Dash - Russian. To reveal the meaning of Valgina's statement: "The dash is multifunctional: it performs structural, semantic, and expressive functions" (USE in Russian)

Russian language lesson in grade 11 on the topic "Dash in an incomplete sentence. Connecting dash. Intonation dash."

Subject: Dash in an incomplete sentence. Connecting dash.

Intonation dash. (2 h)

Goals: repeat the conditions for setting a dash between the subject and the predicate; remember when a dash is put in an incomplete sentence; give the concept of a connecting, intonational dash; formation of punctuation skills; development of linguistic flair.

X one lesson

1. Organizing moment. Theme and objectives of the lesson.

The topic of our lesson is "Dash in a simple sentence." We will restore in memory the conditions for setting a dash between the subject and the predicate.

– Write down a sentence for analysis. Think about the composition of the proposal; find the subject and predicate in it, pay attention to the ways of their expression; explain the setting of the dash.

(This is a simple sentence, the subject and predicate are expressed in the indefinite form of the verb. Under this condition, a dash is placed between the subject and the predicate; in oral speech- marked with a pause.)

– Consider table 1, analyze the examples and remember: when else in a simple sentence is a dash between the subject and the predicate?

Table 1.

a) The book is a monument to minds gone to eternity.(Davenant)
b) To love reading is to exchange hours of boredom, inevitable in life, for hours of great pleasure.(Ch. Montesquieu)
c) Choosing books for your own and other people's reading is not only a science, but also an art.(N. Rubakin)
d) The number one task is to understand yourself.(N.Amosov)

a) Five six - thirty.
b) One thousand six hundred and twenty meters - the depth of Lake Baikal.
c) The area of the Earth is one hundred and fifty million square kilometers.

Mayakovsky is the first violin among the futurists.

– Look at the table again and say: which of the following cases of setting a dash are most common?
What is the function of the dash in these sentences?
(The function of a dash between the subject and the predicate in simple sentences is to indicate the zero word form: the dash is placed in place of the zero connective.)
- How is the zero link marked in oral speech?
(In oral speech, the zero connective is marked with a pause.)
– But the zero connective is denoted by a dash not in all cases.

Consider table 2 and tell under what conditions a dash is not put between the subject and the predicate.

Table 2.

comparative conjunctions

A lake is like a sea.

Yesenin is undoubtedly an amazing folk talent.

The account of friendship is not a hindrance.

1) In textbooks, a negative rule for this provision is not formulated. In the 11th grade, we can say that there are sentences with a dash according to this scheme, but they are extremely rare.

2) This rule does not apply to sentences in which the predicate is expressed by the infinitive. For example:To live life is not a field to cross .

Blok is an example for young poets to follow.

– And pay attention to table 3 "Note". Here are the cases when a dash between the subject and the predicate in place of the zero connective may be placed or absent. It will depend on whether it falls logical stress to one of the main members or not. Recall such cases, using the record.

Table 3

This is - best work poet.

Poetry is hard to understand.

I'am a teacher.

– The predicate may contain demonstrative wordsthis, here, this means, means . In this case, a dash is placed before the named words. For example: 1) To love a book means to understand it.(V. Lidin) 2) Reading is the best teaching. (A. Pushkin)

dash before particleThis can also be used in sentences that do not have a complete combination of conditions for the use of this sign. For example:Getting the job done on time is very important. .

Connecting dash.

1. A dash is placed between two or more words to indicate limits ("from to" ):

a)spatial:

Non-stop flight Moscow - Khabarovsk.

Through this village it was possible to get to the big road Uralsk - Lbischensk - Sakharnaya - Guryev (D. Furmanov.);

b) temporary :

Crusades XI-XIII centuries.

Theater repertoire for January - March;

in)quantitative:

Manuscript ten to twelve author's sheets.

Cargo weighing 300-350 tons.

If between two adjacent numerals it is possible to insert not wordsfrom to , and the wordor , then they are connected by a hyphen:

Will stay on a business trip for five or six days. (But with a digital designation, a dash is put: ... 5-6 days.)

2. A dash is placed between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called any doctrine, scientific institution etc.:

physical law Boyle - Mariotte; Match Karpov - Kasparov; Match "Spartak" - "Torpedo".

3. A dash is placed between single words to show the internal connection between them:

The congress of the International Union of Architects, held under the motto "Architecture - Man - Environment", has ended.

Observations on the use of punctuation marks in artistic text, analysis of the punctuation system of a particular author helps not only to penetrate deeper into the semantic fabric of the text, but also to determine aesthetic views writer. It is known that almost every person has his own favorite way of constructing a text, selecting linguistic constructions, arranging a statement using a certain set and relative position of punctuation marks. This is partly the basis for identifying the individual author's features of a particular master.

Watching how the master of the word worked is not only very interesting, but also practically useful, as it teaches the reader to work thoughtfully on the word, in which there are no and cannot be trifles.

For example, let's turn to the individual author's punctuation in the works of M. Tsvetaeva - this phenomenon is quite complex, diverse and heterogeneous. For early Tsvetaeva immediacy, lyricism, smoothness are characteristic, which is reflected in punctuation; such punctuation can be called "calm": as a rule, in early works we will not meet deviations from the norm. Unregulated punctuation marks are used extremely rarely, the comma is most often used.

For Tsvetaeva, a mature master, the elasticity and tension of the verse are characteristic, the verse, as it were, breaks out, reflecting the state of inner world, the confusion of the author. And the punctuation is different.

Tsvetaeva has her own perception, understanding of punctuation marks, her own attitude towards them:

"What are quotation marks? A sign of your innocence - given word or a combination of words. Emphasized foreignness to their generally accepted interpretation. A sign of their superiority over simply, without quotes, pronouncing them. The quotes are irony. The same, "so-called pity." “So-called” - not so called by me, not so called by me, called by me - weakness (or stupidity).

… I read these verses the other way around: without quotation marks, and I don’t feel any stencil for the truth. Read them without quotes yourself - and you will see the human heart, eternal. Simple painful truth them! destroys the stencil, these words here sound anew, completely without quotes. (How I would like them to be written like that, and how they are written like that inside!) ”(From a letter to A. Steiger.)

