 10
3 .
What style of text does this passage refer to:
“But I don’t love him, I don’t love him, that’s all!” And I will never love. And what am I to blame?
Task 4 of 10
4 .
What style of text does this passage refer to:
“Based on the results of the experiment, we can conclude that simplicity is the key to success”
Task 5 of 10
5 .
What style of text does this passage refer to:
“The transition to a multi-tier architecture of Internet-oriented client-server applications has presented developers with the problem of distributing data processing functions between the client and server parts of the application.”
Task 6 of 10
6 .
What style of text does this passage refer to:
"Yasha was just a petty dirty trickster, who, nevertheless, had a very great potential. Even in his pink childhood, he masterfully poked apples from Aunt Nyura, and not even twenty years had passed, when he switched to banks in twenty-three countries of the world, and managed to clean them so skillfully that neither the police nor Interpol could ever catch him red-handed. "
Task 7 of 10
7 .
What style of text does this passage refer to:
“Why did you come to our monastery? - he asked.
- What do you care, get out of the way! the stranger snapped.
“Uuuu…” the monk pointedly drawled. Looks like you weren't taught manners. Okay, I'm in the mood today, I'll teach you some lessons.
- You got me, monk, angard! - hissed uninvited guest.
“My blood is starting to play!” the churchman groaned with delight, “Please try not to disappoint me.”
Task 8 of 10
8 .
What style of text does this passage refer to:
"I ask you to grant me a week's leave to travel abroad for family circumstances. I am enclosing a health certificate for my wife. October 8, 2012. "
Task 9 of 10
9 .
What style of text does this passage refer to:
“I am a student of 7 in the class took in school library book "Alice in Wonderland" for the lesson of literature. I promise to return it on January 17th. January 11, 2017"
Task 10 of 10
10 .
What style of text does this passage refer to:
“During the war in 45 out of 77 houses survived in Borovoye. Collective farmers had 4 cows, 3 heifers, 13 sheep, 3 pigs. Most of the gardens on household plots, as well as an orchard with a total area of 2.7 hectares, belonging to the Krasnaya Zarya collective farm, were cut down. Damage caused fascist german invaders property of the collective farm and collective farmers, is estimated at approximately 230,700 rubles.

The ability to write in this style gives a good advantage when making money writing articles for a content exchange.

The main features of the artistic style

High emotionality, the use of direct speech, an abundance of epithets, metaphors, colorful narration are features of the literary language. Texts act on the imagination of readers, "turning on" their fantasy. It is no coincidence that such articles have gained popularity in copywriting.

Main features:

Artistic style is a way of self-expression of the author, so they write plays, poems and poems, novels, stories, novels. He is not like the others.

Author and narrator are the same person. In the work, the author's "I" is expressed clearly.
Emotions, the mood of the author and the work are conveyed with the help of all the richness of the means of the language. Metaphors, comparisons, phraseological units are always used when writing.
Elements of colloquial style and journalism are used to express the author's style.
With the help of words, artistic images are not just drawn, they are embedded hidden meaning due to the ambiguity of speech.
The main task of the text is to convey the author's emotions, to create the appropriate mood in the reader.

The art style does not tell, it shows: the reader feels the situation, as if transported to the places that are being narrated. The mood is created thanks to the author's experiences. The art style successfully combines explanations scientific facts, and imagery, and attitude to what is happening, author's assessment events.

Language diversity of style

Compared to other styles, language means are used in all their diversity. There are no restrictions: even scientific terms alone can create vivid images if there is an appropriate emotional mood.

It is clear and easy to read the work, and the use of other styles is only to create color and authenticity. But when writing articles in an artistic style, you will have to carefully monitor the language: it is the book language that is recognized as a reflection of the literary language.

Language features:

Using elements of all styles.
The use of language means is completely subordinated to the author's intention.
Language means perform an aesthetic function.

There is no officiality and dryness here. No and value judgments. But the smallest details are conveyed to create the appropriate mood for the reader. In copywriting, thanks to the artistic style, hypnotic texts appeared. They create an amazing effect: it is impossible to tear yourself away from reading, and reactions arise that the author wants to evoke.

