Reference book on oge Russian language. Suffix - ECK

Library
materials

Directory

to prepare for the OGE

In Russian

Grade 9

Spirovo-2015

№ p/n

Organizer's actions

The actions of the examinee

1 piece of work

100 min.

1.

First reading of the text

Listening to the text

10 minutes.

Comprehension of the read text

5 minutes.

2.

Second reading of the text

Listening to the text

10 minutes.

Writing a concise summary of the text read

75 min.

30 minutes before the completion of this type of work, announce to students about the opportunity to use dictionaries.

10 minutes before the completion of this type of work, remind students to complete the writing of the presentation.

2 part of work

80 min.

Reading the text and solving test tasks

Remind students to complete this activity 5 minutes in advance.

3 part of work

55 min.

Writing an essay-reasoning (15.1, 15.2 or 15.3)

55 min.

After the time allotted for execution all work, collect dictionaries; collect completed exam papers.

Time for writing the entire examination paper 235 minutes (3 hours 55 minutes)

TIME ALLOCATION DURING THE EXAM

INTRODUCTION TO THE EXAM WORK

PART 1 SUMMARY

Listen to the text and do task 1 on a separate sheet. First write the task number, and then the text of the summary.

Listen to the text and write summary.

Please note that you must convey the main content of both each microtopic and the entire text as a whole.

The volume of presentation is not less than 70 words.

Write your essay in neat, legible handwriting.

Among meaningful compression techniques the main texts are:

separation information into primary and secondary,

exception irrelevant and minor information;

clotting initial information through generalization

(translation private to general).

To basic language techniques source text compressions include:

Substitutions:

replacement of homogeneous members with a generalized name;

replacing a fragment of a sentence with a synonymous expression;

replacing a sentence or part of it with a demonstrative pronoun;

replacing a sentence or part of it with a definitive or negative pronoun with a generalizing meaning;

replacing a complex sentence with a simple one.

Exceptions:

exclusion of repetitions;

exclusion of a sentence fragment;

exclusion of one or more of the synonyms.

Mergers:

merging several sentences into one.

The three main types of information compression are merging, replacing, deleting.

How to write a concise summary

1. Listen carefully to the text that you have to summarize in writing.

2. Consider the content of the text, determine which information is primary and which is secondary.

3. Determine the meaning of incomprehensible words.

4. Listening to the text a second time, write in a draft keywords, the most striking expressions that are associated with the transfer of basic information of the text. Then make a plan.

5. Think again about the main ways you can apply text compression when writing a presentation: transferring only the main information of the text; summary one of the fragments or several fragments of the text (for example, replacing the dialogue with one sentence expressing the content of the characters' conversation).

6. Using your notes, your plan, and your decision on how to compress text, start writing draft version condensed presentation.

7. Edit the draft, paying attention to:

a) the accuracy of the transfer of the plot, facts, the logic of the deployment of the topic, the connection between sentences and microthemes of the text;

b) compliance with the requirement of text compression when transmitting its content;

c) compliance of the presentation with the type and style of speech of the source text;

d) compliance with lexical and grammatical norms;

e) spelling and punctuation of the text.

8. Rewrite the text, then check it carefully.

MICROTHEME – Part of one common theme calledsubtopic or microtheme. Around the micro-topic, sentences are grouped that make up a part of the text calledparagraph.

Each paragraph in the letter is highlighted red line- a small indentation.

In a paragraph, usually allocate beginning(or start) development of thought, the end(or ending). Attention!

1. When writing a presentation, the examinee may use vocabulary that differs from that presented in the source text or in the information about the text.

2. The number of paragraphs in a condensed presentation should correspond to the number of micro-topics of the original text.

Reading the examination paper, the expert, coping with this information, establishes the compliance of the content of the graduate's work with the listed micro-topics, their number and sequence.

Criteria for evaluating task 1.

Criteria for evaluating the presentation

Points

The examinee accurately conveyed the main content of the listened text, reflecting all important micro-themes for his perception.

but missed or added 1 microtheme.

The examinee conveyed the main content of the listened text, but missed or added more than one micro-theme.

Source Compression

The examinee applied 1 or more text compression techniques, using them throughout the text.

The examinee applied 1 or more text compression techniques, using them to compress two microtopics of text.

The examinee applied 1 or more text compression techniques, using them to compress one microtopic of text.

The examinee applied 1 or more text compression techniques, using them to compress 1 micro-topic of text,

or the examinee did not use text compression techniques.

Semantic integrity, speech coherence and sequence of presentation

The work of the examinee is characterized by semantic integrity, speech coherence and sequence of presentation:

There are no logical errors, the sequence of presentation is not broken;

There are no violations of paragraph articulation of the text in the work.

The work of the examinee is characterized by semantic integrity, coherence and consistency of presentation,

1 logical error was made,

and/or

there is 1 violation of paragraph articulation of the text in the work.

In the work of the examinee, a communicative intent is visible,

more than 1 logical error was made,

and/or

There are 2 cases of violation of paragraph articulation of the text.

Maximum points for concise presentation according to SG1 - SG3 criteria

7

PART 2

Read the text and complete tasks 2-14.

The answers to tasks 2-14 are a number, a sequence of numbers or a word (phrase), which should be written in the answer field in the text of the work.

Checking assignments 2-14

For the correct completion of the tasks of part 2 of the examination paper, the examinee receives alone points for each correctly completed task. Behind incorrect the answer or its absence is exhibited zero points.

Theoretical material of part 2

Task2.

Comprehension of written speech in various spheres and situations of communication.

Text as a product of speech activity. Semantic and compositional integrity of the text.

Extracting information from various sources.

Required terminology.

Text - an ordered sequence of language units functioning in oral or written speech, united by a common theme and idea. The most important feature of the text is integrity and coherence.

Theme of the text – what it says; depicted phenomenon. Often the topic is reflected in the title of the text.

Main idea of ​​the text – what the text was created for, what it calls for, what it convinces.

Argument - argument, reason, judgment (or their combination), cited to prove the expressed thought.

Argue- those. present evidence and arguments.

Original text - text proposed for analysis.

Problem comment - interpretation, explanation of the main issue of the original text.

Communicative intent (from lat.communico - I make it general) - an attempt by the examinee to express his point of view on the information contained in the source text (communicative competence - the ability to speech interaction in various areas of communication).

Opinion – own judgment on the proposed problem; sight; point of view.

Source text problem - the main question posed in the text, requiring study, resolution. Attention! There may be several problems (questions).

Issues - a set of questions (problems) posed by the author in the text.

Thesis - this is the main idea (of a text or speech), expressed in words, the main statement of the speaker, which he tries to justify. Most often, the thesis is deployed in stages, so it may seem that the author puts forward several theses. In fact, separate parts (sides) of the main idea are considered.

Characteristics of the hero - disclosure distinguishing features and properties of the characters in the work in their own direct speech, as well as in the description of its features by the author.

Task 3 Expressiveness of Russian speech. means of expression.

Figurative and expressive means of language

TROPES - the use of the word in a figurative sense.

List of trails

Term meaning

Example

Allegory

Allegory. Trope, which consists in the allegorical depiction of an abstract concept with the help of a concrete, life image.

In fables and fairy tales, cunning is shown in the form of a fox, greed - a wolf.

Hyperbola

Artistic medium based on exaggeration

The eyes are huge

spotlights.

(V. Mayakovsky.)

Grotesque

Extreme exaggeration, giving the image a fantastic character

Mayor with a stuffed head at Saltykov-Shchedrin

Irony

Ridicule, which contains an assessment of what is ridiculed. The sign of irony is double meaning, where the true will not be directly stated, but the opposite, implied

Where, smart,are you crazy, head? (I. Krylov.)

Litotes

Artistic medium based on understatement (as opposed to hyperbole)

The waist is no thicker than a bottle neck. (N. Gogol.)

Metaphor,

deployed

metaphor

Hidden comparison. A type of trope in which individual words or expressions come together in terms of the similarity of their meanings or in contrast. Sometimes the whole poem is an extended poetic image

With a sheaf of your hair

oat You touched me forever. (S. Yesenin.)

Metonymy

A type of path in which words come together according to the contiguity of the concepts they denote. A phenomenon or object is depicted using other words or concepts. For example, the name of the profession is replaced by the name of the instrument of activity. There are many examples: the transfer from a vessel to the contents, from a person to his clothes, from locality to residents, from organization to participants, from author to works

When the shore of hell Will take me forever, When the Pen will fall asleep forever, my joy ... (A. Pushkin.)

On silver, on gold ate.

Well, eat another plate, son.

personification

Such an image of inanimate objects, in which they are endowed with the properties of living beings with the gift of speech, the ability to think and feel

What are you howling about, wind

night, What are you complaining about so madly?