Any punctuation mark can be stylistically significant, but only in context. According to researchers, Tsvetaeva's dash is the most active and multifunctional. Tsvetaeva's dash can be rhythmic and melodic; a dash can be used to express hard pauses, slurring, etc.

Compare:

Animal lair,

Wanderer - the road

Dead - drogs,

To each his own.

A woman - to dissemble.

King to rule

me to praise

Your name.

( Poems to Blok .)

Tsvetaeva often uses dashes to create an antithesis.

Emphatic dash:

Few days for you

Solar fire!

(Insomnia.)

The emphatic dash is used by Tsvetaeva instead of the most typical, familiar, normative hyphen:

Along the alley of sighs -

Hanging to the pole -

Telegraph: lu-yu-blue ...

(Wires.)

Finally, at the junction of morphemes, the dash can only perform a rhythmic, more precisely, rhythmic-melodic function:

For the fugitive

Send me a garden:

Without a face

Without a soul!

(Garden.)

Tsvetaeva's punctuation marks are significant, they, in combination with other figurative and expressive means, create that unique color, that unique sound that attracts readers to M. Tsvetaeva's poems.

Training exercises:

The purpose of art is to condense the beauty dissolved in the world.

Life_ is like a play: it doesn't matter if it's long or not, but if it's well played.

The obscurity of the word is a constant sign of the obscurity of thought.

Brevity is the soul of wit.

I am a forced person.

Each person is a world that is born with him and dies with him.

The house is empty and quiet.

Thirteen is an unlucky number.

Poverty is not a vice.

Birds are strong with wings, and people are strong with friendship.

Answer the questions. Choose relevant examples.

A dash is put if:

before the predicate, which is expressed by the noun, there is a particleNOT ?______

between the predicate and the subject, expressed indefinite form verb or noun in the nominative case, there are wordsthis, that means ?____

the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun (I, you ), and the predicate is expressed by a noun? ____

the predicate is preceded by a verbthere is ?____

Is a predicate missing in an incomplete sentence?_____

Children are afraid of the dark, and adults are afraid of the light.

A clear conscience is the best pillow.

You are the light in my window.

Man is not a machine.

Freedom is the right to respect the individual in oneself.

Indicate the numbers of sentences, the grammatical basis of which corresponds to the schemes:

Ex. + noun: _____________

Inf. + info:______________

Ex. + info:______________

Inf. + noun:______________

Humor is a big force.

Lying is for slaves.

Poetry is the same prey.

To live in this world means to fight and win.

The job of an artist is to create joy.

Fairy tale - embodied in poetic form man's dream of beauty.

To endure until the morning is our task.

Protecting nature means protecting the homeland.

Imitating someone else's style is like wearing a mask.

A sharp tongue is a gift, a long tongue is a punishment.

An excellent position is to be a man on earth.

Indicate the sentences in which a dash is put in place of the gap.

Education is the acquisition of good habits.

Imagination is not an escape into the world of fantasy.

The best way to make children good is to make them happy.

Time is a great teacher.

The river is slow and solemn.

Someone longs for victory and glory, he _ only struggle.

The poet is the means of the existence of language.

Ingratitude is a kind of weakness.

The ideas in his head are like children playing by the lake.

To truly know something is to know its causes.

The main thing is to learn to understand the heart of another.

Relaxed, reclining, you can only listen to light music, and symphonic music is difficult.

The best way to find a friend is to help someone.

Knowing about hunger and feeling hungry are not the same thing.

A big man thinks about the whole earth, a small one only about his family.

5. Results.

The dash as a punctuation mark is very expressive. Its semantic, syntactic, intonational functions, graphic expressiveness, the ability to express the rhythmic melody of speech are widely used by writers and poets.(L. Makurina) Quite often, one can observe in some word artists a deliberate deviation from the rules: the master of the word uses the “dash” sign as a stylistic means.

6. Homework.

1) Write down the text, solving spelling problems, placing punctuation marks. underline grammar basics in proposals with zero bond between subject and predicate; indicate how the subject and predicate are expressed . (Text reproduced for each student.)

Irreparable harm is caused by k_stras and fires to native dwellers and people's health.<...>
Due to the annual (s, h) raking and burning of foliage and dry tr_you, the soil loses humus, becomes new and (s, h) thicker (n, nn) oh and be (s, h) fruitful. Indeed, according to (d, t) a stil of fallen leaves and p_runs, an excellent organic fertilizer that both (s, h) bakes growing trees, shrubs and tr_you with nutrients. Fallen leaves are not garbage, as many people think, but fertilizer. When burned, it literally flies into the air.
Burning tr_you is a big trouble for the inhabitants of the "tr_vyany jungle" of plants and animals. Our frogs are dying in the fire, laying birds nesting on the ground. The r_rnevischas of the r_steniy of their seeds are buried and (not) hitting the ground.
And how many kop_ti and harmful gases it gives at this time into the atm_sphere, polluting it.<...>
Burn the leaves to cause great harm to the environment and the human being. It is better to bury them in the ground or make compost for the next application as a fertilizer.

(M. Shiplov)

2) Repeat the topic “Punctuation marks in incomplete sentences» .