Mandatory elements of the artistic style are:

Transfer of author's feelings.
Allegory.
Inversion.
Epithets.
Comparisons.

Consider the main features of the style. AT works of art- Lots of details.

To form the reader's attitude to the characters or what is happening, the author conveys own feelings. Moreover, his attitude can be both positive and negative.

Artistic style owes saturation of vocabulary to epithets. Usually these are phrases where one or more words complement each other: unspeakably happy, brutal appetite.

Brightness and imagery - a function of metaphors, combinations of words or individual words used in figurative meaning. Classical metaphors were especially widely used. Example: His conscience gnawed at him for a long time and insidiously, from which cats scratched his soul.

Without comparison, artistic style would not exist. They bring a special atmosphere: hungry like a wolf, unapproachable like a rock - these are examples of comparisons.

Borrowing elements of other styles is most often expressed in direct speech, dialogues of characters. The author can use any style, but the most popular is colloquial. Example:

“How beautiful this landscape is,” the writer said thoughtfully.

“Well, really,” his companion snorted, “so-so picture, not even ice.

To strengthen a passage or give a special color, reverse word order or inversion is used. Example: It is out of place to compete with stupidity.

The best in language, its strongest possibilities and beauty are reflected in literary works. This is achieved through artistic means.

Each author has their own style of writing. Not a single one is used random word. Each phrase, each punctuation mark, the construction of sentences, the use or, on the contrary, the absence of names and the frequency of the use of parts of speech are means of achieving the author's intention. And every writer has his own way of expressing himself.

One of the features of the artistic style is color painting. The writer uses color as a way to show the atmosphere, to characterize the characters. The palette of tones helps to dive deep into the work, to present the picture depicted by the author more clearly.

The peculiarities of the style include intentionally the same construction of sentences, rhetorical questions, appeals. Rhetorical questions interrogative in form, but they are narrative in essence. The messages in them are always associated with the expression of the author's emotions:

What is he looking for in a distant country?

What did he throw in his native land?

(M. Lermontov)

Such questions are needed not to get answers, but to draw the reader's attention to a phenomenon, an object, an expression of a statement.

Appeals are often used. In their role, the writer uses proper names, animal names, and even inanimate objects. If in a colloquial style the appeal serves to name the addressee, then in the artistic style they often play an emotional, metaphorical role.

It involves both all the elements at the same time, and some of them. Everyone has a certain role, but the goal is common: filling the text with colors to maximize the transmission of the transmitted atmosphere to the reader.

Features of speech

The world of fiction is the world that the author sees: his admiration, preferences, rejection. This is what causes the emotionality and diversity of the book style.

Vocabulary features:

When writing, template phrases are not used.
The words are often used in a figurative sense.
Intentional mix of styles.
The words are emotional.

The basis of vocabulary, first of all, is figurative means. Highly specialized combinations of words are used only slightly, to recreate a reliable situation in the description.

Additional semantic shades - the use of polysemantic words and synonyms. Thanks to them, an author's, unique, figurative text is formed. Moreover, not only expressions accepted in the literature are used, but also conversational phrases, vernacular.

The main thing in book styles- its imagery. Every element, every sound matters. Therefore, unhackneyed phrases, author's neologisms, for example, "nikudizm" are used. Great amount comparisons, particular accuracy in describing the smallest details, the use of rhymes. Rhythmic even prose.

If the main task of the conversational style is communication, and the scientific one is the transfer of information, the book ones are designed to have an emotional impact on the reader. And all language means used by the author serve to achieve this goal.

Appointment and its tasks

Art style - construction material to create a work. Only the author can find the right words for the correct expression of thought, the transfer of the plot and characters. Only a writer can force readers to enter into the special world and empathize with the characters.

