What are the suggestions for emotional coloring. Open to suggestions

According to the presence or absence of emotional coloring, exclamatory and non-exclamatory sentences are distinguished.

Exclamatory - these are sentences that are emotionally brightly colored, in which a message, question or motivation is accompanied by a strongly pronounced feeling of the speaker.

Both declarative, and interrogative, and incentive sentences can be exclamatory if they acquire emotional coloring in speech, for example: 1) What an intoxicating aroma! (Paustovsky); 2) Oh, it is useful for a person to see himself from the side, and even through a magnifying glass! (Vigdorova). In these sentences, messages are colored with a sense of admiration (1), irony (2), therefore, in terms of the purpose of the statement, they are narrative, and in terms of emotional coloring, they are exclamatory.

1) - What will I do for people ?! - Danko (Gorky) shouted stronger than thunder; 2) Who is slandering Russia there?! (Island). In these examples, the question is pronounced with a feeling of delight and determination (1), with indignation (2), therefore these sentences are interrogative in terms of the purpose of the statement and exclamatory in emotional coloring. 1) Accept, Moscow, the constancy of my undivided love! . (Zharov); 2) Eaglet, eaglet, Fly higher than the sun And look at the steppes from the heights! (Swedes). In these sentences, stimulating in terms of the purpose of the statement and exclamatory in terms of emotional coloring, the urge is colored by a feeling of love, delight, admiration.

Thus, exclamatory sentences can be different in purpose of uttering sentences if they are pronounced with a feeling of delight, joy, tenderness, grief, indignation, hatred, annoyance, anger, fear, surprise, etc.

The main design tool exclamatory sentences is a special, exclamatory intonation: the tone of voice in exclamatory sentences is higher and more intense in strength.

The highest power of tension and pitch usually occurs on a word expressing a feeling, for example: For now, revel in it, This sweet life, friends! (Pushkin). Exclamatory sentences are pronounced either at a very fast pace or, conversely, at a slower pace.

Along with intonation, interjections and particles can also participate in the formation of exclamatory sentences, for example: 1) Oh, what good time We live in the world with you! (Zharov); 2) Oh, if only you could see the Fury of darkness and light! (Island); 3) What a bore, what a grief our poor life is! (Pushkin); 4) How can I be unwell! How my head is on fire! (A. Ostrovsky); 5) How can we care about such views! (Nekrasov).

In a letter, at the end of exclamatory sentences is put Exclamation point. If such a sentence is interrogative for the purpose of the statement, then two signs are put: question and exclamation marks.

Sentences in which a message, question or motivation is not accompanied by a clearly expressed feeling of the speaker are called non-exclamatory.

For example: 1) For me, everything is new in the world (Borisov) - a declarative non-exclamatory sentence;

2) Do you want to look into the future? (Ketlinskaya) - interrogative non-exclamatory sentence; 3) Choose a wife not in a round dance, but in a garden (proverb) - an motivating non-exclamatory sentence.

The ratio of narrative, interrogative and incentive proposals to exclamatory points can be represented in the following scheme (see p. 289).

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§ 3. Types of sentences for emotional coloring

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Lectures on the Russian language
| Lecture(s) | 2016 | Russia | docx | 0.08 MB

THE CONCEPT OF SPEECH SOUND (1) VOICED AND VOICED CONSONANTS. STUNNING AND VOINTING OF CONSONANTS (2) HARD AND SOFT CONSONANTS. SMOOTHING OF CONSONANTS BEFORE CONSONANTS (3) SPELLING. ITS SECTIONS.

exclamatory sentences express the emotions of the speaker, which is conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation. Exclamatory sentences can be declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences.

He met death face to face, as a fighter should in battle!(narrative-exclamatory);

- Who would have dared to ask Ishmael about that?!(interrogative-exclamatory);

My friend, let us dedicate our souls to the homeland with wonderful impulses!(incentive-exclamatory).

Grammatical means exclamatory sentences are as follows:

1) intonation conveying a variety of feelings: joy, annoyance, chagrin, anger, surprise, etc. (exclamatory sentences are pronounced in a higher tone, with emphasis on the word that directly expresses the emotion) (Farewell, letter of love, farewell!; Somebody, apparently, an infidel! Wait, my dear!; Appear, inhale delight and zeal to the shelves you left behind!);

2) interjections, For example: Oh, this man, always cause me a terrible upset!; ... And, alas, my champagne triumphs over the power of her magnetic eyes!, Wow! well served here! Ahti, good!; Ugh, Lord, I'm sorry! Says the same thing five thousand times!;;

3) exclamation particles interjection, pronominal and adverbial origin, informing the expressed emotional coloring: well, oh, well, where, how, how, what, what and others, for example: Well, what a neck! What eyes!; Well, here's some fun for you!, How sweet!; Just a matter of Kyiv! What an edge!; Fu you, what! Don't say a word to her!

Non-exclamatory - a sentence that does not have additional emotional intonation.

5. The system of structural-semantic types of a simple sentence:

a) by modality.

According to the nature of predicative relations, sentences are divided into:

affirmative;

negative.

The offer is called affirmative , if the connection established in it between the subject of speech and what is said about it is recognized as really existing (In the course of two days my affairs advanced terribly- expresses the presence of a connection between the idea of affairs as a subject of speech and what is said about them - advanced).