Russian language lesson in grade 11, secondary school No. 24 in Uralsk.
Prepared and conducted by the teacher of Russian language and literature Feduleeva M.N.
Lesson topic: Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence. Synonymy of allied and non-union proposals.
The type of lesson is a lesson of generalization of students' knowledge.
The purpose of the lesson:
- to repeat and generalize students' knowledge about the non-union complex sentence, to systematize the skills correct setting punctuation marks in the BSP, to teach students to establish semantic relationships between simple sentences in the BSP;
- to develop the ability to analyze, compare, compare educational material;
- cultivate an attentive attitude to the word.
Forms of organizing the work of children: collective, independent, methods of research work: observation using technical means learning and formulating appropriate conclusions.
Equipment: interactive board, flipchart, testing devices.
During the classes.
I organizational moment.
Statement of the educational task.
We are finishing the study of non-union complex sentences. Today we are faced with the task of repeating the theory of unionless complex sentence and show the ability to establish semantic relationships between parts of the BSP, choose the right punctuation marks, defining intonation features of these sentences and taking into account the semantic relationships between the parts of the BSP, use different syntactic constructions to convey the same meaning. Everything needed for the lesson: textbooks, reference books, tables, worksheets, testing devices - lies on the table. I wish you fruitful work in the lesson.
Let's start with an orthoepic warm-up.
II Actualization of previous knowledge.
Task 1. Orthoepic warm-up.
Overpass, developed (thought), developed (society), developed (child), rust, created, created, statue, carpenter, dancer, deepen, more convenient, porcelain, phenomenon, needles, intercede, scoop, sorrel.
Task 2. Digital dictation.

Simple 1, 4, 7
SSP 2, 8
SPP 5
BSP 3.6
1. Despite the warm and even hot days, signs of autumn are already noticeable in August.
2. Wavy clouds dissipated and it became hot.
3. Before the war, there was such a custom in our village: mowers in the meadows carried breakfast.
4. Thrush is an early bird appearing at the end of March.
5. The convoy stood by the river all day and started off when the sun was setting.
6. The field and meadow gradually disappeared into the darkness of the night; the stars reflected sharply in the river.
7. The wind blew from the sea and doused the city with the smell of algae.
8. Each flower looked like a poppy familiar to me, and the flowers smelled of spring.
III Formation of skills and abilities.
1. Let's repeat the theory of a non-union complex sentence.

Task 1. Tell us about the BSP on the basis of the abstract.

Meaningful relations in non-union complex relations depend on simple sentences in their composition and are expressed (in oral speech), (in writing). For example: Union-free complex sentences differ from allied ones in that they
Task 2. Test yourself! Add the rules for punctuation marks in the non-union complex sentence.

1 student works on the board.
Task 3. Arrange the necessary punctuation marks in the sentences. Indicate the semantic relationships between the parts of the BSP. Insert missing letters, highlight spellings.

(____________________________________).

Individual task. Parsing suggestions.
Only touch beauty with a careless hand - it will disappear forever.
Task 4. Schematic dictation.
Make proposals.
1. Climbers have Golden Rule: You can't lose height.
2. The sun shone hot, the river shone with a rainbow, the mountains turned white.
3. If you don’t get up on time, you’ll miss the whole year.
4. Trees die - the forest does not die.
5. I listen again: the sounds seem to fall from the sky.
6. The wind has risen by night - there will be a snowstorm.
7. The fog cleared - we set off.
8. And he thought: from now on we will threaten the Swedes.
Task 5. Work in groups.
1 group.
1. A person must believe that the incomprehensible can be understood; otherwise he would not have thought about it. (I. Goethe).
great person is a starter because he sees further than others and wants more than others. (G. Plekhanov).
3. Voltaire rightly said that at the age of six you can learn all the main languages, but you have to learn your natural language all your life. (N. Karamzin).
2 group.
1. Thunder struck again, and with noise and wind did

3rd group.
1. When the birds are silent, then wait for the thunder.
2. If the birds nest on the sunny side, a cold summer is expected.
3. A lie cannot be said simply, because it requires loud words and many embellishments.
Task 6. Testing with Activvot devices..
Generalization.
Homework.
creative work. Write a miniature essay "Portrait of my friend" using various syntactic constructions.

Appendix. Worksheet for the lesson.
Last name, first name, class ___________________________________________
The date_________________________________________________________
Subject______________________________________________________________
Task 1. Digital dictation.
Without writing sentences, determine their type. Put the offer number in front of the type.
Simple ________________________
SSP____________________________
SPP____________________________
BSP____________________________

Let's repeat the theory of non-union complex sentences.

Task 2. Tell us about the BSP according to the reference notes.
Associative compound sentences are sentences in which simple sentences are connected by. and (without or.).
Semantic relations in non-union complex relations depend on simple sentences in their composition and are expressed (in oral speech), (in writing). For example: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Unionless complex sentences differ from allied ones in that they
________________________________________________________________

Task 3. Test yourself! Add the rules for punctuation marks in the non-union complex sentence.
1. Between sentences in the BSP, _____ is put if the facts are listed and you can put the union and; if the sentences are more common, then _____ is put.
2. If the second sentence in the BSP indicates a reason or reveals or supplements the content of the first sentence, then __________ is put.
3. If the content of the first sentence is opposed to the content of another sentence or indicates the time or condition of what is said in the second sentence, or the second sentence contains a conclusion, a consequence of what is said in the first sentence, then _______ is put.

Task 4. Arrange the necessary punctuation marks in the sentences. Indicate the semantic relationships between the parts of the BSP. Insert missing letters, highlight spellings.
1. The ignoramuses judge exactly what they don’t understand, then everything is a trifle with them.
(__________________________________).
2. Quieter you will go further. (_________________________________)
3. The source quenches thirst good word revitalizes the heart.
(____________________________________).
4 I looked back it was my old friend and comrade..
(____________________________________).
5. Darkness deepened in the sky, the day fell on a dark valley, it ascended in vain.
(_____________________________________).
6. The falcon could not l .. tat one wing was broken n, nno.
(______________________________________).
7. Finches have arrived in the forest. (______________________________________).
8. If you were decent gentlemen, you would be ashamed.
(_______________________________________).

Task 5. Schematic dictation.
Make proposals.
1._____________________________________________
2._____________________________________________
3._____________________________________________
4._____________________________________________
5._____________________________________________
6._____________________________________________
7._____________________________________________
8._____________________________________________

Task 6. Work in groups.
Read the sentences. Determine their type. Specify unions. Replace complex allied sentences with complex allied ones. Has the content of the proposal changed? Has there been a change in intonation? Have the punctuation marks changed? Which sentences do you think are more expressive?
1 group.
1. Thunder struck again, and with noise and wind a downpour began.