The literary style distinguishes the author from the rest, gives his publications a peculiarity, zest. Therefore, it is important to choose the right style for yourself. Each style has characteristic features, but each writer uses them to create his own handwriting. And it is absolutely not necessary to copy the classic writers if you like it. He will not become his own, but will only turn publications into parodies.

And the reason is that individuality has been and remains at the head of the book style. Choosing your own style is very difficult, but this is what is valued above all. So the main features of the style include sincerity, which makes readers not tear themselves away from the work.

Artistic differs from other styles in the use of linguistic means of other styles. But only for aesthetic purposes. And not the styles themselves, but their features, elements. Literary and non-literary means are used: dialect words, jargon. All the richness of speech is necessary to express the author's intention, to create a work.

Imagery, expressiveness, emotionality are the main things in book styles. But without the author's individuality and special presentation, there would be no artistic as a whole.

No need to get carried away without measure colloquial style or include in text scientific terms: Only style elements are used, but all styles are not mindlessly mixed. Yes, and a description of the smallest details of the apartment, which I briefly looked into the protagonist, is also useless.

Vernacular, jargon, mixing styles - everything should be in moderation. And the text written from the heart, not compressed and not stretched, will become hypnotic, attracting attention to itself. For this purpose, and serves as an artistic style.

Pavel Yamb was with you. See you!

The artistic style of speech as a functional style is used in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function. To understand the features artistic way knowledge of reality, thinking, which determines the specifics of artistic speech, it must be compared with the scientific method of cognition, which determines character traits scientific speech.

Fiction, as well as other types of art, is characterized by a concrete-figurative representation of life, in contrast to the abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by perception through the senses and the re-creation of reality, the author seeks to convey, first of all, his personal experience, their understanding and comprehension of this or that phenomenon.

For the artistic style of speech, attention to the particular and the accidental is typical, followed by the typical and the general. Remember the well-known Dead Souls by N.V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personifies certain specific human qualities, expresses a certain type, and all together they were the "face" of contemporary Russia to the author.

The world of fiction is a “recreated” world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, which means that the subjective moment plays the main role in the artistic style of speech. The whole surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in a literary text, we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnation, admiration, rejection, etc. This is connected with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphorical, meaningful versatility of the artistic style of speech. Let's analyze a short excerpt from the story of L. N. Tolstoy "Foreigner without food":

“Lera went to the exhibition only for the sake of her student, out of a sense of duty. Alina Kruger. Personal exhibition. Life is like loss. Free admission". A bearded man with a lady wandered in the empty hall. He looked at some of the work through a hole in his fist, he felt like a professional. Lera also looked through her fist, but did not notice the difference: the same naked men on chicken legs, and in the background the pagodas were on fire. The booklet about Alina said: "The artist projects a parable world onto the space of the infinite." I wonder where and how they teach to write art history texts? They are probably born with it. When visiting, Lera loved to leaf through art albums and, after looking at a reproduction, read what a specialist wrote about it. You see: the boy covered the insect with a net, on the sides the angels are blowing pioneer horns, in the sky there is a plane with the signs of the Zodiac on board. You read: “The artist views the canvas as a cult of the moment, where the stubbornness of details interacts with an attempt to comprehend everyday life.” You think: the author of the text rarely happens in the air, keeps on coffee and cigarettes, intimate life is complicated by something.

Before us is not an objective representation of the exhibition, but subjective description the heroine of the story, behind which the author is clearly visible. The story is built on the combination of three artistic plans. The first plan is what Lera sees in the paintings, the second is an art history text that interprets the content of the paintings. These plans are stylistically expressed in different ways, bookishness and abstruseness of descriptions are deliberately emphasized. And the third plan is the author's irony, which manifests itself through the display of the discrepancy between the content of the paintings and the verbal expression of this content, in the assessment of the bearded man, the author of the book text, the ability to write such art history texts.

As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms, expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-artistic speech, make up two levels of the national language. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. word in it functional style performs a nominative-pictorial function. Here is the beginning of V. Larin's novel "Neuron Shock":

“Marat's father, Stepan Porfirievich Fateev, an orphan from infancy, was from the Astrakhan bandit family. The revolutionary whirlwind blew him out of the locomotive vestibule, dragged him through the Michelson plant in Moscow, machine-gun courses in Petrograd and threw him into Novgorod-Seversky, a town of deceptive silence and goodness.