The offer is called negative , if this connection is denied, i.e. perceived as not existing in reality ( Fortunately, due to an unsuccessful hunt, our horses were not exhausted. the lack of connection between the subject of speech and its sign is expressed, i.e. the belonging of this attribute to this subject is denied).

Grammatically, negation is usually expressed by the particle NOT, and the assertion is its absence.

Negation may be

partial.

Complete denial is achieved by setting the particle not before the predicate, such a sentence is called generally negative.

Particle not in front of other members of the sentence expresses partial negation. Such proposals are called private negative, since as a whole they conclude the assertion. For example, in a sentence But Kochubey is rich and proud not of long-maned horses, not of gold, a tribute to the Crimean hordes, not of family farms, old Kochubey is proud of his beautiful daughter(P.) it is affirmed that this attribute is rich and proud of the given subject Kochubey, and only that Kochubey is rich in gold and horses is denied. In a sentence Between us, the speech does not flow so playfully(P.) the negation refers to the circumstance as such and in a certain respect limits the statement expressed by the sentence as a whole.

The sentence does not deprive the sentence of the general affirmative meaning and the negation before the subject, for example: “Hello, young, unfamiliar tribe! I will not see your mighty late age ... ”(P.).

Thus, the category of negation is directly related to the category of predicate: “It is only the negation that stands with the predicate that makes the whole statement negative, while the negation that stands with any other member does not shake the general affirmative meaning of the statement” (A.M. Peshkovsky "Russian syntax in scientific coverage").

However, the particle not even with the predicate does not always serve as a sign of a negative sentence. The sentence loses its negative meaning,

First, when repeating the particle is not, for example: I couldn't help laughing (P.);- offer with double negative, i.e. it is affirmative.

secondly, when the particle acquires NOT other shades of meaning, for example: assumptions - Searched the world, don't you want to get married?(Gr.); generalizations - Who hasn't cursed the stationmasters? P.); concerns - Whatever happens!(Ch.); approval - Why not work!; need - How can I not cry!

A particle can act as a negative particle NO, which introduces an additional amplifying shade of the value: Not a soul in the living room (Ch.).

Strengthening of negation is also achieved with the help of negative pronouns and adverbs: Nothing did not foretell bad weather.

The NI particle does not always express a negative meaning: it can also act only as an intensifying particle when conveying an affirmative meaning. This is typical for parts of a complex sentence that have a concessive connotation of meaning: But no matter how the girls all over the world say, everything becomes sweet in their mouths (Fad.).

A special negative word can serve as a grammatical sign of a negative sentence NO, which performs the function of the main member in an impersonal sentence: There is no beast stronger than a cat (Kr.); He has no equal river in the world (G.).

Negation can be expressed without the participation of special lexical means- with the help of intonation, word order, some emotional particles. Such constructions are characteristic of the colloquial style, accompanied by subjective-modal meanings. They are always expressive. For example: Where can I dance (M. G.); How, wait, I will be silent! (A. Ostr.); So I'll be waiting for you! I also found a commander!

b) if possible, syntactic articulation;

According to the possibility of syntactic articulation, simple sentences are divided into:

1) articulating , that is, having members of the proposal;

2) indivisible (sentence words) , that is, deprived of the ability to distinguish members of the proposal in their composition (Eh! Of course. Well. Yes. No.). Indivisible sentences consist of either one non-significant word, hence the traditional name "sentence words", or from combinations of particles, modal words and interjections.

Among the non-segmented proposals, there are:

affirmative (Yes, sure);

negative (No, what else);

interrogative (Really? Really?,

incentives: Come on Won! Well! Shh!);

emotional-evaluative ( Hooray! Alas! E-eh-eh!)

Among the indivisible words-sentences there are a large number of so-called etiquette words type Thank you, Please, Goodbye, etc.., which some scientists consider as part of interjections. Sentence words are used in dialogic speech. They are unique to spoken language.

Indivisible sentences should be distinguished from some one-part and incomplete sentences. For example, suggestions Spring. Evening. It's getting light. do not belong to indivisible ones, since, firstly, the members of the sentence are distinguished in their composition, which is not observed in the composition of sentence words, and, secondly, they are formed by significant words, and not by particles, interjections and modal words that are not are members of the proposal.

c) by the presence of one or two main members of the proposal;

Remember what types of sentences for the presence of one or two main members of the sentence you know from school?

Divisible proposals for the presence of one or two The main members of the proposal can be:

one-piece , that is, having one main member as the organizing center of the offer (to someonehave brought from the master chest);

two-part , that is, having two main members as organizing centers of the proposal (I love homelandI but strange love!).

d) by the presence or absence of secondary members of the proposal;

By the presence or absence of secondary members of the proposal, the following are distinguished:

common offers;

unsolicited offers.

Common suggestions - sentences that have, along with the main, secondary members (at night haze distance clouded .).

Uncommon offers - sentences that have only the positions of the main members - subject and predicate (She is did not answer and turned away . Insomnia .).

e) structural and semantic completeness;

In accordance with the structural and semantic completeness offers are divided into:

1) complete;

2) incomplete.

Complete offers – sentences that include all the necessary members of the given sentence structure.

Incomplete offers - proposals that one or more necessary members of this sentence structure are omitted due to context or setting (Yermolai shot, as always, victoriously, I - rather badly, as usual (I. Turgenev). In the second part of this compound sentence, the predicate shot was omitted, which is easily restored from the previous sentence).