(F. Tyutchev.)

Paraphrase (or paraphrase)

One of the tropes in which the name of an object, person, phenomenon is replaced by an indication of its features, the most characteristic, enhancing the figurativeness of speech

King of beasts (instead of lion)

Synecdoche

A type of metonymy, which consists in transferring the meaning of one object to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them: a part instead of a whole; the whole in the meaning of the part; singular in the meaning of general; replacing a number with a set; replacement of a specific concept by a generic one

All flags will visit us. (A. Pushkin.); Swede, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts. We all look at the Napoleons.

Comparison

A technique based on comparing a phenomenon or concept with another phenomenon

The ice that has grown stronger on the icy river lies like melting sugar. (N. Nekrasov.)

Epithet

figurative definition; a word that defines an object and emphasizes its properties

dissuaded by the grove

golden birch cheerful language.

Figure

Term meaning

Example

Anaphora (or one-beginning)

The repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of sentences, poetic lines, stanzas.

I love you, Peter's creation, I love your strict, slender view…

Antithesis

stylistic contrast,

opposition of phenomena and concepts. Often based on the use of antonyms

And the new denies the old so much!.. It grows old before our eyes! Already shorter skirts. It's already longer! Leaders are younger. It's already older! Better manners.

gradation

(graduality) - a stylistic means that allows you to recreate events and actions, thoughts and feelings in the process, in development, in increasing or decreasing significance

I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry, Everything will pass, as with whites

apple smoke.

Inversion

permutation; stylistic figure, consisting in violation of the general grammatical sequence of speech

He shot past the doorman like an arrow up the marble steps.

Lexical repetition

Intentional repetition of the same word in the text

I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry! And I forgive you, and I forgive you. I do not hold evil, I promise you, But only you, too, forgive me!

Pleonasm

The repetition of similar words and phrases, the injection of which creates one or another stylistic effect.

My friend, my friend, I am very, very sick.

Oxymoron

A combination of opposite words that don't go together

Dead souls, bitter joy, sweet grief, ringing silence.

Rhetorical question, exclamation, appeal

Techniques used to enhance the expressiveness of speech. A rhetorical question is asked not with the aim of getting an answer to it, but for an emotional impact on the reader. Exclamations and appeals enhance emotional perception

Where are you galloping, proud horse, And where will you lower your hooves? (A. Pushkin.) What a summer! What a summer! Yes, it's just witchcraft.

(F. Tyutchev.)

syntactic

parallelism

A technique consisting in a similar construction of sentences, lines or stanzas

I look to the future

with fear, I look at the past with longing...

Default

A figure that allows the listener to guess and think for himself what will be discussed in a suddenly interrupted statement

You'll go home soon: Look... Well, what? my

fate, To tell the truth, very Nobody is concerned.

Ellipsis

Figure poetic syntax, based on the omission of one of the members of the sentence, easily restored in meaning

We villages - in ashes, hailstones - in dust, In swords - sickles and plows. (V. Zhukovsky.)

Epiphora

A stylistic figure opposite to anaphora; repetition at the end of lines of poetry of a word or phrase

Dear friend, and in this quiet

HOME Fever beats me. Can't find me a quiet place

House near the peaceful fire. (A. Blok.)

Terms

Meaning

Examples

Antonyms,

contextual

antonyms

Words that are opposite in meaning.

Contextual antonyms- it is in the context that they are opposite. Out of context, this contrast is lost.

Wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire... (A. Pushkin.)

Synonyms

contextual

synonyms

Words that are close in meaning. Contextual synonyms - it is in the context that they are close. Out of context, intimacy is lost

To desire - to want, to have a hunt, to strive, to dream, to crave, to hunger

Homonyms

Words that sound the same but have different meanings

Knee - a joint connecting the thigh and lower leg; passage in birdsong

homographs

Miscellaneous words matched in spelling but not in pronunciation

Castle (palace) - lock (on the door), Flour (torment) - flour (product)

Paronyms

Words that are similar in sound but different in meaning

Heroic - heroic, double - dual, effective - real

Words in a figurative sense

Unlike direct meaning words, stylistically neutral, devoid of imagery, figurative - figurative, stylistically colored

Sword of justice, sea of ​​light

Dialectisms

A word or phrase that exists in a certain area and is used in speech by the inhabitants of this area

Draniki, shanezhki, beetroots

jargon

Words and expressions outside literary norm belonging to some kind of jargon - a type of speech used by people united by a commonality of interests, habits, activities

Head - watermelon, globe, saucepan, basket, pumpkin...

Profession-isms

Words used by people of the same profession

Caboose, boatswain, watercolor, easel

Terms

Words intended to denote special concepts of science, technology, etc.

Grammar, surgical, optics

Book vocabulary

Words characteristic of written speech and having a special stylistic coloring

Immortality, incentive, prevail...

colloquial

vocabulary

The words, colloquial use,

characterized by some roughness, reduced character

Doodle, flirtatious, wobble

Neologisms (new words)

New words emerging to denote new concepts that have just emerged. There are also individual author's neologisms

There will be a storm - we'll bet

And let's have fun with her.

Obsolete words (archaisms)

Words ousted from modern language

others denoting the same concepts

Fair - excellent, diligent - caring,

foreigner - foreigner

Borrowed

Words transferred from words in other languages

Parliament, Senate, MP, consensus

Phraseologisms-we

Stable combinations of words, constant in their meaning, composition and structure, reproduced in speech as whole lexical units

To prevaricate - to be hypocritical, to beat the buckets - to mess around, in a hurry - quickly

Expressive - emotional vocabulary

Conversational.

Words that have a slightly reduced stylistic coloring compared to neutral vocabulary, which are characteristic of the spoken language, are emotionally colored.

Dirty, screamer, bearded man

Emotionally colored words

Estimated character, both positive and negative.

Adorable, wonderful, disgusting, villain

Words with suffixes of emotional evaluation.

Cute little hare, little mind, brainchild

ARTISTIC POSSIBILITIES OF MORPHOLOGY

1. Expressive usage case, gender, animation, etc.

Something air it is not enough for me,

I drink the wind, I swallow the fog... (V. Vysotsky.)

We rest in Sochah.

How much Plushkins divorced!

2. Direct and portable use verb tense forms

I'm coming i went to school yesterday see announcement: "Quarantine". Oh and rejoiced I!

3. Expressive use of words of different parts of speech.

happened to me most amazing story!

I got unpleasant message.

I was visiting at her. The cup will not pass you by this.

4. Use of interjections, onomatopoeic words.

Here is closer! They jump ... and into the yard Yevgeny! "Oh!"- and lighter shade Tatiana jump into other canopies. (A. Pushkin.)

AUDIO EXPRESSION

Means

Term meaning

Example

Alliteration

Reception of figurative amplification by repetition of consonant sounds

hiss foamy glasses And punch flame blue ..

Alternation

Sound alternation. The change of sounds occupying the same place in a morpheme in different cases of its use.

Tangent - touch, shine - flash.

Assonance

Reception of figurative amplification by repetition of vowel sounds

The thaw is boring to me: the stench, the dirt, in the spring I am sick. (A. Pushkin.)

sound recording

The technique of enhancing the figurativeness of the text by constructing phrases, lines in such a way that would correspond to the reproduced picture

For three days it was heard how on the road a boring, long

The joints were tapping: to the east, east, east ...

(P. Antokolsky reproduces the sound of carriage wheels.)

Sound-

zhanie

Imitation with the help of the sounds of the language of the sounds of living and inanimate nature

When the mazurka thundered... (A. Pushkin.)

ARTISTIC SYNTAX CAPABILITIES

1. Rows of homogeneous members of the proposal.

When empty and weak a person hears a flattering review about his dubious merits, he revels with your vanity, arrogant and quite loses his tiny ability to be critical of his deeds and to your person.(D. Pisarev.)

2. Offers with introductory words, appeals, separate members.

Probably, there, in native places just like in my childhood and youth, kupava blooms in the marsh backwaters and the reeds rustle, who made me with their rustle, with their prophetic whispers, that poet, who I have become, who I was, who I will be when I die. (K. Balmont.)

3. Expressive use of sentences of various types (compound, compound, unionless, one-part, incomplete, etc.).

They speak Russian everywhere; it is the language of my father and my mother, it is the language of my babysitter, my childhood, my first love, almost every moment of my life, which entered my past as an integral property, as the basis of my personality. (K. Balmont.)

4. Dialogical presentation.

- Well? Is it true that he is so handsome?

- Surprisingly good, handsome, one might say. Slender, tall, blush all over the cheek ...

- Right? And I thought he had a pale face. What? What did he look like to you? Sad, thoughtful?