In these two sentences, the author showed not only a segment of individual human life, but also the atmosphere of the era of enormous changes associated with the 1917 revolution. The first sentence gives knowledge social environment, material conditions, human relations in the childhood years of the life of the father of the hero of the novel and his own roots. The simple, rude people who surrounded the boy (the bindyuzhnik is the vernacular name of the port loader), the hard work that he saw from childhood, the restlessness of orphanhood - that's what stands behind this proposal. And the next sentence includes privacy into the cycle of history. Metaphorical phrases the revolutionary whirlwind blew ..., dragged ..., threw ... liken human life a kind of grain of sand that cannot withstand historical cataclysms, and at the same time convey the element of the general movement of those "who were nobody." Such figurativeness, such a layer of in-depth information is impossible in a scientific or official business text.

The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. Among the words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style, first of all, are the figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life. For example, L.N. Tolstoy in "War and Peace" used special military vocabulary when describing battle scenes; we will find a significant number of words from the hunting lexicon in I.S. Turgenev, in the stories of M.M. Prishvin, V.A. Astafiev, and in The Queen of Spades by A.S. Pushkin, there are many words from the vocabulary of a card game, etc. In the artistic style of speech, the verbal ambiguity of the word is very widely used, which reveals in it additional meanings and semantic shades, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular. Let us give an example of the use of such a technique by B. Okudzhava in Shipov's Adventures:

“In Evdokimov’s tavern, they were already about to turn off the lamps when the scandal began. The scandal started like this. At first, everything in the hall looked fine, and even the tavern clerk, Potap, told the owner that, they say, now God has mercy - not a single broken bottle, when suddenly in the depths, in the semi-darkness, in the very core, there was a buzzing, like a swarm of bees.

- Fathers of the world, - the owner was lazily amazed, - here, Potapka, your evil eye, damn it! Well, you should have croaked, damn it!

The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in the artistic text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry specific sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, the adjective lead in scientific speech realizes its direct meaning (lead ore, lead bullet), and artistic forms an expressive metaphor ( lead clouds, lead night, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech, phrases play an important role, which create a certain figurative representation.

Artistic speech, especially poetic speech, is characterized by inversion, i.e. a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word or to give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring. An example of inversion is the well-known line from A. Akhmatova's poem "Everything I see is Pavlovsk is hilly ...". Variants of the author's word order are diverse, subject to the general plan.

“In Mila’s story, everything went on increasing, Mila’s husband in a new two-room apartment no longer protected Mila from her mother, her mother lived separately, and there was no telephone either there or here - Mila’s husband became himself and Iago and Othello and with mockingly, from around the corner watched how men of his type pester Mila on the street, builders, prospectors, poets, who do not know how heavy this burden is, how unbearable life is if you fight alone, because beauty is not a helper in life, so roughly one could translate those obscene, desperate monologues that the former agronomist, and now a researcher, Mila's husband, shouted both on the night streets, and in his apartment, and drunk, so that Mila was hiding somewhere with her young daughter, found shelter, and the unfortunate husband beat the furniture and threw iron pans.

This proposal is perceived as an endless complaint of an uncountable number of unfortunate women, as a continuation of the theme of a sad female fate.

In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible due to artistic actualization, i.e. the author highlighting some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. Especially often this technique is used to create a comic effect or a bright, expressive artistic image. Consider an example from the work of B. Okudzhava "The Adventures of Shipov":

“Ay, dear,” Shipov shook his head, “why is that so? No need. I can see right through you, mon cher... Hey, Potapka, why did you forget a man on the street? Lead here, wake up. And what, mister student, how does this tavern seem to you? It's dirty indeed. Do you think I like him?... I've been to real restaurants, sir, I know... Pure Empire... But you can't talk to people there, but here I can find out something.