Both two-part and one-part sentences can be incomplete.

Incomplete sentences are primarily characteristic of colloquial speech and are widely used in fiction when transmitting dialogue:

1) - Has this house been standing for a long time?

- For a long time. (I. Turgenev)

2) - Have you read?

- What?

- Note (K. Fedin).

The response in the first example is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate and definition are omitted.

In the second example, all three sentences are incomplete sentences: in the first sentence, the object is missing, in the other two - the grammatical basis.

e) by the presence or absence of complicating members of the proposal.

By the presence or absence of complicating members of the proposal, there are:

complicated;

uncomplicated.

Complicated - sentences with complicating constructions: homogeneous and isolated members, introductory words, plug-in structures, appeals (Trees, houses, benches in the park were covered with snow.).

Uncomplicated - sentences that do not have complicating structures (And again the star plays in the light swell of the Neva waves ...).

By emotional coloring, sentences can be exclamatory and non-exclamatory.

exclamatory sentences are sentences that are accompanied by a pronounced feeling of the speaker.

Spring came! Leave it! How did you get here?!

Non-exclamatory sentences are those that are not accompanied by a pronounced feeling of the speaker.

Types of sentences by structure

· by the number of predicative parts- simple and complex.

Simple sentences are those that consist of one predicative unit, it has one grammatical basis. For example: My brother is a teacher.

Complex sentences are those that consist of two or more predicative units. Compound sentences can be compound, compound, non-union complex, there are complex sentences with different types connections.

· by the presence of members of the proposal- segmented and non-segmented.

Articulated sentences have sentence members in their composition (Do you like Tchaikovsky's music? Morning.). These are sentences in which there is at least one member of the sentence.

Indivisible proposals do not single out either main or secondary members of the proposal from their composition. They consist of service units speech, interjections, modal words. Oh! Certainly. My God. Yes. No. Thank you. Well well. Here are those times.

Next structural types sentences are characteristic only for segmented sentences.

· by the presence of the main members of the proposal- two-piece and one-piece.

Bipartite- proposals that grammatical basis make up the two main parts of the sentence - the subject and the predicate. The sun went out.

One-piece- sentences, the grammatical basis of which is one main member, and the other main member is absent is not expected. I love the storm in early May. Night. No city noise is heard. It was getting dark. Candles were brought.

· by the presence of secondary members of the proposal- Common and non-common.

Uncommon- proposals that include only the main members of the proposal. Rain is coming.

Common- sentences in which, along with the main ones, there are secondary members. It was getting dark quickly. An old lighthouse was lit on the dam (Paust.).

· by the presence of structurally necessary members of the proposal- complete and incomplete.

Full sentences contain all the structurally necessary members of the sentence. He is writing a letter.

Incomplete sentences are those in which there are no structurally necessary members of the sentence. Came up to me, smiled(there is no subject, it is structurally necessary, because there is no such way of expressing predicates among single-component sentences).

The incompleteness of the sentence is filled by the context, the situation. Structural incompleteness of the proposal is not its disadvantage, it is justified speech norms, allows you to concisely express an idea, focusing on the most important thing in the message.

· by complexity- complicated, uncomplicated.

Uncomplicated A proposal is one that does not contain complicating components.

Complicated A sentence is one that contains some complicating elements. The offer can be complicated:

a) homogeneous members;

b) isolated members;

c) appeal;

d) introductory and plug-in structures.

MAIN MEMBERS OF THE OFFER

1. The concept of members of the proposal. The main and secondary members of the sentence.

3. Subject, its semantics and ways of expression.

4. Predicate, its semantics, types, ways of expression.

1. Members of the proposal- structural-semantic components of the sentence, connected by syntactic relations.

The members of the proposal are divided into main and secondary . The basis for the distinction is their participation in the creation of the predicative basis.

The main members of the sentence constitute the structural minimum of the sentence, its predicative basis. Secondary members of the sentence are not included in the predicative basis. The main criterion here is structural: the main members of the sentence are obligatory from the point of view of structure; from the point of view of semantics, they carry a minimum of information.

2. Subject- This is a grammatically independent main member of the sentence, denoting the subject of speech. It usually occupies a position in front of the predicate (this is a direct word order). For example: The old man thought. A tube his went out.

General question to the subject: what does the offer say? A typical subject can be questioned who? what?

Ways of expressing the subject

1. Noun in I.p. or personal M in I.p. This is the subject standard.

Language grows with culture (A.N. Tolstoy). I remember wonderful moment(A. Pushkin). Silence always beautiful, and the silent one is always more beautiful than the speaker (F. Dost.)

2. Other M in I.p. (indicative, possessive, indefinite, negative, attributive, interrogative, relative). This is who? Nothing hasn't changed. All mixed up in the Oblonskys' house.

3. Any substantiated part of speech in I.p.: substantiated P., Pch, Ch (passed into a noun). big seen from a distance(Yesenin). convicts They walked in stern, solemn silence. Seven is not divisible by two.

Any word can act as a subject if it is used in the meaning of a noun. Even an immutable word can have occasional (random) substantivation: Tomorrow won't be like today. Here it was "ay" far away. By- suggestion.