- What do you? Yes, I have never seen such a mad one. He took it into his head to run into the burners with us.

- Run into the burners with you! Impossible!(A. Pushkin.)

5. Parceling - a stylistic device for dividing a phrase into parts or even separate words in order to give speech intonational expression by means of its jerky pronunciation. Parceled words are separated from each other by dots or exclamation marks, while observing the remaining syntactic and grammar rules.

Freedom and brotherhood. There will be no equality. None. Nobody. Not

equal. Never.(A. Volodin.) He saw me and frozen. Numb. Stopped talking.

6. Non-union or asyndeton - intentional omission of unions, which gives the text dynamism, swiftness.

Swede, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts.

People knew: somewhere, very far from them, there is a war.

To be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest.

7. Polyunion or polysyndeton - repeating unions serve to logically and intonationally emphasize the members of the sentence connected by the unions.

The ocean was moving before my eyes, and it swayed, and thundered, and sparkled, and faded, and shone, and went somewhere to infinity.

I will either sob, or scream, or faint.

Task 4. Spelling prefixes

Invariable prefixes

From-, on-, to-, over-, under-, in-, s-, for-, about-, pre-, re-.

From go, on look, before work, with beat, with make, above letter.

Remember! Here, the building, health, not a single thing is visible.

BUT- a logical a morphic

Pa- pa vodka, pa portage, pa lip

Pra- (meaning original, ancient), right grandfather

su- su darkness, su clay

Prefixes ending in Z and S

Without (s) - woz (s) -vz(s)-through (s) -through(s)-from(from)-bottom (s) -

times (s) - (roses (s)

Before voiced consonants

OnceG give, oncel jubilee, fromm erite, WHOin sigh, withoutd ohm

Before voiceless consonants

Raswith to swim, racest heret, ist ratify vosto click, demonh sensory, demonc enny

dez-, dis(s)-des infection, diz junction, dis harmony

rose(s)-time(s) -Rabouth valni, once shaft

Prefixes not and neither

Pronouns

under stress without

accents

not who neither who

not what neither what

not whom neither whom

Adverbs

not when neither when

not where neither where

not where neither where

Distinguishing prefixes under- and particles not

with prefix to-

Under-(antonym re-) Not before

1. Action done below Action not

norms: completed:

under salt, under ship Not watched the movie.

Nedo Look after a baby. Not eat soup.

Unemployed under eat. Not heard the phrase.

Nedo heard the phrase.

2. In insufficient quantities: Not reaches the window

Nedo becomes patience. (does not reach).

Prefixes pre- and pre-

1. Proximity (at school)

2.Connections(at sew)

3. Incomplete action(at open)

4. Actions to the end(at think)

5. Strengthened action(at look)

6. Acting in your own interests(at pocket)

7. Related activities(at sing)

1. The value of the degree of quality (very)

pre kind (very kind) pre wise (very wise)

2. Close to re-

pre tear (break) pre fence (to fence off)

Distinguish spelling by meaning!

Pre multiply (multiply) at multiply slightly)

Pre to be (to be) at to be (come)

Pre to give (someone) at give (meaning)

Pre to hate (hate) at to gaze (look)

Pre bow (respectfully) at bend (a branch to the ground)

Pre step (break) - at step on (something)

Pre to create (to life) at create (door)

Pre walking (temporary) - at walking (teacher)

Remember!

Prevail, perverse, present, reprove, presidium, stop, seduce, prelude, preparation, neglect, prevail, transform, overcome, premiere, bicker, present, obstacle, bicker, notorious, repose (die), pretender, claim, endure, precedent , stumble, pursue, present, turn.

Jest, fastidious, privilege, picky, priority, biased, swear, pretender, get used to, friend, adventure, claim, follower, primitive, order, bizarre, device, invite.

Prefixes written with a hyphen

In-, in-, if there are suffixes -s- and -them-

(in- perv uh, w- third them)

By-, if there are suffixes th- and –him-, -ski-, –ki-, -i- (in- wolf and, by new uh-huh rus ski, in- Italian ski)

something when, something where (but something with whom).

Y - And after prefixes

S after prefixes on a consonant:

withouts interesting - and interesting, froms play - and play

Remember! Vz and mother

And 1. after prefixes: inter- ( betweenand university)

above-( aboveand interesting)

2. after foreign prefixes: ( superand gra, counterand gra)

3. in the second root compound words:

(ped and institute, sport and inventory)

Task 5. SPELLING OF SUFFIXES.

Vowels and consonants in suffixes of nouns, adjectives, participles, verbs.

Spelling of noun suffixes.

Suffix - EK

Suffix -IK

If a vowel drops out during declension

Lock - lock, friend - friend, son - son

Does not fall out when declining a vowel

A key - a key, a chest - a chest, a ray - a ray.

Suffix -CHIK

Suffix -SHIK

After D -T, W - S, F

Scout, pilot, loader, peddler, defector.

In other cases

Lamplighter, bricklayer, dancer, draftsman.

EC suffix

IC suffix

Neuter gender

Masculine gender with a fluent vowel: frost-frost

Feminine

Nurse, ladder, book.

The emphasis falls on the ending

stress precedes suffix

letter

armchair

Suffix -HCHK

Suffix - ECK

female, educated. from the basics to -IC-: smart girl - smart girl

Other cases and on -MYA

Morning - morning, name-name

Suffix -INK

Suffix -ENK

From noun. on - INA: pearl - pearl, straw - straw.

Odush. Ex. Female gender: French, sissy.

Diminutives for women base on -N:

Pine - pine, song.

-ENK

- YINK

- ONK

After hissing and soft consonants: Mashenka, river, Katenka

Only in words: BAINKI, HAREENKA, GOODWOOD

After the rest of the consonants: liponka, fox, Lizonka.

Spelling of suffixes of adjectives.

Suffix -iv

Suffix -ev (-evat, -evit)

under stress: lazy, handsome Exception:

gracious

with unstressed pronunciation

shenia: key, soy, combat, dashing

Suffix - to

Suffix - sk

If adj. has a short form: narrow - narrow, daring - daring

Formed from noun. with a base on K, Ch, C: German - German, fisherman - fisherman, weaver - weaver

In other cases.

Belarusian - Belarusian,

French - French.

Spelling of verb suffixes.

Suffix –ova, -eva

Suffix –yva, -iva.

If in 1 person singular verb ends in – wow, wow.

Lead - lead

Fight - fight.

If the same suffix is ​​preserved in the indefinite form and in the past tense. Scouting - scouting - scouting.

Spelling of participle suffixes.

Suffix -UCH, -YUSCH, -EM

Suffix -ASCH, -YASCH, --IM.

If the participle is formed from the verb 1 conjugation.

Struggling - fighting.

If the participle is formed from the verb 2 conjugation.

Breathe - breathable.

Suffix -ANN, -YANN

Suffix _ENN

If the participle is formed from a verb in an indefinite form on -at, -yat.

endure - weathered

If the participle is formed from a verb in an indefinite form on -et, -it, -ty, -ch

Injure - injured.

One and two letters H in suffixes of adjectives, participles, adverbs in -o and -e.

Н and НН in nouns.

In nouns, as many Hs are written as in the word from which it is formed: oil - oil worker, prisoner - prisoner, educated - education, living room - hotel, exiled - exile. In nouns, HH is written if one H is included in the root, and the second H is in the suffix: insomnia, swindler, aspen.

REMEMBER: dowry, dowry.

H and HH in adjectives.

REMEMBER: it is necessary to distinguish between adjectives formed from nouns (nouns) and those formed from verbs (verbal adjectives). AT denominated adjectives are written

in suffix -IN-; in suffixes -HE N-. -ENN-:

goose, swan, excursion, lecture

in suffixes -AN-, -YAN-, morning, solemn

ice, silver, leather if the adjective is educational

but from a noun with

Exceptions: glass,

wooden, pewter on -N:fog - misty

bottom - bottomless

in a short adjective, in a short adjective,

if in full one letter H if in full two letters

beautiful - beautiful valuable thing - valuable thing

REMEMBER THE WORDS: windy(day,

Human), wind(engine), windmill(mill,

smallpox), pig, crimson, rye, ruddy, young, zealous,

drunk, blue

AT verbal adjectives spelled HH

If the adjective is formed from a verb with suffixes -OVA- (-EVA-):

pickle - pickled.

In verbal adjectives it is written one H

1) if the adjective is formed from the verb imperfect form: cook (nes. v.) - boiled potatoes; dry (nes. v.) - undried berries;

2) in compound adjectives formed from combinations of adverbs (smoothly, few, many, etc.) and verbal adjectives: smooth-colored, little-travelled.

BUT: plain dyed ( full communion), since the second part of the word is formed from the verb of the perfect form.