The speech of the protagonist characterizes him very clearly: not very educated, but ambitious, wanting to give the impression of a gentleman, master, Shipov uses elementary French words (mon cher) along with colloquial wake up, hello, here, which do not correspond not only to the literary, but also to the colloquial form. But all these deviations in the text serve the law of artistic necessity.

Art style serves a special sphere of human activity - the sphere of verbal and artistic creativity. Like other styles, artistic performs all the most important social functions language:

1) informative (reading works of art, we get information about the world, about human society);

2) communicative (the writer communicates with the reader, conveying to him his idea of the phenomena of reality and counting on a response, and unlike a publicist who addresses the masses, the writer addresses the addressee who is able to understand him);

3) affecting (the writer seeks to evoke an emotional response in the reader to his work).

But all these functions in the artistic style are subordinate to its main function -aesthetic , which consists in the fact that reality is recreated in a literary and artistic work through a system of images (characters, natural phenomena, environment, etc.). Each significant writer, poet, playwright has his own, original vision of the world, and to recreate the same phenomenon, different authors use different language means, specially selected, rethought.V. V. Vinogradov noted: “... The concept of “style” as applied to the language of fiction is filled with a different content than, for example, in relation to business or clerical styles, and even journalistic and scientific styles ... The language of fiction is not quite correlative with other styles, he uses them, includes them, but in peculiar combinations and in a transformed form ... "

Fiction, like other types of art, is characterized by a concrete-figurative representation of life, in contrast, for example, to an abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by perception through the senses and the re-creation of reality. The author seeks to convey, first of all, his personal experience, his understanding and understanding of this or that phenomenon. For the artistic style of speech, attention to the particular and the accidental is typical, followed by the typical and the general.The world of fiction is a "recreated" world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author's fiction, which means that the subjective moment plays the main role in the artistic style of speech. The whole surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in a literary text, we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, etc. This is connected with emotionality, expressiveness, metaphor, and the richness of the artistic style. As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms, expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-artistic speech, make up two levels of the national language. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function.

The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. The words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style, first of all, include the figurative means of the literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life. For example, L. N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" used special military vocabulary when describing battle scenes. We will find a significant number of words from the hunting lexicon in the “Notes of a Hunter” by I. S. Turgenev, in the stories of M. M. Prishvin, V. A. Astafiev. In the "Queen of Spades" by A. S. Pushkin there are many words related to the card game, etc.

In the artistic style, the polysemy of the word is very widely used, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in the artistic text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech act as concrete sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, the adjective "lead" in scientific speech it realizes its direct meaning (lead ore, lead bullet), and in artistic speech it forms an expressive metaphor (lead clouds, lead night, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech, phrases play an important role, which create a certain figurative representation.

The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative-emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find the whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks. In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible, due to artistic actualization, that is, the author's allocation of some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. Especially often this technique is used to create a comic effect or a bright, expressive artistic image.

In terms of diversity, richness and expressive possibilities of language means, the artistic style stands above other styles, is the most complete expression of the literary language. A feature of the artistic style, its most important feature is imagery, metaphor, which is achieved by using a large number of stylistic figures and tropes.

trails - these are words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, artistic expressiveness speech. The main types of trails are as follows

Metaphor - trope, a word or expression used in a figurative sense, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common feature: And my tired soul is embraced by darkness and cold. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Metonymy - a type of trail, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) that is in one or another (spatial, temporal, etc.) connection with the object, which is indicated by the replaced word: The hiss of frothy goblets and punch blue flames. (A. S. Pushkin). The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class, etc.), while metaphor is based on the replacement “by similarity ".

Synecdoche – one of the types of metonymy, which is the transfer of the meaning of one object to another on the basis of the quantitative relationship between them: And it was heard until dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced. (M. Yu. Lermontov).

Epithet - a word or a whole expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) to acquire color, richness. The epithet is expressed mainly by the adjective, but also by the adverb (hotly love), noun (fun noise), numeral (second Life).