4. Syntactically indecomposable phrases (SNS) with one of the words in I.p.

Gone two hours (quantitative-nominal combination). Something graceful was in his movements. One of the boys ran to Levin (L.T.). Pechorin and I sat in a place of honor (L.). A lot of people gathered in the square.

5. Phraseologism. Its Achilles' heel every person has.

6. Infinitive. Travel interesting. The infinitive subject can be verbose: Be simple and strong- here line my life (Yu. Nagibin). Becoming a pilot is not easy.

The infinitive subject usually comes first in a sentence. Can be combined:

With an evaluative word on -o (cr. adjective): Learn interesting.

With a noun: To study– our task

Infinitive: Learn what to row against the stream.

Less often - with a conjugated verb: . To study always come in handy.

3. Predicate - this is the main member of the sentence, expressing the predicative (modal-temporal) feature of the subject of speech and grammatically dependent only on the subject.

General question to the predicate: what is said about the subject?

Private questions: what is he doing? what? what? etc.

Predicate types

The variety of predicate types can be reduced to the following: simple verbal predicate(PGS), compound verbal predicate (CGS), compound nominal predicate(SIS). In PGS, lexical and grammatical meaning expressed in one word. In GHS and SIS lexical meaning expressed in the main part, grammatical - in the auxiliary part.

PGS = (GZ + LZ) SGS = (GZ) + (LZ) SIS = (GZ) + (LZ)

He studies. Auxiliary part + infinitive auxiliary part + nominal part

He started learning. He became a teacher.

Minor members suggestions

Second side stylistic coloring is emotionally expressive stylistic coloration. It is associated with the ability of speech to influence the emotions of the perceiver of speech, evoke certain feelings in him and convey the emotions of the speaker, as well as enhance expressiveness, that is, the expressiveness of speech. So, for example, the word children stylistically neutral (both in terms of functional and stylistic coloring, and in terms of emotional and expressive), since it does not have any connotations beyond its lexical meaning; the same denotation can be denoted by the word guys(Compare: The children played in the yard near the school / The guys played in the yard near the school), which is characterized colloquial functional and stylistic coloring, but it is devoid of emotionally expressive coloring, like the word children. Unlike the above, the words kids to kids, in addition to colloquial functional and stylistic coloring, they also have emotional and expressive coloring, since connotations of familiarity and flattery are superimposed on their main lexical meaning. To determine the types of emotionally expressive coloring, one should consider the content and correlation of four concepts: emotionality, appraisal, figurativeness and expressiveness.

The emotionality of speech is the expression in the speech of the speaker's feelings and the impact of speech on the feelings of the listener; it is conveyed by various linguistic means. These include: 1) intonation, in writing, transmitted by punctuation and other graphic signs, as well as a violation of the objective word order, i.e. inversion; For example: Moscow! How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart ...(Pushkin) (the so-called exclamatory intonation forms a detached theme ( nominative topics), conveying solemnly excited emotional condition author); Mom, I got my feet wet...(colloquial speech): here, in the phrase with control, the objective order of the main and dependent components is violated, since with the objective word order in the phrase with the connection of control, the main component must be in preposition, and the dependent component in postposition; violation of this norm of word order at the level of a phrase is marked by the appearance of emphatic stress on the prepositive controlled component; cf. with a phrase without inversion: wet his feet. AT oral speech as an indicator of its emotional coloring can be the pronunciation of vowels as long, "stretched"; For example, common question formed with a pronoun what?; which is pronounced with the usual [o] stress, and the same question, but complicated by the emotions of surprise or indignation, indignation, will sound with a long, “stretched”: What-oh-oh? / tone on will go up sharply; at the same time, the diphthongoid character will be revealed brighter, i.e., the presence of [y] in the excursion phase: [about]; 2) repetitions: Explain to you, explain,- and all to no avail!(colloquial speech); 3) rhetorical exclamations and rhetorical questions, For example: Gentlemen of thought! Are we really indifferent to the fate of our children, the fate of our youth, our future?!(publicistic speech); 4) some categories of words, for example, interjections and such particle, which do not contain evaluation and express "pure" emotions: joy, surprise, fear, fear, grief, horror, regret, etc.; For example: Fathers! Look~ka... look... dead! Killed!(M. Gorky). Really?!

Among other parts of speech, it is difficult to detect actually emotional words, since in them the expression of the speaker's feelings is already superimposed grade- approval or disapproval. For example, eh combined with second person pronouns (Eh, you/or Eh, you!) serves to express a negative attitude towards the interlocutor, his condemnation: Our commanders fled, the commanders sold out. We run like sheep.- Eh, you! - only Khvedin said to this.- Oh, you landlords! (BUT. Tolstoy).

Thus, the concepts of emotionality and evaluativeness are closely related, but not identical. Emotionality is associated exclusively with the mental side of the personality and with the expression of emotions in speech, and evaluativeness - both with the psyche and with mental activity speaker. Emotional words, in particular: emotional interjections and particles, do not contain evaluation; evaluative words are usually emotional. Let us give examples of words-characteristics with different functional and stylistic coloring, i.e., belonging to different functional styles, conveying emotional attitude to the signified, its emotional assessment: wondrous, initiator, exciting(For example, spectacle), bribe taker, antediluvian, businesslike, bite(trans.), wipe(trans.), bore, tinker(in meaning delay), shepherd, good, do-gooder, meekness, gangs, extremists; examples of words with suffixes subjective assessment: sun, old man, hands, coat.