REMEMBER the spelling of the words: smart, unexpected, unexpected, unprecedented, unheard of, unexpected, desperate, desired, slow, done, sacred, forged, chewed.

H and HH in participles

HH in full participles:

1. There is a prefix, except NOT Dried flower.

2. Formed from a non-prefixed perfective verb.

3. There are dependent words

mushrooms dried in the sun (there are words dependent on the sacrament).

One H

in short participles; the porridge is cooked, the book is read, the boat is abandoned.

One and two letters H in adverb suffixes in -o and -e.

Write as many N as in the adjectives from which the adverb is formed.

interesting - interesting

Sad - sad

Confident - confident

courageous - courageous

Vowels before -Н-, -НН- in participles and verbal adjectives

Ann- (-yann-) in verbs in -at, -yat

detain - detained

Enn- in verbs in -it, -et

view - viewed
buy - purchased

The difference between short forms of participles and short forms of adjectives

1) Short participles (only -n-):

The troops are concentrated. Concentrated - a short participle, can be replaced by a verb: Troops concentrated.

2) Short adjectives (with -k- and -nn-: as much -k- as in full form): The student is well-mannered and careful.(Well-mannered and neat - short adjectives, because here the characteristics of the student are given, and not her actions. Full forms can be formed: A well-mannered and tidy student).

The letters E and Yo after past passive participles hissing in suffixes

1) E is written without stress: a twisted boy.

2) Yo is written under stress: a solved problem.

-Н- and -НН- in adverbs for -0, -Е

1) -Н- is written if the adverb was formed from the adjective with -Н-:

interesting (interesting), fascinating (fascinating).

2) -НН- is written if the adverb is formed

from an adjective with -nn-:

confused (confused), temporarily (temporary).

Task 6

The lexical meaning of the word. Synonyms. Antonyms. Homonyms.

Lexical analysis of the word. Selection and organization of language tools in accordance with the topic, goals, scope and situation of communication.

The totality of all the words of a language constitutes its vocabulary.

Branch of the science of language that studies vocabulary language is called lexicology.

Words in the language serve to name objects, signs of objects, actions, signs of actions, quantity.

What a single independent word means is its lexical meaning.

The vocabulary of the modern Russian language differs active and passive reserves.

AT active vocabulary includes those everyday words, the meaning of which is clear to all people who speak this language. The words of this group are devoid of any shades of obsolescence.

To passive The reserve includes such words that have a pronounced coloring of obsolescence or have not yet become widely known due to their novelty.

The lexical meaning can be the only one in the word. Words with a single lexical meaning related to a specific subject, attribute, action, etc. are called unambiguous.

A word that has several lexical meanings (two or more) is called polysemantic.

Single-valued words over time can acquire new meanings and become ambiguous.

Words denoting objects, signs, actions, quantity, act in direct meaning.

When transferring the name of one object (attribute, action) as a name for another object (attribute, action), the word forms a new lexical meaning, which is called portable.

The transfer of the name occurs on the basis of the similarity of objects in something, for example:

personification

bagel(test item) bagel(steering wheel in driver's speech)

emerald(brooch)

emerald(grass)

forge(chain) forge(frost the river)

Homonyms words of the same part of speech are called, the same in sound and spelling, but different in lexical meaning, for example: large and bright auditorium(hall) - attentive friendly audience(people); cancer(animal) - cancer(disease).

Paronyms - the words , words that are similar in sound but different in meaning.

For example: heroic - heroic, double - dual.

Synonyms- These are words of the same part of speech that mean the same thing, but differ from each other in shades of lexical meaning and use in speech. For example: blizzard, blizzard, blizzard, snowstorm.

Synonyms make up a series of words, which is commonly called synonymous side by side.

Some synonyms differ in stylistic coloring (stylistic synonyms), For example: steal(neutral), kidnap(official), steal(colloquial), steal(simple).

Contextual synonyms - words that come together in their meanings in context.

Antonyms- these are words of one part of speech with the opposite lexical meaning . Hot - cold, truth - lie.

In a polysemantic word, antonyms can refer to different lexical meanings.

Polysemantic words and their antonyms.

polysemantic word fresh

Antonyms for different meanings of the word

fresh

"newly baked" "just appeared" "not used"

fresh (bread)- stale (bread) fresh (magazine)- old (magazine) fresh (collar)- filthy (collar)

Phraseologisms - stable combination of words, holistic in meaning.

For example: hand on heart, hold a stone in your bosom, run headlong or in full sail, longing takes, burn with shame, etc.

Task 7. Phrase.
phrase - syntax unit. This is a combination of two or more independent words, bound friend with each other in meaning and grammatically.

A phrase consists of a main and a dependent word. The main word is the word from which we raise a question to the dependent.

main word

dependent word

Question -

The main word in a phrase can be expressed by various independent parts of speech.

According to the nature of the main word, phrases are divided into nominal, verbal and adverbial.

Nominal - in such phrases, the main word can be expressed by one of the nominal parts of speech - a noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun.

Verbs - in such phrases, the main word can be expressed by a verb, gerunds or participles.

Adverbial - in such phrases, the main word is expressed by an adverb.

According to their meaning, all phrases are assigned to one of the following groups:

The subject and its attribute

action and subject

Sign and its degree

Blue Moon

wonder at miracles

Cold in winter

New house

Get ready for the lesson

Unusually cozy

Words in phrases are connected with the help of a subordinate connection.

According to the type of connection of words in a phrase, the following groups are distinguished:

Relationship of words in a phrase

agreement

dependent + main

gender, number, case

the main street
female, unit, I.p. = fat, unit, I.p

Changes both the main and the dependent

control

dependent + main

wood product (from what? R.p.)

Only the essential changes

contiguity

dependent ( adverb,
infinitive, gerund )

The main thing

meaning

as?
quietly whisper
what?

offer to enter
as?

talk smiling

wood product (control)- wooden product agreement.)

Task 8.11. Grammatical basis suggestions.

Subject and predicate.

C WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE SUBJECT

1. Noun (in I.p.)

Guests arrived in the morning.

2. Pronoun (in I.p.)

I was in the museum.

3. Adjective (in I.p.)

Elder helped the younger ones.

4. Communion (in I.p.)

Wishing they could ride.

5. Numeral name (in I.p.)

two yes two - four.

6. Indefinite form of the verb

smoke - harm health.

7. Adverb

Tomorrow will never come.

8. Interjection

Ha-ha-ha heard in the meadow.

9. Syntactically indivisible phrase.

Pansies grow in the garden.

TYPES OF PREDICTION

simple verb

verb in the form of some mood (expresses lexical and grammatical meanings)

He falls asleep.

We let's not sleep.

Compound verb

auxiliary verb (expresses grammatical meaning and part of the lexical) + indefinite form verb (expresses lexical meaning)

Rain stopped making noise.

Compound noun

linking verb (expresses grammatical meaning) + nominal part(expresses lexical meaning)

Play was interesting.

My brother- teacher.

WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE NOMINAL PART OF THE PREDICT

1. Adjective

He cheerful. He was cheerful.

2. Noun

He merry fellow. Whole garden in bloom.

3. Communion

Letter was delayed.

4. Numerals

two yes three will be five.

5. Pronoun

The Cherry Orchard now my.

6. Adverb

her shoes they will fit.

7. Syntactically indivisible phrase

He was tall.

She is she had tearful eyes.

DASH BETWEEN SUBJECT AND VERB

A dash is placed:

1. Noun+ noun

Forest - friend person.

2. N. f. ch. + n. f. vb.

will guard nature- be in love homeland.

3. Number + numeral

Two by two - four.

4. Noun+ n. f. vb.

Ourtask - wellto study.

5. N. f. vb. + noun

Walk barefoot- pleasure.

6. This, here, means

Reading - here is the bestteaching.

Dash is not put:

1. With the predicate there is not

Starost not joy.

2. When the predicate is as if

Pond like a mirror.

3. Under lien. = pronoun.

He doctor.

If a logical falls on a pronoun

accent, then dash can be placed

You- best Human in the world.

Simple sentences: two-part and one-part.

Bipartite: subject and predicate.

One-part: either the predicate or the subject.

One-part sentences

Kinds

What is the main term

What is the main term expressed (main cases)

Examples

with main member

predicate

definitely personal

an action that a certain person performs (I, you, we, you): it is indicated by the ending of the verb-predicate

1) a verb of the indicative mood of the 1st or 2nd person;

2) imperative verb

1)I love a thunderstorm in early May (Tyutchev).

2) Call me pigeons, call to work and peace on earth!

vaguely personal

the action of some persons: they are thought indefinitely

1) a 3rd person plural verb;

2) past tense verb plural. numbers

1) And on the ruins of autocracy write our names (Pushkin).