Hyperbola - a trope based on explicit and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the thought said: Ivan Nikiforovich, on the contrary, has trousers in such wide folds that if they were inflated, the whole yard with barns and buildings could be placed in them (N.V. Gogol).

Litotes - a figurative expression that downplays the size, strength, meaning of the described: Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, is no more than a thimble ... (A. S. Griboedov). A litote is also called an inverse hyperbola.

Comparison - a trope in which there is an assimilation of one object or phenomenon to another according to some common feature for them. The purpose of the comparison is to reveal in the object of comparison new properties that are important for the subject of the statement: Anchar, like a formidable sentry, stands alone in the whole universe (A. S. Pushkin).

personification – trope, which is based on the transfer of properties animate objects for the inanimate:Silent sadness will be consoled, and joy will reflect friskyly (A. S. Pushkin).

paraphrase – trope, in which the direct name of an object, person, phenomenon is replaced by a descriptive turnover, which indicates the signs of an object, person, phenomenon that is not directly named: the king of beasts (lion), people in white coats (doctors), etc.

Allegory (allegory) - conditional representation of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

Irony - a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (opposed) to the explicit meaning: Where can we, fools, drink tea. Irony creates the feeling that the subject matter is not what it seems.

Sarcasm - one of the types of satirical exposure, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the increased contrast of the implied and expressed, but also on the deliberate exposure of the implied: Only the Universe and human stupidity are infinite. Although I have doubts about the first one (A. Einstein). If the patient really wants to live, the doctors are powerless (F. G. Ranevskaya).

Stylistic figures – these are special stylistic turns that go beyond the necessary norms for creating artistic expression. It should be emphasized that stylistic figures make speech information redundant, but this redundancy is necessary for the expressiveness of speech, and therefore, for more strong impact to the addressee.Stylistic figures include:

Rhetorical address – giving the author's intonation solemnity, irony, etc..: And you, arrogant descendants ... (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Rhetorical question - it's special construction of speech, in which the statement is expressed in the form of a question. The rhetorical question does not require an answer, but only enhances the emotionality of the statement:And over the fatherland of enlightened freedom will the longed-for dawn finally rise? (A. S. Pushkin).

Anaphora – stylistic figure, consisting in the repetition of related sounds, words or groups of words at the beginning of each parallel row, that is, in repetition initial parts two or more relatively independent segments of speech (half-verses, verses, stanzas or prose passages):

The winds did not blow in vain,
Not in vain was a thunderstorm (S. A. Yesenin).

Epiphora - a stylistic figure consisting in the repetition of the same words at the end of adjacent segments of speech. Epiphora is often used in poetic speech in the form of identical or similar stanza endings:

Dear friend, and in this quiet house
The fever hits me
Can't find me a place in a quiet house
Near a peaceful fire (A. A. Blok).

Antithesis - rhetorical opposition, a stylistic figure of contrast in an artistic or public speaking, which consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, positions, images, states, interconnected by a common design or inner meaning: Who was nobody, he will become everything!

Oxymoron - a stylistic figure or stylistic error, which is a combination of words with opposite meaning(that is, a combination of incongruous). An oxymoron is characterized by the intentional use of contradiction to create a stylistic effect:

gradation – grouping homogeneous members sentences in a certain order: according to the principle of increasing or decreasing emotional and semantic significance: I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ... (S. A. Yesenin)

Default – deliberate interruption of speech, based on the guess of the reader, who must mentally complete the phrase:But listen: if I owe you ... I own a dagger, I was born near the Caucasus ... (A. S. Pushkin).

Polyunion (polysyndeton) - a stylistic figure consisting in a deliberate increase in the number of unions in a sentence, usually to connect homogeneous members. Slowing down speech with pauses, polyunion emphasizes the role of each of the words, creating a unity of enumeration and enhancing the expressiveness of speech: And for him they resurrected again: both the deity, and inspiration, and life, and tears, and love (A. S. Pushkin).