2. The door opened, and a figure appeared in it, completely unfamiliar to me.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. The sun burned like yesterday, and the air was still and dull.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Reflection.

Theory
Knowledge of orthoepy
Definition semantic relations in the BSP.
Ability to punctuate.
Ability to draw BSP diagrams.

Successful + -good - insufficient
Display your mood at the end of the lesson with a smiley.
Homework. Creative work. Write a miniature essay "Portrait of my friend" using various syntactic constructions.

§ 19. A dash is placed between two (or more) words that, combined with each other, mean limits (meaning "from to") - spatial, temporal, quantitative: Trains with signs " Moscow - Kara-Bugaz, through Tashkent - Krasnovodsk" (Paust.); Mistakenly believing that the culture of horse chestnut in the northwestern parks is not a phenomenon XVIII–XIX centuries, and later, they removed all chestnuts from the Trigorsky and from the grave hill of the Svyatogorsky monastery(Geych.); Oil reserves at Cheleken are very small and should be exhausted in the first ten fifteen years of production(Paust.). The same with the designation of the number of numbers: Manuscript of 10–15 author's sheets(See also spellings of combinations indicating an approximate amount: Spelling, § 118, paragraph 5 and § 154, paragraph 4.)

§ 20. A dash is placed between two (or more) proper names, the totality of which is called any doctrine, phenomenon, etc.: law Boyle - Mariotte; match Kasparov - Karpov .

A dash is also placed between common nouns, the combination of which performs a defining function with a noun: System man - machine; Relations teacher - student; Problem market relations - social justice . The number of combined names can be more than two: Problem production - man - nature; Article by V. A. Sukhomlinsky "Teacher - team - personality" .

Dash in selection function

§ 21. A dash is placed before the members of the sentence to emphasize them, emphasize them (for stylistic purposes). Such members of the sentence are called connecting.

1. A dash is put to underline, emphasize the explanatory members of the sentence located at the end of the sentence. Most often this is: This is very bad, as I should have written - for a piece of bread (Boon.); ... And again the rickshaw wandered along the street - this time to the hotel (Boon.); The next day, the seminarians again clashed with the Cadets - open, by the Summer Garden (Kav.); Throughout the spring, Nikolai met with Ovrazhny only once - by chance on the street (Shol.). Such a dash may be replaced by a dot (see § 9).

2. A dash can be placed for stylistic purposes after coordinating conjunctions or their combinations with particles: Death razul worn down bast shoes, lay down on a stone and - fell asleep(M. G.); And here is the river(Cool.); I have papers ... but - they are no good(G.).

§ 22. A dash is placed to emphasize the opposing members of the sentence: Terrible, sweet, inevitable, I must / I - throw myself into a foamy shaft, / You - a green-eyed naiad / Sing, splash around the Irish rocks(Bl.).

PUNCIATION MARKS FOR NOMINAL TOPICS

Section 23. Nominative (nominative topics or representations) as a syntactic structure before the sentence, the topic of which it represents, is separated by punctuation marks corresponding to the end of the sentence, - dot, exclamation point, question mark, ellipsis. Each sign brings a corresponding semantic and emotional connotation: Moscow, Siberia. These two words sounded the name of the country(TV); Word! Language! It is necessary to write about this not short articles, but passionate appeals to writers(Paust.); What about our mines? Some kind of England, what does she understand in the coal industry?(Fad.); Cranes… Overwhelmed with work - far from the gloomy fields, I live with a strange concern - to see cranes in the sky(Sol.); Cold and wild expanses!.. How long ago were these words spoken for the first time and were they spoken by someone? ..(Spread).

The most common ellipsis (emphasizes the moment of reflection, pause) and Exclamation point(expressiveness) or a combination of an exclamation point and an ellipsis.

However, when the nominative topic is more closely related to the main clause, which has a personal or demonstrative pronoun as a reference word put a dash: Tractor - he like a tank, but without a turret(gas.); Marchenko is the one was a man, a golden man(Kaz.); Road in the rain - she not sweet road in the rain trouble(Evt.).

Note. Acceptable used in the practice of printing and writing with a comma: doctor, he it's not God either(Bull.); The fates of men- each on its own, although we seem to be together and everything should be in common with us(Ast.); Natasha, that knew what kind of person her aunt was(Bit.).

Section 24. After a nominative topic followed by an interrogative sentence, point is put: Scientific potential. How to dispose of them?(gas.); Tours in Moscow. What do they mean?(gas.); Intelligence on other planets. What is he?(journal).

Note. The colon used in printing practice and spelling with a sign is acceptable: Student life: what should it be?(gas.).

If after the nominative topic there is an interrogative part of the construction, which is also a form of the nominative case, then put a dash: Scenario- product or semi-finished product?(gas.); "Green revolution"- legend or reality?(gas.). In such cases, the word substitution is possible. Wed: Parapsychology Is this a gimmick or reality? Reality or fiction?(gas.).

Note 1. It is acceptable to use in the practice of printing and writing with a colon before an interrogative construction. For example: Stadium:"workshop health" or football arena?(gas.); Literary work: symbol or model?(gas.).
Note 2. These structures with nominative topics differ from two-part sentences with subject and predicate in the nominative case intonation: the intonation of the nominative topic is similar to the intonation of the end of the sentence (lowering tone and pause), while the subject in the two-part sentence does not fix the final pause. Wed: Stadium - health shop(subject and predicate). Here the subject and predicate are linked together by the intonation of the statement.

PUNICATION MARKS FOR HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS OF THE SENTENCE

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence with and without unions

Section 25. Homogeneous members of the proposal (main and secondary), not connected by unions, are separated commas: In the study stood brown velvet armchairs, book cabinet (Nab.); After dinner he sat on the balcony, kept kneeling book(Boon.); Cold, emptiness, lifeless spirit meets home(Sol.); bloom ahead cherries, mountain ash, dandelions, wild rose, lilies of the valley… (Sol.); Only silence remains water, thickets, ancient willows (Paust.); Shcherbatova told about my childhood, about the Dnieper, about how dried, old willows came to life in their estate in the spring(Paust.).