As we can see, the emotional assessment is superimposed in all cases on the nominative, conceptual meaning of the word, and is not reduced to it. Therefore, such words in which it is the assessment, moreover, not emotional, but intellectual, that constitutes the nominative content of the word itself, cannot be qualified as emotional-evaluative, for example: bad, good, approve, disapproving, positive, negative, true, false etc. They should be characterized from the point of view of emotionally expressive stylistic coloring as neutral.

When we are talking about emotionally expressive stylistic coloring, then one of its sides, one of its components, is also a connotation imagery. Examples figurative speech we find, of course, most often in fiction, but figurative elements may also be in texts sustained in newspaper-journalistic, church-religious and colloquial styles(more on this below, as well as when characterizing functional styles).

Imagery- this is the pictorial quality of the word, the quality of speech, thanks to which language means, naming objects, signs or actions, simultaneously evoke in the addressee an idea, an image of the designated; For example: Paw-like maple leaves stood out sharply against the yellow sand of the alley.(A. Chekhov). More AL. Potebnya spoke about the figurativeness of the word, linking this concept with the concept internal form words, first introduced into linguistics by W. Humboldt. According to the concept of A.A. Potebni, every word at the moment of its occurrence includes three elements: 1) sound (= external sign of meaning), 2) representation (= inner sign meaning, or inner form) and 3) self-significance. The sound and meaning in the word always exist, and the idea that formed the basis of the naming may disappear, be erased over time. When this representation is alive, the inner form of the word is also alive, and then the word is figurative; and if the word has lost its inner form, it has become ugly. AL. Potebnya writes: “All meanings in a language are figurative in origin, each can become ugly over time ... The development of a language takes place through obscuring representation and emergence, because of this and because of new perceptions, new figurative words” (Potebnya 1905: 302 ; 22). Calling to A.A. Potebney, French researcher J.-P. Richter figuratively called language a "graveyard of metaphors". When do native speakers use words now? minute, inch, coast, sour cream, they do not feel their inner form; but when these words appeared, representations were taken as the basis about small, petty(hence - minute), about thumb(hence - inch), oh woe(cf. German Bergw Russian shore), about action sweep away, remove from the surface(hence the word sour cream). So AL. Potebnya connects figurativeness with the internal form of the word and extends the concept of figurativeness to language in general. Evaluating this concept, we can conclude that the scientist is right when he believes that, in principle, every word has the ability to become figurative, that is, to convey a phenomenon in its concreteness and visibility; but it is not at all necessary to associate such a capacity only with the presence or rebirth, the revival of the inner form of the word. If compared with the stated concept of A.A. Sweat the views of scholars such as A.M. Peshkovsky, G.O. Vinokur, V.V. Vinogradov, it can be found that they are in solidarity with AL. Potebnee is that figurativeness is not limited only to the use of any tropes (comparisons, metaphors, epithets, etc.), but is understood widely; they also believe that, in principle, any linguistic means can cause a concrete-sensory representation of the signified. However, unlike A.A. Potebni, he sees the condition for this not in the presence or revival of the inner form of the word, but in the presence context with a figurative task, i.e. context artistic speech. Only here, in a literary text, the most diverse, often in themselves neutral, linguistic means “work” to create an image. (Recall an example from A.S. Pushkin's poem "Count Nulin": p. 61). Imagery here is achieved by the system of all linguistic means used by the writer. So, analyzing Dead Souls» Gogol, A.M. Peshkovsky writes that for readers Chichikov's imagery is made up of all the words of Dead Souls that depict Chichikov directly or indirectly. Developing the idea of A.M. Peshkovsky, GO. Vinokur emphasizes that the imagery of language is the use of language in its aesthetic function. He writes that the artistic word is figurative not only in the sense that it is metaphorical. The fact is that the real meaning of the artistic word is never confined to its literally. Here often the broader content is conveyed in the form of another word taken literally. For example, in A.N. Tolstoy "Bread", the word in the title has the meaning that is inherent in it in the general literary language, and at the same time, as GO writes. Vinokur, it "represents famous image, conveying in artistic synthesis one of the major events of the revolution and civil war"(Vinokur 1959:247). This phenomenon is called increase in meaning. The increment of meaning creates the figurativeness of artistic speech. V. V. Vinogradov also wrote about this, noting that the word in work of art, matching in external form with the word of the corresponding national-linguistic system and relying on its own meaning, it is also addressed to the world of artistic reality. It is two-dimensional in its semantic orientation and, therefore, figuratively. So, broadly understood figurativeness (not reducible to inner form words) is a property only of artistic speech.

In a number of works, imagery is interpreted, on the contrary, very narrowly: as the use in speech figurative meaning words, i.e. as the use of tropes, as well as the use of various figures of speech (comparisons, personifications, hyperbole, litotes, etc.)

imagery in broad sense is a property of the language fiction, and the figurative means of language in the narrow sense (epithets, comparisons, metaphors, personification, etc.), i.e., individual figurative elements, are also characteristic of journalistic, popular science, church-religious and colloquial speech. In popular science speech, for example, the purpose of using figurative elements is purely illustrative, they are intended to explain some thought of the author, to make it more visual and therefore more accessible to the addressee; for example, D.I. Mendeleev in the text of the lecture compares the smell of ozone with the smell of boiled crayfish. Of the four concepts mentioned above, which are associated with the presence of emotionally expressive stylistic coloring (emotionality, evaluativeness, imagery and expressiveness), the broadest, including the rest, is concept of expressiveness.