Asyndeton (asyndeton)- stylistic figure: construction of speech, in which conjunctions connecting words are omitted. Asyndeton gives the statement swiftness, dynamism, helps to convey a quick change of pictures, impressions, actions: Swede, Russian, cuts, stabs, cuts, drumming, clicks, rattle ... (A. S. Pushkin).

Parallelism - a stylistic figure, which is an arrangement of speech elements that are identical or similar in grammatical and semantic structure in adjacent parts of the text. Parallel elements can be sentences, their parts, phrases, words:

The stars are shining in the blue sky
In the blue sea the waves are whipping;
A cloud is moving across the sky
A barrel floats on the sea (A. S. Pushkin).

Chiasmus - a stylistic figure, consisting in a cruciform change in the sequence of elements in two parallel rows of words: Know how to love art in yourself, and not yourself in art (K. S. Stanislavsky).

Inversion - a stylistic figure, consisting in violation of the usual (direct) word order: Yes, we were very friendly (L. N. Tolstoy).

In the creation of artistic images in literary work involved not only visual means of expression, but also any units of language, selected and organized in such a way that they acquire the ability to activate the reader's imagination, evoke certain associations. Due to the special use of linguistic means, the described, denoted phenomenon loses the features of the general, becomes concretized, turns into a single, particular one, the only idea of which is imprinted in the mind of the writer and recreated by him in a literary text.Let's compare two texts:

Oak, a genus of trees in the beech family. About 450 species. It grows in the temperate and tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere and South America. The wood is strong and durable, with a beautiful pattern on the cut. Forest breed. Pedunculate oak (height up to 50 meters, lives from 500 to 1000 years) forms forests in Europe; rock oak - in the foothills of the Caucasus and Crimea; Mongolian oak grows on Far East. Cork oak is cultivated in the subtropics. The bark of the English oak is used for medicinal purposes (contains astringents). Many species are decorative (Encyclopedic Dictionary).

There was an oak at the edge of the road. Probably ten times older than the birches that make up the forest, it was ten times thicker and twice as tall as each birch. It was a huge, two-girth oak, with boughs broken off long ago, apparently, and with broken bark, overgrown with old sores. With his huge clumsy, asymmetrically spread arms and fingers, he stood between the smiling birches like an old, angry and suspicious freak. Only he alone did not want to submit to the charm of spring and did not want to see either spring or the sun (L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace").

Both texts describe oak, but if the first we are talking about a whole class of homogeneous objects (trees, the general, essential features of which are presented in a scientific description), then the second refers to one, specific tree. When reading the text, an idea arises of an oak, personifying old age immersed in itself, opposed to birch trees “smiling” in spring and the sun. Concretizing the phenomena, the writer resorts to the method of personification: at the oak huge hands and fingers, he looks old, angry, contemptuous freak. In the first text, as is typical of the scientific style, the word oak expresses a general concept, in the second it conveys the idea specific person(author) about a specific tree (the word becomes an image).

From the point of view of the speech organization of texts, the artistic style turns out to be opposed to all other functional styles, since the fulfillment of the aesthetic function, the tasks of creating an artistic image allow the writer to use the means of not only the literary language, but also the common language (dialectisms, jargon, vernacular). It should be emphasized that the use of non-literary elements of the language in works of art must meet the requirements of expediency, moderation, and aesthetic value.Free circulation of writers to language means different stylistic coloring and different functional and stylistic correlation can create the impression of "variation in style" of artistic speech. However, this impression is superficial, since the attraction of stylistically colored means, as well as elements of other styles, is subordinated in artistic speech to the performance of an aesthetic function : they are used to create artistic images, to realize the ideological and artistic intent of the writer.Thus, the artistic style, like all others, is formed on the basis of the interaction of extralinguistic and linguistic factors. Extralinguistic factors include: the sphere of verbal creativity itself, the peculiarities of the writer's worldview, his communicative attitude; to linguistic ones: the possibility of using various units of the language, which undergo various transformations in artistic speech and become a means of creating an artistic image, embodying the author's intention.