2) Forever overthrown the power of the bourgeoisie and nobles.

generalized-personal

an action that any person can perform (everyone, everyone)

1) by the verb of the 2nd person indicative or command, mood;

2) 3rd person verb sets, numbers

1) harassing a single word for the sake of a thousand tons of verbal ore.

2) Glory by labor mined(Proverb).

impersonal

an action or state independent of the actor (it occurs as if by itself)

1) impersonal verb or personal in the meaning of impersonal;

2) infinitive;

3) adverb; compound nominal predicate.

4) words no, it was not

1) Nowhere can't breathe free native meadows, native fields.

2) to you not to see such battles.

3) To a person cold without songs.

4) Not nothing is more joyful than work. (N. Ostrovsky).

From chapters. subject member

nominal

only the presence of objects, phenomena or persons

noun in the nominative case

Crossing, crossing... Dark, cold...(Twardowski).

Task 9,10. Simple compound sentence

A simple sentence can be complicated:

homogeneous members of the proposal;

separate members of the proposal;

water structures;

appeals.

Homogeneous members of a sentence - such members of the proposal that:

answer the same question; refer to the same member of the sentence;

are connected to each other by a link.

For example: Snow fell onroofs , benches , sidewalk s.

Homogeneous members of the sentence can be all members of the sentence: subject ( Children andadults rejoiced at the holiday), predicates ( Swedestabs , cuts , cuts ), definitions. ( The Christmas tree was decoratedred , yellow , blue lights), additions ( I seesky . shore , sea ), circumstances ( I lovestrongly , ardently , gently .).

Homogeneous members of a sentence can be expressed both in words of one part of speech, and in words of different parts of speech; can be combined in a sentence with the help of coordinating unions and enumerative intonation; complicate the sentence one by one, two or more; have a summary word with you everything, everywhere, nothing and etc.

II. Separate members of the proposal.

Isolated members of a sentence are those that stand out in meaning and intonation. Separate members of the proposal are divided into the following groups:

1. Separate definitions:

a) expressed by single or homogeneous adjectives, sometimes adjectives with dependent words ( And he,rebellious asks for storms...

(M.Yu. Lermontov);

b) expressed by participial turnover (Childish cry,echoed , from morning to night rattles through the forests);

c) expressed by the application (Volga,great Russian river , cannot but amaze with beauty and grandeur).

2. Standalone add-ons (Everyone workedincluding the commander ).

3 Special circumstances:

a) expressed by a single gerund or participle turnover (having a good night's sleep , I came in a good mood);

b) expressed by a noun with prepositions despite, thanks to, contrary to, due to, etc. (In the house, in spite of hard frost , It was warm).

4. Separate clarifying members of the sentence , which are used to specify or clarify other members of the sentence.

Member of the proposal

Example

Circumstance

On the left, v shore, we stopped to rest.

Definition

She was wearing a dress of red, almost scarlet, color.

Addition

The return of the whole family, even the shaggy dog, had an invigorating effect on him.

The main members of the proposal

The old woman, the watchman, was very frightened by the story.

III. Introductory designs:

1. Introductory words - the words by which the speaker expresses his attitude to what he is talking about.

For example: You maybe, hungry.

2. introductory sentences (One day (it was last spring year) we went fishing.)

IV. Appeals - these are words or combinations of words that name that] to whom the speaker is addressing with a speech. (Why don't you sleep?mother !)

Punctuation marks in a simple compound sentence.

Punctuation marks between homogeneous members

A comma is placed:

1) If there are no unions. On the desk were a textbook, a notebook, a pen.

2) Before opposing conjunctions a, but, yes: We moved quickly but carefully.

3) Before repeating alliances: He bought a diary, and a pen, and a notebook.

4) Before the second part of double alliances : Both boys and girls went out to clean up

territory.

Note. A comma is placed before the union yes and:

He spoke excellent English, and he knew French quite well.

The comma is not put:

Before single connecting or separating unions:

Daisies and cornflowers bloomed in the meadow. I will dance or sing for you.

Note. The comma is not placed in phraseological turns: neither fish nor meat, neither this nor that, day and night, neither matchmaker nor brother, etc.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

The comma is placed if the definitions are homogeneous, i.e. they denote signs that are equally related to the subject, and a union can be inserted between them and:

The girl had orange, red, blue balloons in her hands.

Definitions can be both single and widespread:

He was with a short girl dressed in a blue suit with a white blouse.

The comma is not placed if the definitions are not homogeneous, i.e. they denote signs that characterize an object with different parties, between them you can not put a union and: In the store, he bought a leather black diplomat.

Note:

1) There are definitions that refer to one subject, but may

be both homogeneous and heterogeneous:

A beautiful big house stood on a hill. A beautiful, large (= good) house stood on a hill.

2) Definitions-epithets (artistic, emotional definitions) are usually homogeneous, for example: Heavy, black clouds slowly crawled across the sky.

Punctuation marks for generalizing words in sentences with homogeneous members.

1. Colon:

It is placed after the generalizing word before homogeneous members:

He saw everything: the forest, the river, the road.

2. Dash:

It is placed after homogeneous members before the generalizing word:

Forest, river, road - he saw everything.

3. Colon and dash:

After the generalizing word, a colon is placed before homogeneous members, and after them - a dash, if the sentence continues:

Everything: the forest, the river, the road - he saw.

Note. After generalizing words before homogeneous terms in book speech words can be: a exactly, For example, somehow. They are preceded by a comma, followed by a colon.

It was necessary to purchase various stationery, for example: albums, colored paper, paints and gouache.

Punctuation marks when addressing

The sentence is separated by commas:

Children, I will tell you about Mazai.(N. Nekrasov.)

If it stands at the beginning of a sentence and is pronounced with a special feeling, then it is separated exclamation mark , and the sentence begins with capital letter:

Mosv a! I love you like a son.(M.Yu. Lermontov)

If the inversion is preceded by a particle about and merges with it in pronunciation, then a comma does not separate from it:

How beautiful you are, o forest, in the attire of autumn!

SEPARATION OF DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS

Separated by commas

Examples

1. Any definitions and applications (regardless of their prevalence and location), if they refer to a personal pronoun

friends with childhood, they never parted.

They, agronomists, went to work in the village.

2. Agreed common definitions and applications, if they come after the noun being defined

The berries picked by the children were delicious. Grandfather, a participant in the war, knew everything about that distant time.

3. Two or more homogeneous agreed non-common definitions after the noun being defined

The wind, warm and gentle, woke the flowers in the meadow.

4. Agreed definitions and applications (standing before the noun being defined), if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.)

Exhausted by the hard road, the guys could not continue the journey.(cause).

5. Agreed applications (including single ones), if they are after the word being defined - a proper noun.

Exception: single applications that merge with a noun in meaning are not distinguished.

The detachment was headed by Sergei Smirnov, an experienced intelligence officer.

In adolescence, I read the books of Dumas père.

APPS WITH UNIONAS

Isolates itself

Not isolated

if it has a connotation of causation:

if union as has the meaning "as" or application with conjunction as characterizes an object from any one side:

how true poet, Nekrasov is loved by his people.

Everyone knew Zhenya as a reliable friend.

SEPARATION OF CIRCUMSTANCES

Isolates itself

Not isolated

1. Participles and single participles: We went,drowning in the sand.

I, out of breath has stopped.

2. With a pretext in spite of: He smileddespite

to a bad mood.

3. With derivative prepositions thanks to, in spite of etc., if they stand before the predicate:

Contrary to prediction the weather cleared up.

1. Phraseologisms, which include gerunds:

He listened open mouth.

He worked through the sleeves.

2. Adverbs standing, lying down, silently, reluctantly, joking, not looking, playing and etc.

He read lying down. He read lying down.

But: He was reading,lying on the sofa.

PUNCIATION MARKS FOR CLAIMING MEMBERS

Isolate themselves

Examples

1. Clarifying circumstances of place and time

The guys returned from the tour late at night. , At twelve o'clock.

2. Clarifying members of the proposal, attached with the help of unions that is, or(= i.e)

Albatrosses flew and screamed over the water , that is, sea gulls.

3. Specifying members with words especially, especially, even, mainly, in particular, including, for example and etc.

Invisibly, I became attached to a good family, even to a crooked garrison lieutenant. (A.S. Pushkin.)

4. Clarifying additions with prepositions except for, besides, over, instead of, excluding, including, except for, alongside, with and etc.

Along with studying in English, he also studied French.

5) In the role of clarifying terms, there may be other circumstances, as well as applications.

He welcomed me well brotherly. 5th grade student Fedorov Vasya, absent from school for a good reason.

INTRODUCTORY WORDS AND SENTENCES.