Note. It is impossible to consider combinations of verbs like homogeneous predicates I'll take it and go, I'll go and see. In the first case, this is the designation of one action: I'll take it and go in the forest for mushrooms(the first verb is lexically incomplete); in the second case, the verb I will look denotes the purpose of the action: I'll go see New film.

If the last member of the series is joined by unions and, yes, or , then no comma is placed before it: He[wind] brings cold, clarity and some emptiness of the whole body(Paust.); Dense, tall thickets of chamomile, chicory, clover, wild dill, carnation, coltsfoot, dandelions, gentian, plantain, bluebells, buttercups and dozens of other flowering herbs stretch for kilometers.(Paust.).

Section 26. Homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by repeated unions, if there are more than two ( and... and... and, yes... yes... yes, neither... neither... nor, or... or... or, whether... whether... whether, whether... or... or, either... or... or, that... that... that, not that ... not that ... not that, either ... or ... or), separated by commas: Was sad and in the spring air and in the darkened sky and in the wagon(Ch.); Did not have neither stormy words, neither passionate confessions, neither oaths(Paust.); After parting from Lermontov, she[Shcherbatova] couldn't watch neither on the steppe neither on people, neither to associated villages and cities(Paust.); You could see her every day then with a can, then with a bag and then and with a bag and a can together - or in the oil refinery or On the market, or in front of the gates of the house, or on the stairs(Bulg.).

§ 19. A dash is placed between two (or more) words that, combined with each other, mean limits (meaning "from to") - spatial, temporal, quantitative: Trains with signs " Moscow – Kara‑Bugaz, through Tashkent – Krasnovodsk » (Paust.); Mistakenly believing that the culture of horse chestnut in the northwestern parks is not a phenomenon XVIII–XIX centuries, and later, they removed all chestnuts from the Trigorsky and from the grave hill of the Svyatogorsky monastery(Geych.); Oil reserves at Cheleken are very small and should be exhausted in the first ten fifteen years of production(Paust.). The same with the designation of the number of numbers: Manuscript of 10–15 author's sheets(See also spellings of combinations indicating an approximate amount: Spelling, § 118, paragraph 5 and § 154, paragraph 4.)

§ 20. A dash is placed between two (or more) proper names, the totality of which is called any doctrine, phenomenon, etc.: law Boyle - Mariotte; match Kasparov - Karpov .

End of work -

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In words foreign origin(especially in proper names), as well as in abbreviations there are spellings that deviate from the general rules for the use of letters. For example, in some

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§ one . The letters a, y are used: To convey vowels a, y at the beginning of a word and after vowels, for example: hell, aly

Letters e - e
§6. The letter e is written at the beginning of the root to convey the vowel e (without the preceding j): 1.

Letters and - s
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Letters a, y
§ thirteen . After w, w, h, u, c, the letters a, y are written (and I, u are not written), for example

Letters i, s
§ fourteen . After w, w, h, u, the letter i is written (and not written s), for example: zhi

Letters o, e, e in place of stressed vowels
§17. After w, h, w, u, the letter e is written to convey the stressed vowel e, for example:

Letters o, e in place of unstressed vowels
§ 20 . In an unstressed position, after w, h, w, u, the letter e is written - in accordance with the shock

Letters o and e after c
§ 22. After q, to transfer the stressed vowel o, the letter o is written, to transfer the stressed

The letter e after hissing and c
§ 25. The letter e is written after the letters w, h, w, c only in the following special cases. 1. In an abbreviation

Letter y
§ 26. The letter y is written to convey the sound (“yot”) after vowels at the end of a word or before consonants, for example: ma

The letter ь as a sign of softness of the consonant
§ 29. The letter ь is written to indicate the softness of a double consonant at the end of words, for example: dove, leave, notebook, dirt, sorry, seven,

Not after sizzling
§ 31. The letter ь is written (regardless of pronunciation) in the following grammatical forms: a) in complex numbers before

After the sizzling
§ 32. After w, w, h, u, the letter b is traditionally written in the following grammatical forms: a) on k

Spelling of unstressed vowels
§ 33. General rule. The spelling of letters in place of unstressed vowels is established by checking other words and forms, where in the same significant part of the word (in the same

Unstressed vowels in roots
§ 34. In accordance with the general rule (see § 33), the spelling of letters in place of unstressed vowels in roots is established by checking words and forms with the same root

Features of writing individual roots
§ 35. There are roots in which the spelling of letters in place of unstressed vowels does not correspond to the general rule, but is subject to tradition. These include the following roots

Unstressed vowels in prefixes
§ 38. In accordance with the general rule (see § 33), writing letters in place of unstressed vowels in prefixes (except for the prefix raz-/ros-, see § 40)

Unstressed vowels in suffixes
§ 42. In accordance with the general rule (see § 33), the spelling of letters in place of unstressed vowels in suffixes is established by checking words and forms with the same su

Features of writing individual suffixes
§ 45. -enn-, -yan-. In adjectives formed from nouns, one should distinguish between the suffixes -enn- and -

Unstressed fluent vowels in roots and suffixes of nouns and adjectives
Introductory remarks. Correct writing letters in place of an unstressed vowel in some cases is determined by the fluency of this vowel. A runaway vowel appears

Unstressed connecting vowels
§ 65. When combining the stems of two or more words into one compound word, as well as when forming compound words with constituent parts international character uses

Unstressed vowels in case endings
§ 67. In accordance with the general rule (see § 33), the spelling of letters in place of unstressed vowels in endings is established by checking the forms of words with the same ending

Case forms of nouns in -i, -i, -i
1. Nouns with a non-monosyllabic stem masculine. and environments, genus into −i and −i in preposition. n. and wives. genus in −ia in dates. and suggestion. p. units h. have in an unstressed position

Vowels in verb endings
§ 74. Writing unstressed vowels in verb endings obeys the general rule (see § 33): non-stressed endings are checked by the corresponding shock endings. Application