Expressiveness is an increase in the expressiveness of speech, an increase in its influencing power. Any speech, if it has emotional-evaluative or figurative connotations, is expressive. At the same time, expressiveness does not necessarily come down to emotionality, evaluativeness and imagery. For example, from two statements: (1) Get up.(2) Get up/- the second statement, having neither evaluativeness, nor emotionality, nor figurativeness, can, nevertheless, be characterized in comparison with the first as more expressive, since two more connotative meanings are superimposed on the meaning of motivation, which is available in both cases, in the second: categorical , not allowing objections, and underlined officiality.

expressive coloring speech is created by the most various shades connotative nature, in particular, a shade of ease, liveliness of speech; compare: We approach him this way and that, and he responds- (1) only silent(neutral) / (2) not a word(expressive) / (3) no hoo-hoo(even more expressively). Let's also compare the following series: got used to / got used to, stopped paying attention / waved his hand; suddenly screamed / how to scream.

It can also be a shade that conveys a greater intensity of the manifestation of the trait; for example, the second (and third) members of the above series, which have this connotative element, are more expressive than the first ones: darkness / gloom / at least gouge out your eye; ask / beg / beg; a lot / a lot / abyss; little / the cat cried / with a gulkin nose.

Sometimes, shades of bookishness and colloquialism are distinguished as two types of expression. For example, in the stories of Tendryakov:

(1) Chairman- so he is Yurkin's friend!

- I left. - L may have left you?(expression of colloquialism as a means of stylization of colloquial speech). An example of book expression is the description in " Dead souls» N.V. Gogol of the Koshkarev library, where Chichikov found six huge volumes called “A preparatory entry into the realm of thought. Theory of generality; totality, essence in application to the understanding of the organic principles of the mutual bifurcation of the social producer. posts." Let us immediately emphasize that the two named shades as expressive can be said primarily in relation to fiction, where stylization of either book or colloquial speech is carried out. But since both colloquial and book coloring are not emotionally expressive, but functional and stylistic, then, consequently, colloquial coloring will not be an expressive connotation in the context of colloquial speech (For example: Today we have fried for lunch potato) and book coloring will not be an expressive connotation in book styles (For example: researched features of thinking patients with aphasia). In other words, the expression of colloquialism can arise when units with colloquial coloring are transferred to texts. book styles or into the context of artistic speech, and the expression of bookishness - when transferring units with a general bookish functional and stylistic coloring into the context of colloquial or artistic speech.

Since expressivity is the broadest of all four of the above concepts, then all emotional, emotional-evaluative, as well as figurative means, which were discussed above, fall into the number of linguistic means of enhancing the expressiveness of speech. In addition, any intentional violation language norms at all levels of the structure of the language also serves as the basis for the emergence of an expressive effect.

So, at the phonetic level, the intentional change in the normative pronunciation can serve as the basis for the expressive effect: for example, the Chekhov heroine said: Here in Pytyurbürg(the writer imitates a cutesy pronunciation here); A. Kuprin in "The Cadets" also uses the reproduction of non-normative pronunciation as a characterological trait: “Ke-ek you’ll see? Ke-eks you’ll see, Cossack?!” In Y. Nagibin we meet the same technique: “If an infection has been introduced ...” Shelukhin began importantly, proud of the word “infection” and pronouncing it through [e], but Rachmaninov did not let him finish ... Expressive is also enhanced pronunciation of vowels or consonants, onomatopoeia, slow or, conversely, accelerated pace of speech, special pausing, etc.

At the level of morphemes, expressive is unusual use derivational affixes. Thus, the purposes of enhancing expression are the author's neologisms - occasionalisms created according to the existing word-formation model, but with a change in the usual affixal composition; for example, well-known neologisms - occasionalisms of V. Mayakovsky: passportina, hammered, sickle etc.; by model mist - misty, forest- wooded A.P. Chekhov from a noun Frenchman creates an adjective francious and writes in a letter to Ya.P. Polonsky: Yut has nothing to do wrote an empty franjustic vaudeville called "Bear"".

In morphology, emotionally expressive are such forms that appear in an unusual meaning for them, that is, when one form is used in the meaning of another (the phenomenon transposition); For example: And so it could hurt you?(about a man); the use of a neuter pronoun instead of a masculine one conveys the contemptuous attitude of the speaker towards the person - the subject of speech.

The expressive so-called real historical(Praesens historicum), that is, the present tense of the verb used instead of and in the meaning of the past tense; With the help of such a transposition, the speaker, as it were, brings an event that took place in the past closer to the moment of speech, making it concrete and visual: And so a year or two passes. And finally three. And five years pass, and the matter is approaching our days. And then 1933 comes... Here they go to Leningrad. They go to Astoria. Carpets. Tables. The orchestra is playing. Great couples are dancing. So they sit down at the table, order chickens and so on.(M. Zoshchenko). The use of this form is expressive also because, thanks to its use, the narration from the author is, as it were, translated into the narration plan from actor: Events are told as the character sees them.