Not part of the offer

Separated by commas in the letter:

Grandmother, apparently was an excellent storyteller.

introductory sentences are distinguished in the letter by commas, brackets or dashes:

I think, warmer soon.

He dressed warmer (this was at the end of September) and left the yard.

Bakers - there were four- kept aloof.

GROUPS OF INTRODUCTORY WORDS BY MEANING

1. Confidence

certainly, certainly, definitely, undoubtedly, indeed and etc.

2. Assumption, uncertainty

obviously, probably, it seems, maybe, probably, should be and etc.

3. Feeling of joy, sadness, surprise

fortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately and etc.

4. Source of thought

in my opinion, in your opinion, according to, say, according to the message and etc.

5. Order of presentation of thoughts

firstly, secondly, finally and etc.

6. The connection of this thought with the previous one

thus, therefore, thus, thus, for example, by the way and etc.

7. Politeness, attracting the attention of the interlocutor

excuse me, excuse me, please, let me and etc.

Task 12.14. The main types of complex sentences

Allied: Compound and Complex Subordinate:

Unionless

writing connection

subordination

Unionless

Words or sentences are equal, do not depend on each other (you cannot raise a question between them).

Between simple sentences in the composition of a compound:

A word or sentence is subordinate to another word or sentence, from one of them (the main one) you can raise a question to another (dependent).

Between simple sentences as part of a complex subordinate.

Happiness is impossible for me (why?) if I cannot share this happiness with a friend.

Sentences are connected only with the help of intonation.

Even the slanting sharp grass in the meadows has not been mowed, not yet all the bird cherry is in your the window is thrown.

general characteristics complex sentence and its types.

Allied

Compound

Complex:

With adjectives

With adverbial clauses

With adverbial clauses: time, place, mode of action, measure and degree, causes, goals, comparative, conditions, concessions, consequences, additions

Unionless

Kinds syntactic connection between simple sentences within complex ones.

writing connection

subordination

Unionless

Words or sentences are equal, do not depend on each other (you cannot raise a question between them).

Between simple sentences in the composition of a compound:

The rumor about me will spread throughout all of Great Russia, and every language that exists in it will call me ... (Pushkin).

A word or sentence is subordinate to another word or sentence, from one of them (the main one) you can raise a question to another (dependent).

Between simple sentences as part of a complex subordinate.

Happiness is impossible for me (why?) if I cannot share this happiness with a friend.

Sentences are connected only with the help of intonation.

The grass has not yet been mowed down in the meadows, not all the bird cherry has yet been thrown into your window.

Compound sentences - These are sentences in which simple sentences are connected to each other with the help of intonation and coordinating conjunctions.

For example: Certainly,is he alwaysturned out to be and mostsmart in the end butis he fromthe lowest floors.

Complex sentences are connected by intonation, subordinating conjunctions or allied words. For example:Fairy tales, in whichdreams are reflected chayani I am the peopleimpulses him to the sky, to the mountain peaks of the spirit, foreverstayed in my memory.

Unionless - these are sentences that are connected only by intonation:

And in the same tales paths were shown achieving goals: need to live fair, fair, be in love of people.

Complex sentences.

A complex sentence is a complex sentence that contains two or more simple sentences connected coordinating conjunctions and intonation: For example: They would spin at least an hour, at least a day, butthe master put to the clay with their long fingers.

By the nature of the union and the meaning of compound sentences are divided into:

compound sentences with connecting unions: and, yes, too, also, etc. These sentences express the timeliness of actions, sequence, causal relationships:

For example: On each of them the master could stop his circle,and here the fluid form would freeze in the form of a pot.

with opposing conjunctions: a, but, however, but, not only ... but also. In these sentences, one phenomenon is compared with another or opposed to it: For example: A jug was conceivedbut I counted at least ten intermediate forms.

compound sentences with divisive unions: that ... then, either, or ... either, or. These sentences express the relationship of alternation and mutual exclusion: That fog fell,then suddenly let in a slanting summer rain.

Punctuation marks in a compound sentence

A comma is placed

Between parts of a complex sentence connected by conjunctions:
and, yes (=and), neither ... nor;
a, but, yes (=but), however, ...;
or, either, whether ... whether, ...;
yes, yes, and, also, also;
that is, viz.

Lightning flashed, and thunder was heard.

No comma is placed

• If the parts of a complex sentence have a common minor member:

splashing now may rain and the storm will begin.

• If there is a general subordinate clause:

As soon as dawn broke, we were awakened and we set off.

Classification of complex sentences.

Complex sentences complex sentences are called in which one simple sentence is subordinate to another in meaning and is connected with it by a subordinating union or allied word. For example:

unknown what Prishvin would have done in his life, if he would have remained an agronomist.

A complex sentence can consist of two or more simple sentences. In a complex sentence, one sentence is the main one, the other is the subordinate clause. The main clause is such a sentence, from which we raise a question to the subordinate clause. The subordinate clause explains the main clause, depends on it and joins with the help of subordinating conjunctions and allied words. The subordinate clause can be placed after the main clause, before it, or break the main clause.

According to the meaning of subordinate clauses, there are three main types of complex sentences:

complex sentences with subordinate clauses,

complex sentences with subordinate explanatory clauses;

complex sentences with subordinate clauses.

Complex sentences with subordinate clauses

A subordinate clause that answers the question what? which? whose ?, joins the main one with the help of allied words: which, which, whose or subordinating unions what, where, who, where, from. For example: Several times I heard from people (what?),which the same (same) words have just put aside the read book by Prishvin: "This is real witchcraft."

Complex sentences with subordinate explanatory clauses

The subordinate clause, as a rule, explains the verb - the predicate of the main clause and answers the questions of indirect cases. Such a subordinate clause is attached with the help of subordinating conjunctions or allied words: what, how, as if, to, etc. For example: Prishvin's life is an example of (what?)as a person renounced everything superficial, imposed on him by the environment and began to live only "according to the dictates of the heart."

Compound sentences with adverbial clauses

In such sentences, the subordinate clause, as a rule, specifies the place, reason, purpose of the action, etc. Depending on the meaning, various questions are posed to the adverbial clauses, which, in turn, help determine the meaning and meaning of the clause.

Type of subordinate

Question

Example

time

When? Since when? How long?

When the time came, they sent Ivanushka to the service.

Places

Where? Where? Where?

We rushed to where the voices were heard.

Conditions

Under what condition?

Causes

Why? For what reason?

Our team won the first place in the tournament because we were seriously preparing for the competition.

Goals

What for? For what purpose?

In order not to get lost, I decided to return to the path.

Consequences

As a result of what happened?

The snow was getting whiter and brighter, so that it hurt my eyes.

Action pattern.

How? How?

My peasant worked so hard that sweat rolled down from him like hail.

Measures and degrees

To what extent? In what degree?

The river is so shiny and sparkling that it hurts the eyes.

Comparisons

Like what? Like who? Than what? Than who?

The closer we got to home, the more anxious we felt.

concessions

Despite what? Against what?

Although it was a difficult job for him, he did it flawlessly.

A complex sentence can have not one, but several subordinate clauses: with uniform subordination, with sequential submission , with parallel subordination .

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

A comma is placed

• The subordinate clause is separated or set off by commas:

We set off when the sun came up.

• Between homogeneous subordinate clauses, if they are not connected by coordinating unions:

We thought he would be late that we will not be able to say goodbye to him.

When using compound conjunctions because, because, due to the fact that, instead of, while, after:

We sat on the corner of the bastion so that everyone could see in both directions.

No comma is placed

• negation + union:

He started to figure out not what happened and who did it.

• Subordinate clause \u003d one allied word:

He promised to return, but did not say when.

• Before a subordinating conjunction, the words in particular, that is, namely, especially:

He got better, especially when he found out about what had happened.

• Before steady turnovers, as you like, by all means, as much as you like, as if nothing had happened ...

Complex non-union proposals.

Associative compound sentence - this is a sentence in which simple sentences are combined with each other only in meaning and intonation.

semantic relationships between sentences

Punctuation marks

Examples

Enumeration

1) The sky is dressed in black haze,

2) in the fog, the moon shines a little.

(M. Lermontov)

Enumeration, but there are other punctuation marks inside the parts of the complex sentence

Semicolon

1) The road wound in front of me between thick hazel bushes, already filled with darkness;

2) I moved forward with difficulty.

(I. Turgenev)

Reason (the second part indicates the reason for what the first part says)

Colon

1) I couldn't sleep:

2) a boy with white eyes kept spinning in front of me in the darkness. (M. Lermontov)

Explaining the meaning of the first part

Colon

1) I ask you one thing: 2) shoot quickly. (M. Lermontov)

Explanation of the predicate of the first part

Colon

1) I know: 2) in your heart there is both pride and direct honor. (A. Pushkin) Once everything cleared up: they came to chew apples. I heard: apples crunched on someone's teeth. I got up and saw: one elk grabbed apples ...