Impactless particles are not and neither
§ 77. There are two particles different in meaning and use - not and neither. Wed occasions when they will perform

Voiceless and voiced consonants
§ 79. General rule. Paired deaf consonants p, f, t, s (and the corresponding soft ones), k, sh at the end of a word and before deaf consonants

Silent consonants
§ 83. In groups of consonants, one of the consonants may not be pronounced: in combinations stn, stl, zdn, rdts, rdch, sts, zds, ntsk, ndsk, ndts, ntsv, stsk

Groups of consonants at the junction of significant parts of the word
§ 84. Adjectives with the suffix -sk-, formed from words with a vowel stem +sk, end in -

Double consonants at the junction of significant parts of the word
§ 93. Double consonants are written at the junction of the prefix and the root, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: lawless, be

Double n and single n in adjective and noun suffixes
§ 97

Full Forms
§ 98. Suffixes of full forms are written with nn passive participles past tense: -nn- and -yonn-

Short forms
§ 100. Short forms Passive past participles are written with one n, for example: chitan, chitana, chitano, chitany; read

Double n and one n in words formed from adjectives and participles
§ 105. Adverbs in -o, nouns with suffixes -ost, -ik, -its (a), formed from adjectives and are passive

Double consonants in Russian roots
§ 106. Double consonants are written in the roots of Russian (not borrowed) words in the following cases. Double w is written in words

Double consonants in borrowed (foreign) roots and suffixes
§ 107. The spelling of double consonants in the roots of borrowed (foreign) words is determined in dictionary order, for example: abbreviation, acclimatization, accompaniment

Slash
§ 114. Scope of the sign / (slash) - scientific and business speech. It is used in the following functions. 1. In a function close to unions and

Apostrophe
§ 115. The apostrophe sign - a superscript comma - has limited use in Russian writing. It is used for transmission foreign surnames with initial letters D

accent sign
§ 116. The stress mark is the sign ́, which is placed above the vowel corresponding to percussive sound. This sign can be used consistently and selectively.

General rules
§ 117. The following categories of words are written together. 1. Words with prefixes, for example: a) with Russian prefixes: trouble-free, beskass

Common names
§ 119. The following categories of nouns are written together. 1. Nouns continuous spelling which is determined by the general rules: layer

Names, aliases, nicknames, nicknames
§ 123. Written separately: 1. Combinations of a Russian name with a patronymic and a surname or only with a surname, for example: Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin,

place names
§ 125. They are written together: 1. Names with second parts - city, - city, - gift, - burg, for example: Zvenigorod, B

Adjectives
§ 128. The following categories of adjectives are written together. 1. Adjectives, the continuous spelling of which is determined by general rules: words

numerals
§ 132. They are written together: a) quantitative numbers with the second part - twenty, - eleven, - ten, - one hundred, -

pronominal words
Pronominal words (as opposed to significant words) act as nouns (e.g., who, what), adjectives (e.g., what, such), adverbs (e.g.

Adverbs
Introductory remarks. Adverbs formed using prefixes from words various parts speech, in accordance with the general rules of continuous and separate writing write

Service words and interjections
§ 140. The following service words and interjections are written together. 1. Prepositions formed from prepositional case combinations: in view of,

Combinations with particles
§ 143. Combinations with the following particles are written with a hyphen. 1. With particles −de, −ka, −te, −that, −s,

The spelling is not
§ 145. Regardless of the grammatical affiliation of the word, negation is not written together in the following cases. 1. If after

Corrective rules
(coordination rules) Introductory remarks. The purpose of these rules is to prevent the appearance of such spellings that follow from the basic laws.

Proper names of people, animals, mythological creatures and words derived from them
§ 159. Personal names, patronymics, surnames, pseudonyms, nicknames are written with a capital letter, for example: Olga, Alyosha, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, A

Geographical and administrative-territorial names and words derived from them
§ 169. In geographical and administrative-territorial names - the names of continents, seas, lakes, rivers, hills, mountains, countries, territories, regions, settlements

Astronomical names
§ 178. In titles celestial bodies, constellations and galaxies, all words are written with a capital letter, except for generic names (star, comet, constellation, planet, astero

Names of historical eras and events, calendar periods and holidays, public events
§ 179. In titles historical eras and events, calendar periods and holidays, the first word (which can be the only one) is written with a capital letter, for example:

Names related to religion
The spelling of names associated with religion is subject to general rules, but traditional ways of presentation are taken into account. individual groups names that have developed in the church

Names of authorities, institutions, organizations, societies, parties
§ 189. In the official compound names of authorities, institutions, organizations, scientific, educational and entertainment institutions, societies, political parties and associations

Names of documents, monuments, objects and works of art
§ 194. In compound names important documents and collections of documents state laws, as well as architectural and other monuments, objects and products

Job titles, ranks, titles
§ 196. The names of positions, ranks, titles are written with a lower case letter, for example: president, chancellor, chairman, minister, prime minister, deputy minister

Names of orders, medals, awards, insignia
Section 197

Names of trademarks, product brands and varieties
§ 198. The names of species and varieties of crops, vegetables, flowers, etc. - the terms of agronomy and horticulture - are quoted and written with lowercase b

Capital letters in special stylistic usage
§ 201. Some names are written with a capital letter in the texts of official documents, messages, agreements, for example: High Contracting Parties, Extraordinary

Abbreviations and derived words
Introductory remarks. Abbreviations are nouns consisting of truncated words included in the original phrase, or from truncated parts of the original compound with

Graphic abbreviations
Graphic abbreviations, unlike abbreviations, are not independent words. When reading, they are replaced by the words of which they are abbreviated; exception: i. about. (is

Transfer Rules
Introductory remarks. When placing text on a page (printed, typewritten, handwritten), it is not uncommon for the end of a line to mismatch with a space character, due to

On the purpose and principles of punctuation
Serving the needs of written communication, punctuation has a clear purpose - to help break down the written text to make it easier to understand. Dismemberment may have