From syntactic means amplification of expressivity can be called inversion already mentioned above; for example: 1) The lonely sail turns white in the blue mist of the sea(M. Lermontov); 2) The successes of the builders of Moscow this year are significant / (From newspapers). Sentences with objective word order would begin with a local determinant in the blue mist of the sea(in the first sentence) or temporal determinant this year(in the second), since it is they in both cases that serve as a theme in the actual articulation of these sentences; the determinant must be followed in the first sentence by a predicate-subject complex that performs the function of a rheme white sail“What is taking place? What's happening?)", and in the second sentence, the determinant must be followed by an extended subject the successes of the builders of Moscow, which is the second component of a complex theme, and only after it should be the predicate weighty(as an answer to a latent question: “What are the successes of the builders of Moscow this year?”) At the same time, all phrases included in the topic or in the rheme should also have an objective word order in a non-expressive text (for example, in blue haze). Deprived of inversion, sentences with an objective word order would perform the same communicative task as sentences in real texts, would convey the same communicative meaning, but would be deprived of the expression that arises due to inversion; compare with the given expressively colored sentences from the texts experimental sentences without inversion, having the same actual articulation, but the objective word order is:

1) In the blue mist of the sea(detailed, common determinant - topic) // white lonely sail(predicate-subject complex = rheme);

2) This year / successes of Moscow builders(determinant + expanded subject = topic) // weighty(predicate = rheme).

As you can see, experimental sentences without inversion, with an objective word order, have lost their expression.

The study and description of the expressive possibilities of linguistic means of all levels is carried out by the stylistics of resources (they will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 3), the above examples are intended to show that, firstly, linguistic means of all levels can have an emotionally expressive coloring, and in secondly, that the types of emotionally expressive coloring are extremely diverse and heterogeneous, therefore the classification of these types (or types) seems to be a very difficult matter and there is no unity of views on this issue among linguists. Even the question of the emotionally expressive coloring of vocabulary is solved ambiguously. At the same time, not all linguists distinguish between the two sides of stylistic coloring, as was done above. For example, A.N. Gvozdev in "Essays on Stylistics" identifies about 20 groups of emotionally expressive colored words; in particular:

Rhetorical (irresistible- "invincible" unforgettable-"memorable");

Poetic (azure- "blue", cherish -"caress");

- "fresh words" (look -"look", gaze- "sight");

Folk poetic (comely- "beautiful", darling -"native");

Pompous archaic-comic (gluttony - "gluttony", honey-sucking- "flattering");

familiar-affectionate (grandmother- "grandmother", pichuga- "bird"); - disapproving (throw -"throw", shred- "cut"), etc.

I.N. Shmeleva divides all the words of Russian literary language in terms of their stylistic coloring on two groups. AT first group includes the words:

Solemn: aspirations, led, glorify, be done, coming, indestructible, crucible, deeds, forever;

Official: henceforth to ..., research (of funds), name, inform, assign, events, assign (rank, degree), present(in the meaning of "this");

Spoken: gradebook, oatmeal, goofy, fizzle out(meaning "get tired") sunbathe(meaning "do not work");

Colloquial familiars: deliciousness, roar(meaning "to laugh").

Although the author of this classification indicates that these words are united by the fact that they reveal one or another correlation with functional styles, however, it is obvious that the distinction between the functional-stylistic and emotional-expressive sides of stylistic coloring is not made here, as a result of which the classification is inconsistent.

In second the group includes "especially colored elements of artistic speech that do not correlate with functional speech styles":

Traditional poetic: flame, close, from childhood, silent, forehead, fire, eyelids, chamber, fire, foam;

Folk-peasant (words “bearing the stamp of primordially Russian, peasant origin. They are rarely used in the live speech of modern native speakers of the literary language, but are used in artistic creativity as means of expression with a special "folk-peasant" flavor"): to ripen, darling, solonitsa;

Regional: bases, siverko, hut;

Non-normative (this is a group of words that are entrenched in fiction as a means of speech characteristics): teacher, sorry, risky;

Folk poetic: fire, oak forest, beauty(Shmeleva 1975).

The second group is also distinguished inconsistently, since the characteristics "regional" and "profanity" vocabulary do not belong to varieties of emotionally expressive coloring, and besides, these are words that are not included in lexical system literary language. Thus, stylistic literature reveals, firstly, the lack of unity among linguists on the issue of the nature and types of stylistic coloring of vocabulary; secondly, the indistinguishability between the language of fiction and the literary language, which results in the inclusion in the stylistically colored layers of the vocabulary of the literary language of those words that are used in literary texts, but as dialectisms or vernacular elements, i.e., non-literary lexical means that do not lose their functional affiliation with such use and do not turn into "artistic" language units; thirdly, the indistinguishability of the functional-stylistic and emotional-expressive sides of the stylistic coloring, which manifests itself, in particular, in the following: in referring to rhetorical (for example, in A.N. Gvozdev) words and with newspaper-journalistic functional-stylistic coloring (irresistible), and with emotionally expressive (unforgettable), and in the fact that solemn words (this term speaks of emotionally expressive coloring) and official, colloquial (terms characterizing functional and stylistic coloring) are put in one row (for example, by I.N. Shmeleva).

Since the types of emotional-expressive coloring do not represent a closed, final list, we can stop (with a certain degree of conventionality) on such a classification of types of emotional-expressive coloring, which will bring it closer to the scale of functional and stylistic characteristics presented above, which, as we recall, of three divisions: + (plus) / O (zero) / - (minus).