Time, condition

1) I was driving here - 2) the rye was starting to turn yellow. (M. Prishvin) 1) Work until you sweat - 2) eat hunting. (Proverb)

Cause (the first part indicates the cause of what is said in the second part, and the second part indicates the effect of what is said in the first)

1) The windows were thrown open - 2) the smell of pines entered the veranda. (V. Kochetov)

opposition

1) Summer stores - 2) winter eats. (Proverb)

Fast change of events

1) Cheese fell out - 2) there was such a cheat with him. (I. Krylov)

Task 13. Complex sentence

with several subordinate clauses

Sequential submission
Ch. prev. - Coming. I st - adj. II Art.

He reached the last flight of stairs and saw (what?) that someone is sitting on the steps below the platform (which one), on which his door opened.

Parallel subordination

Ch. prev.

<

Adj. cond.
Adj. cond.

If you see him tomorrow, then ask him to come to me for a minute.

Homogeneous submission

Ch. prev.

<

Adj. explanatory
Adj. explanatory

Olenin knew that it was dangerous in the forest, that abreks always hid in these places.

1. Consistent submission

, () , () .

The children said that they picked the flowers that their mother loved.

2. Parallel subordination

() ,,() .

When the sun rose, we saw a picture that surprised everyone.

3. Homogeneous submission

, () , () .

The girl wrote that she really liked the countryside, that she had learned to ride a horse.

The sequence of sentences may vary.

PART 3

Using the read text of part 2, complete ONLY ONE of the tasks on a separate sheet: 15.1, 15.2 or 15.3. Before writing an essay, write down the number of the selected task: 15., 15.2 or 15.3

15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky: "There is nothing in life and in our minds that could not be conveyed by the Russian word."

Justify your answer by giving two examples from the text you read. Give examples with numbers the right suggestions or use quoting.

You can write a work in a scientific or journalistic style, revealing the topic on linguistic material. You can start the composition with the words of K.G. Paustovsky.

The essay must be at least 70 words.

A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite original text without any

Task number 3.

FIGURATIVE AND EXPRESSIVE MEANS OF LANGUAGE AND SPEECH

Term	Definition	Examples
Allegory (allegory)	Image of an abstract concept through a specific image	In fables, an allegorical embodiment: a fox - cunning, a hare - cowardice, a wolf - anger and greed, a donkey - stupidity.
Antithesis (opposition)	Contrast, opposition of phenomena, concepts, images, states, etc. Often expressed using antonyms.	Poems and prose, ice and flame Not so different from each other. (A. Pushkin). « War and world"(L. Tolstoy)," A crime and punishment"(F. Dostoevsky).
Hyperbole (exaggeration)	Excessive exaggeration of the properties of the subject; quantitative strengthening of the attributes of an object, phenomenon, action.	One hundred and forty suns the sunset was blazing Summer rolled in July. (V. Mayakovsky). Million, million Red roses from the window, you see from the window (Song).
Inversion	Deliberate violation of the usual (direct) word order.	weaved out on scarlet lake light dawn. On the brink of calls capercaillie cry(S. Yesenin). He is from foggy germany brought the fruits of learning. (A. Pushkin.)
Irony (hidden mockery)	The use of a word or statement in a sense opposite to the direct one. The opposite meaning can be given to a large context or a whole work.	Where, smart, are you delirious head? (I. Krylov). An example of an ironic work is M. Lermontov's poem "Gratitude" (here the irony comes to sarcasm - the highest degree manifestations of irony).
Litotes	Understatement of the subject (reverse hyperbole).	Your Spitz, lovely Spitz, is no more than a thimble (A. Griboedov).
Metaphor	The word in a figurative sense; transfer is based on likening one object to another by similarity or contrast; hidden comparison.	In the garden lit rowan bonfire. (S. Yesenin). Placer cranberries in swamps Burn out in ashes frost (N. Kolychev).
Oxymoron (oxymoron)	A combination of words that are opposite in meaning with the aim of unusually expressing a new concept, idea (combination of incongruous)	But beauty them ugly/ I soon comprehended the sacrament. (M. Lermontov). "Living Powers"(I. Turgenev), "Living Dead"(L. Tolstoy).
personification	Transferring the properties of a person (person) to inanimate objects, natural phenomena or animals.	Moon laughed, like a clown (S. Yesenin). Midnight in my city window Enters with nightly gifts (A. Tvardovsky).
Comparison	Comparison of two concepts, objects, phenomena in order to explain one of them with the help of the other.	Like a tree sheds its leaves, So I drop sad words. (S. Yesenin). Dew drops are white like milk but illuminated by a fiery spark. (V. Soloukhin).
Epithet	A word or phrase that serves figurative characteristic any person, phenomenon or object (most often a metaphorical adjective); "colorful" definition.	droplets crystal moisture; gray-haired dew meadow. (V. Soloukhin). From the oars to the shore curly trace fled.

BRIEF DICTIONARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMINOLOGY

Antonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having the opposite lexical meaning. For example: altruist - egoist, hyperbole - litote, cheerful - sad, far - close, get up - sit down.

Synonyms - These are words of the same part of speech, similar in meaning, but different in sound and spelling. For example: scarlet - red

Phraseologisms- these are stable combinations of words that express a holistic meaning and function correlate with single word. In the proposal are one member. for example : get into a mess, blood with milk, soul to soul, peel off like sticky, neither light nor dawn; everything flows, everything changes.

Spelling prefixes. Task number 4 immutable prefixes (always spelled the same, regardless of pronunciation)		Prefixes on s-, s- (Spellingdependsfromvoiced-deafnessdependsfrom			pre - at
Spelling does not depend on stress - on the On thewrite	Spellingnotdepends onvoiced-deafnesssubsequent consonant // notdepends onsubsequent consonant) pre- with- with pour, with to give, with sew	beforevowels andvoiced consonantsroot spelledat the end of the fixture-z	before voiceless consonantsrootspelledat the end of the fixture-with
		air- (air-) bez- times- (roses-) through- (through) (fromR ride )	sun- (sun-) obes- ras- (ros-) through- (through-) (isP sort )		pre= pen pre tear- pen tear pre= very pre evil - very evil
					● accession: at glue ● approximation: at run away ●“ a little", a little, incompleteness of action: at burned ● next to something near: at school at maritime
Remember! Unclear meaning!
chase let stumbling perverse (changeable, unfaithful) seduce neglect				adventure claim oath bizarre adherent presence cook
Differ in the meaning of the word
pre to give (to give someone away) pre create (perform) pre bow down (respect) pre step (break) pre to be (to be somewhere) pre receiver (continued) pre walking (temporary)				at give (add) at create (close) at bow down (bent down) at step (begin) at to visit (to come) at receiver (device, machine) at walking (who comes)

AT uncertain and negative pronouns, as well as in negative adverbs under stress prefix is ​​written NOT-, without accent – NO: not" what to say - neither what "didn't do, didn't" at no one to ask at who" did not ask.

Task 5. Spelling of suffixes.

Spelling Н and НН in adjective suffixes (which one?)

1.If app. formed with suffixes - ENN-, -HE N- (stations he N ouch, cranberry enn th) Excl.: wind en th (but: without wind enn th)	1.If app. formed with suffixes - AN-, - YAN-, - IN- (sand en th, silver yang th) Excl.: glass yann th, tin yann th, trees yann th
2.If adj. formed from noun. withbasis on the H (Oldn n y - old man, karman n th - pocket, sheepskinn n th - sheepskin, weren n th - epic, mean nn th)	2.If adj. educated without suffixes (Yunoh, blushnoh, swinoh go aheadnoh, rightnoh, greennouch, siney, ryanoh, drunknoh, bugnth)
Road length nn and interest n a (in a short adjective, the same number of N is written as in a full one)

Spelling Н and НН in the suffixes of passive participles and verbal adj. (which? what done?)

NN (full participle)

Participles have a prefixand (except for the prefix NOT) : with broken branch. Exceptions : named brother, planted father, smart, dowry, ForgivenSunday. In participles formed from perfective verbs: problem solved. Exception:wounded. dependent words:knitted girls gloves Presence of suffixes– ova- - - Eve-: ballova nnth child. Exceptions:forged, chewed.