Punctuation at the end of a sentence
§ 1. Depending on the purpose of the message, the presence or absence of emotional coloring statements at the end of the sentence put a period (narration,

Unromantic person
They say that youth is the happiest time in life. This is said by those who have long been young and have forgotten what it is (Tok.). A dot is placed after the first sentence

Punctuation at the beginning of a sentence
§ 4. At the beginning of a sentence to indicate a logical or meaningful break in the text, a sharp transition from one thought to another (at the beginning of a paragraph), put

§ 5. With semantic underlining of individual members of the interrogative or exclamatory sentence punctuation marks are placed after each of the members, which are issued

Dividing a sentence with a dot
§ 9. In case of parceling (i.e., when declarative sentence into independent parts) a point is put: After ten years, I got a job postal

§ 10. Between subject and nominal predicate a dash is put in place of the missing link if the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns in fo

Dash in an incomplete sentence
§ 16. In incomplete sentences, a dash is placed in place of the omitted members of the sentence or their parts. 1. In parts of a complex sentence with pairs

Dash in selection function
§ 21. A dash is placed before the members of the sentence to emphasize them, emphasize them (for stylistic purposes). Such members of the sentence are called connecting.

Punctuation marks for nominative topics
§ 23. The nominative case (the nominative of the topic or presentation) as a syntactic structure that precedes the sentence whose topic it represents is separated

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence with and without unions
§ 25. Homogeneous members of the proposal (main and secondary), not connected by unions, are separated by commas: There were brown barkhas in the office

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence with generalizing words
§ 33. If the generalizing word precedes a series of homogeneous members, then a colon is placed after the generalizing word:

Punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions
§ 37. Homogeneous definitions, expressed by adjectives and participles and standing before the word being defined, are separated from each other by a comma, not the same

Punctuation marks for repeating sentence members
§ 44. Between the repeating members of the sentence, a busy one is placed. For example, repetition emphasizes the duration of the action: Food, food

Punctuation marks with separate agreed definitions
§ 46. Defining turns are isolated (highlighted or separated) by commas, i.e. definitions, participles or adjectives with

Punctuation marks for separate inconsistent definitions
§ 53. Inconsistent definitions expressed by nouns in the form indirect cases with prepositions and related to common nouns noun

Punctuation marks in isolated circumstances
§ 68

Punctuation marks with restrictive-excretory turns
§ 78

Punctuation marks with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence
§ 79. Specifying members of a sentence are separated by commas. Referring to this or that word in a sentence, they narrow the concept they designate or to

Punctuation marks in meaningful combinations with subordinating conjunctions or allied words
§ 87. In indecomposable combinations that include expressions that are integral in meaning, a comma is not put. 1. In indecomposable combinations

Punctuation marks for comparative turns
§ 88. Comparative turns that begin with comparative unions (as if, as if, exactly, than, rather than, as if, like, what, as well as others), stand out

Punctuation marks for introductory words, word combinations and sentences
§ 91. Introductory words and word combinations are highlighted or separated by commas: Misha Alpatov, of course, could hire horses (Pr

Punctuation marks when inserting
Section 97. Plug-in structures(words, combinations of words, sentences) are separated by brackets or dashes. They contain additional information

Punctuation marks when addressing
§ 101. Appeal, i.e. words and combinations of words that name the addressee of the speech, is highlighted (or separated) by commas. With increased emotionality, put

Punctuation marks for interjections and interjectional sentences
§ 107. Interjections are distinguished (or separated) by commas: - Oh, there is a fire somewhere! (Boon.); - But, but

Punctuation marks for affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamatory words
§ 110. The words yes and no, expressing affirmation and negation, are separated or separated by a comma in the sentence: - Yes

Punctuation marks in a compound sentence
§ 112. A comma is placed between parts of a compound sentence. At the same time, connecting relations are established between them (unions

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
§ 115. In the subordinate parts of a complex sentence, unions and allied words like, where, for free what, if (if ... then), because, why,

Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence
§ 127. A comma is placed between the parts of an union-free complex sentence when listing: The ocean with a rumble walked behind the wall with black mountains, a blizzard

Punctuation marks in complex syntactic constructions
§ 131. In complex syntactic constructions, that is, in complex sentences with heterogeneous syntactic link(with composition and submission; with composition and union-free

Punctuation marks in direct speech
§ 133. Direct speech, that is, the speech of another person, included in the author's text and reproduced verbatim, is drawn up in two ways. If direct speech is

Quote punctuation marks
§ 140. Quotations are enclosed in quotation marks and punctuated in the same way as direct speech (see § 133-136): a) Marcus Aurelius said: “

Quoting quotation marks and "foreign" words
§ 148. Quotation marks (foreign speech) included in the author's text, including direct speech (see § 140-145). without quotes

Quoting unusually used words
§ 150. Quotation marks indicate words that are alien to the writer's lexicon: words used in an unusual (special, professional) meaning, words belonging to a special

The combination of punctuation marks and the sequence of their location
§ 154. When combining question and exclamation marks, the main sign is first placed, indicating the purpose of the statement - a question mark

Interaction of punctuation marks in complex constructions
§ 161. In different parts difficult syntactic constructions by context, there can be two colons, a colon and a dash.