Let's single out three main types of emotionally expressive coloring

(repeat, very conditional):

\) stylistic+ (plus): a) sublime, solemn and b) ameliorative (with a positive emotional and evaluative connotation);

2) stylistic 0 (zero): neutral;

3) stylistic - (minus): a) reduced, familiar and b) pejorative (with a negative emotional-evaluative connotation).

Since emotionally expressive stylistic coloring is associated with the expression of feelings in speech, with the impact of speech on feelings, with an increase in the expressiveness of the word, it is clear that the variety of emotions, assessments, expressive connotations in no way allows such a classification to be made strictly logical, and the list of types of coloring is closed. It is possible, only for the convenience of analysis, to offer this typology as allowing a rather consistent characterization of vocabulary in terms of both functional-style and emotional-expressive stylistic coloring.

Sublime, solemn emotionally expressive stylistic coloring characterizes texts that are distinguished by an elevated, solemn emotional tone. It takes place in the oratory public speech, sustained in (1) newspaper-journalistic or (2) church-religious styles. For example: (1) Let us glorify all the women of the world - workers, creators, friends and mothers!(2) Sisters and brothers! Let's rejoice and give praise to the Almighty!

The following words, for example, have a sublime, solemn emotionally expressive coloring: year, crucible, companion, forever, from now on, all-victorious, led, all-conquering, coming, irresistible, unforgettable, inscribe, glorify.

Ameliorative vocabulary, i.e., positively evaluative, also has connotations of an emotionally expressive nature “with a + sign”: initiator, innovator, worker, champion, righteous, merciful, God-saving.

Neutral in the aspect of emotionally expressive coloring include, for example, the words: inflection, protocol, beginning, stable, popular, fast, many, five, and, know, work, good, negative.

Reduced, familiar emotionally expressive stylistic coloring is observed in cases where speech is different extreme ease; For example: granny, dodger, cutie, face, talker, thrashing, hundred, shirk, stretch out("fell"), yell, yell, useless, shaggy, quickly, five.

The emotional-evaluative connotation "with the sign - (minus)", i.e., negative-evaluative, is called pejorative. This stylistic coloring is characteristic of such words, for example, like a voyage, a bandit, an accomplice, an aggressor, a varmint, a slut, a satan, demonic.

When establishing stylistic coloring, it is important to remember that emotionally expressive coloring language tool(in particular, a word) is capable of coloring speech in a certain way, that is, enriching it with appropriate connotations. Without them, speech is perceived as emotionally-expressively uncolored; For example: The initiator of these cases is a boy from the fifth "B" grade. This offer does not convey subjective attitude the speaker neither to the fact described in it, nor to the message itself. On the contrary, the proposal The instigator of these deeds is a boy from the fifth "B"! - is perceived as emotionally expressively colored, since emotionally evaluative connotations are layered on the denotative content (it is the same in both cases) in the second sentence. Therefore, words like kindness, affectionate, rudeness, being rude, politeness, loving, sadness etc. cannot be considered stylistically colored: what is connected with emotions and evaluation constitutes the very nominative meaning of these words, and they do not contain any stylistic connotations beyond the nominative meaning. Therefore, according to such a statement as He showed kindness again one cannot judge the attitude of the speaker to the phenomenon denoted by the word kindness(example of E.F. Petrishcheva). On the contrary, in the proposal He wants to look good again! the negative emotional attitude of the speaker to the designated event is expressed and, at the same time, the speaker's assessment of his speech as unconstrained, familiar. Consequently, there are connotations of a functional-stylistic and emotionally-expressive nature.

1) exclamatory;

2) non-exclamatory (neutral).

If we consider the structural-semantic types of a simple sentence on a linear scale of transitivity, then the following patterns will be revealed:

1) most often, exclamatory sentences are inseparable sentences and nominative sentences close to them;

2) one-part ones are more often exclamatory than two-part ones;

3) simple ones are more often exclamatory than complex ones.

- Division of proposals into Various types depending on the basis for the division of the characteristic ...
Vocabulary linguistic terms
- K.p. according to s. is stepped: 1) the main opposition is a simple and complex sentence; 2) the division of a simple sentence into types according to structure is based on the difference in the way of expressing predicativity ...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- K.p. according to s. is stepped: 1) the main opposition is a simple and complex sentence ...
Syntax: Dictionary
- According to the function, according to the purposefulness of the statement contained in them, the sentences are divided into: 1) narrative, serving to convey one of the three main forms of thought - judgments ...
Syntax: Dictionary
- The division of sentences into affirmative and negative, in connection with which it is necessary to consider a number of provisions: 1) the ratio of modality and affirmation / negation ...
Syntax: Dictionary
- 1) exclamatory; 2) non-exclamatory...
Syntax: Dictionary
- In Russian studies K.s.p. includes its content and formal aspects. There are a number of classifications: 1) semantic classification developed over a hundred years ago by F.I. Buslaev...
Syntax: Dictionary
- Logical-semantic classification based on syntactic function subordinate clause in relation to the main one, and the subordinate clause is considered as an analogue of a sentence member ...
Syntax: Dictionary
- Types of sentences are distinguished for various reasons: 1) by the number of predicative parts: binary / polynomial sentences; 2) by the presence of allied means of communication: allied / non-allied ...
Syntax: Dictionary
- Selection of simple and complex sentences according to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative, incentive ...
Syntax: Dictionary

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