Punctuation marks in the design of lists and rubrication rules
§ 164. Business, as well as scientific, special texts often include various lists, components that require symbols. Such lists are

End of sentence
period at the end of a declarative sentence § 1 question mark at the end of a sentence that concludes a question § 1 at the end of a rhetorical question §

End-of-sentence signs within a sentence
question and exclamation marks with semantic underlining of individual members of an interrogative or exclamatory sentence § 5 when included in

Dash between subject and verb
between subject and predicate, expressed nouns § 10 before the predicate with the words here, this is § 11 when expressing the subject and the predicate (

Homogeneous members of the sentence
between homogeneous members not connected by unions § 25 with repeated unions (such as and ... and, neither ... nor). § 26 with a double repetition of the union and § 26

In the presence of generalizing words
a colon after the generic word before the enumeration. § 33 in the absence of a generalizing word in the business and scientific text § 33, approx. dash before o

With homogeneous definitions
comma in definitions denoting features various items§ 37 for definitions expressing similar features of the same object § 37

With agreed definitions
commas at participial revolutions or adjectives with dependent words, standing after the word being defined § 46 with attributive phrases, standing before the definitive

With inconsistent definitions
commas in oblique case definitions with prepositions referring to common nouns if that name already has a definition § 53

under circumstances
commas at participial phrases§ 68 with adverbial phrases after conjunctions of coordinating (except a), subordinating and allied words §

At limiting-defining turns
commas at turns with prepositions except, along with, besides, excluding, with the exception of, including, over, etc. in the absolute beginning of the sentence § 78 between subject

With connecting members of the proposal
commas at the members of the sentence with the words even, in particular, especially, mainly, including, in particular, for example, and moreover, and therefore; yes and, yes and only, yes and only

In meaningful expressions
the comma is not put in indecomposable combinations with subordinating unions and with allied words, as if nothing had happened, to do it right, by all means, whoever

At comparative speeds
commas with revolutions with unions as if, as if, exactly, than, rather than, as if, etc.

Introductory constructions
commas with introductory words and combinations of words: - indicating the degree of certainty - indicating the degree of commonality § 91, note. 1, item b)

Plug-in structures
dash when inserted inside a sentence § 97, note. 1 when inserted inside another bracketed insert § 99, note. dash or brackets

Appeals
commas when addressing at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of a sentence § 101 when breaking up an address § 101 exclamation point when addressing

Interjections and interjections
commas with interjections and interjections at the beginning and in the middle of a sentence § 107,109 exclamation point with interjections with increased emotional

Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamatory words
a comma with the words yes, no, yeah, well, well, well, so § ON; § 110, approx. 3 exclamation mark for affirmative and negative words,

In a compound sentence
a comma between parts of a compound sentence (with connecting, adversative, separating, joining and explanatory conjunctions) § 112

In a complex sentence
comma between main and adnexal parts sentences of § 115 before the words especially, in particular, namely, and also, and (but) only, etc., if they stand

Use of quotation marks
with direct speech located in a line (in selection) § 133, paragraph 1; 134-137 when highlighting quotes § 140-148 when highlighting other people's words in the author's text ... § 14

Sequence of signs
question mark, exclamation mark(?!) § 154 question mark or exclamation point with ellipsis (?..) (!..) (?!.) § 154 comma, t

Listing and categorization rules
Roman numerals and capital letters in the list of § 164, para. in); G); g) Roman numerals and capital letters outside the text (as headings) § 164, item e) lower case and Arabic

Conditional abbreviations
Av. – L. Avilova Ait. - Ch. Aitmatov Akun. – B. Akunin Am. – N. Amosov A. Mezh. – A. Mezhirov Ard. - V. Ardamatsky As. – N. Aseev

Dash functions. Source.
What is a dash?
Dash́ (French tiret, from tirer - to stretch) is one of the punctuation marks used in many languages. The dash was introduced into Russian writing by the writer and historian N. M. Karamzin. Initially, the sign was called a "line", and the word "dash" has been found since the early 1820s.

2.Dash functions:

Feature #1– SEPARATING

Dash separates:

a) subject and predicate in the absence of a link: Moscow is capital of Russia.

b) sentence members when skipping one of the sentence members in an incomplete sentence: We went to the theater and he went home. All the best for the kids.

c) sentence members to underline words at the end of a sentence, usually circumstances: And again he wandered along the rickshaw street - this time to the hotel.
G) generalizing word and homogeneous members suggestions: Houses, roads, forest - everything was covered with snow.

e) homogeneous members and continuation of the sentence, if they are preceded by a generalizing word: Everything: houses, roads, forests - was covered with snow.

e) parts of a non-union complex sentence: The rank followed him - he suddenly left the service.

g) direct speech and author's words: "How long will the exam last?" the students asked.

h) dialogue lines:“Don’t wake me up early,” the son asked his mother.

Feature #2– EXTRACTIVE

The dash highlights:

1. common applications, which have a pronounced clarifying, explanatory meaning: At night, Funtik often cried in a dream - little red dachshund. Behind the meadows, behind the old women - shelter for pike and other fish- a strip of sand is visible.

2. insert sentences : Bakers - there were four- kept away from us.

3. author's words, located inside direct speech: - Exactly what is most natural - he remarked, - least of all befits a person.

Feature #3 - INTELLIGENT

With the help of a dash make out semantic relationship:

a) time or condition (They cut down the forest - the chips fly. He called himself a load - climb into the back)

b) consequence, result, conclusion(The smoky sun rises - it will be a hot day)

c) opposition (I need to run forward, you need to go back. Knowledge of the laws is not desirable - a must. The Falcon flies up - clings to the ground) d) rapid change of events orunexpected result of action(The cheese fell out - there was such a cheat with it. The arrow comes out of the quiver, soared - and the Cossack falls. I always wanted to live in the city - and now I end my life in the village)

e) comparisons (Says a word - the nightingale sings)

Feature #4 - EMOTIONAL-EXPRESSIVE

The dash is capable of transmitting and emotional side of speech. Itbreaks the intonation of the phrase and thereby creating emotional tension and acuity.

Here are some examples from the works of M. Gorky: I have papers ... but - they are no good; Death took off his worn-out bast shoes, lay down on a stone - and fell asleep; He threw a joyful look at the free land and laughed proudly. And then he fell and - died.

All those underscores with dashes emotional side speech, its tension and dynamism, naturally, are subject to the manner of presentation and are not governed by the rules.

CONCLUSION

So, the range of dashes is really wide:

First of all, This retainer all sorts of grammatical passes, dash fills these verbally empty spaces;

Secondly, dash can perform the role of the delimiter and at the same time signal the boundary of various syntactic constructions;

thirdly, in the absence of a union, a dash contributes to the transmission of special semantic relations, in oral speech, these meanings are transmitted by intonational means;

fourthly, serves a purpose creating emotional and expressive qualities of speech.