Brief Communion: job not doneena. Verbal adjective (no prefix, no dependent word, imperfective): knitted gloves, bechet n th wolf, sluggish n oh vobla, smoother n trousers, golden n products, scrap n th line, puta n th answer, ditch n oh wound, sowing n herbs, washing n oh underwear . In combinationsironed and ironed trousers, patched and patched fur coat. Exceptions: sacrednnoh, wishnnouch, nechayannoh, uglynnoh, invisiblennoh, unheardnnoh, slownnoh, bad lucknnoh, unexpectednnoh, readnnth

H-, -NN- in adverbs on -O (-E) (as?)

In adverbs to - about and - e so much is written H, how many in adjectives and participles from which they are formed.

H- derived from adj. with H	NN - formed from the verb. adj. with HH
miracles n th - miracles n about safe n th - safe n about	scattering nn th - scattering nn about fright nn oh - fright nn about

H-, -HH- in nouns (who what?)

-НН- and -Н- are written, as in the adjective or participle from which they are formed:

Task 7. Phrase.

Ways of subordination of words
agreement	control	contiguity
The dependent word is put in the same form as the main word. Questions: what? which? which? which? whose? whose?	The dependent word is placed with the main one in a certain indirect case with or without a preposition Questions of indirect cases: whom? what? to whom? what? whom? what? by whom? how? (o)com? (about what?	Dependent word - immutable word(adverb, gerund and N.F. of the verb)
APP. + N.	VERB + N. No. + N. APP. (COMP.) + NO.
dependent word can be expressed: adjective (difficult task) - difficult tasks), pronoun-adjective(our friend - our friend), communion (incoming wave - incoming wave), ordinal number (second entrance - second entrance)	dependent word can be expressed: noun (break up vase - smashed vase, hit in the back - blow in the back, × crimson out of shame ), pronoun-noun (to tell him) , cardinal number (divide for five ),	dependent word can be expressed: adverb (loud crying) N.F. verb(ready help ), × gerund(work without ceasing ), form comparative degree adjective or adverb (boy older , come up closer ), invariable possessive pronouns (her girlfriend).

Task 8. The grammatical basis of the sentence.

SUBJECT AND WAYS OF ITS EXPRESSION

The subject can be expressed:

- noun in them. P.: Fog silver.

- places. in them. P. : ALL tired.

- infinite.(n.f. ch.): enemy destroy - big merit.

- whole phrase: two drops splashed in the face. Me and a friend together wonderful live. One of us already visited in the museum.

- adj., incl. : Brave to victory seeks. Future belongs people of honest work.

- adv.. : Light tomorrow in our hands, friends!

- counts.: Five - My lovely number.

3. PREDICIAL AND WAYS OF ITS EXPRESSION

Simple verbal predicate	Compound verb predicate
Expressed as one verb form: Unsown grains will not ascend (excerpt. n.); - I wolf would gnaw red tape ( conditional n.); - let it shine sun (led. n.); - I I will sing (bud. difficult); - He easily found mutual language (phraseology, in which there is a conjugated verb form).	( auxiliary verb or short adjective glad, ready, able, must, intend + infinitive) wished wanted start + infinitive I will continue finish shouldmonkey took it into her head work .
composite nominal predicate
linking verb + - to be, to become, to become, to be, to become, He is an engineer . - verbs of motion, states: Autumn came rainy.	nominal part(noun, adj., num., local, short par., adv.) - Greenery – is a song earth. Sky It was in smallclouds . - Youth always selfless . Truth lighter sun. All room amber shine illuminated. - five plus five there will be ten . - Yes you who it? - To me sad.

Types one-part sentences

Main member- predicate

- Definitely personal : predicate - a verb in the form of the 1st or 2nd person singular. or many numbers of the present or future tense; in led. incl..

Waiting (waiting, waiting, waiting, waiting) news from you (I, we, you, you).

- Uncertain-personal: predicate - a verb in the form of the 3rd l. plural present and bud. temp. and in the plural form. past temp.

knocking (knocking) in the door.

- Impersonal: the predicate has no subject.

It's getting dark.

Two-part sentences	impersonal proposals		How is the predicate expressed in an impersonal sentence
	It's getting light.		impersonal verb
	(state of nature)
Nicelysmells bird cherry.	Nicelysmells bird cherry. (environment state)		Personal verb in impersonal meaning
I Not sleeping		to menot sleeping. (human condition)	Reflexive verb in impersonal meaning
Will thunderstorm!		Be thunderstorm! (inevitability)	N. F. verb
There is beast stronger cats.		Stronger than the cat of the beastno. (absence of something)	There is no invariable verb form
In the woodsall quiet		In the woodsquiet. (state of nature)	State word
I sad		to mesad	State word
		No smoking!	State word (should, can, must not, must+ N.F. verb)

Task number 9. Isolation minor members suggestions.

Separation of agreed definitions

Agreed definitions (dependent word consistent with the mainr., h., p. ): before wooden house, at my sisters - agreement.

Separate agreed definitions expressed :

1. Participle turnovers or single participles:

BUT) Cloud, / fitting half the sky / , gradually dissipated.

B)/ Excited / ( single ), is he spoke for a long time.

2) Common and single adjectives:

BUT) Sky , / thunderstorm / (common adjective), everything in the lightning trembled.

B) This thought / simple and clear / (single adjective), haunted.

Separation of inconsistent definitions

Inconsistent definitions - noun in R. p. with a preposition and without a preposition and others case forms with various suggestions: branches (which ?) birches ; boat (what?) with a sail ).

Application isolation

Appendix - definition, expressed by name noun, agreed with a defined word in case. The application gives a different name that characterizes the item.

Freezing-governor patrols his dominions.

He came with son, / ten year old boy /, to the exhibition.

Pushkin, / great Russian poet / , was born in Moscow.

Separation of circumstances

Circumstances answer the following questions: where? when? for what reason? for what purpose? as? etc.

Separate circumstances are expressed:

1. Participles

gerund- This

invariant form of a verb that answers questions doing what? what having done? The gerund signal is suffixes -I (A), -B, -lice(chitaI, careI, readin).

Single gerunds and adverbial phrases are almost always isolated.

The fire burned out long ago, | disintegration lice sit on the coals | , faded away .

2. Nouns with prepositions:

A) Nouns with prepositionsDESPITE THE, DESPITE THE:

/Despite the impending storm / , she iswent into the mountains.

B) Circumstances causes with prepositions owing to, owing to, owing to, due to lack of.

AT) concessions circumstances with a suggestion despite

D) Circumstances conditions with prepositions in the presence, in the absence.

3. Clarifyingmembers(members of the proposal that clarify the previous member of the proposal and perform the same syntactic function.

Clarifying words in writing separated by commas.

Examples:
In the basement (where?), /under the shelves / (where exactly?), grandfather kept his tools.
Oadditions

Additions with prepositions: besides, in addition to, instead of, excluding, except for, beyond, along with, including.

* Except schoolchildren parents attended the evening.

10. Appeal - a word or combination of words that names the person to whom or what the speech is addressed to.

BUT) This labor,Vania , was terribly huge.

B) Neighbor, my light! Please eat.

AT) Oh heaven , above us blue! So this is the fate of your sons, oh Rome, oh loud power.

G) Hello,sun Yes fun morning!

Introductory words - these are words or a combination of words with which the speaker expresses his attitude to what he reports, points to sequence of thoughts, indicates to the source of the message.

The main groups of introductory words	Introductory words
Confidence	of course, undoubtedly, of course, certainly, certainly, without a doubt, indeed
Uncertainty	It seems, perhaps, probably, apparently, probably, apparently, probably, apparently
Different feelings of the speaker in connection with the message	fortunately, unfortunately, to joy, to horror, unfortunately, to surprise, to chagrin
Message source	say, report, according to, in my opinion, according to, according to, according to
Order of thought, sequence of presentation	so, therefore, first of all, finally, by the way, so, for example, in this way, on the contrary, vice versa
Way of expressing thoughts	in a word, in general, in other words, so to speak, it is better to say
A call to draw attention to a message	you see (whether), you understand, please, let's say, let's say

Remember:
Introductory words are not members of the sentence; they are separated by commas in the letter.

Tasks №12,14Difficult sentence

Allied Means of communication: unions, allied words, intonation			Unionless Communication means: intonation
compound	complex
Means of communication: intonation, coordinating conjunctions unions:and, or, but (coordinating conjunctions also connect homogeneous members suggestions) Parts of a sentence equal : [Ascended young month], and [all around sunk in a fantastic light.	Means of communication: intonation, subordinating conjunctions, allied words (relative pronouns and adverbs) unions:what, to, if, when allied words:which, who, what, where, where, where, when, how Parts of a sentence unequal : there is main part and dependent (subordinate) , from the main to the dependent part, the question is asked , (connection word) [I'm having a dream], ( what I sleep soundly).	Means of communication: intonation Parts of a sentence equal (often formally equal) [Everybody knows] : [elephants are a curiosity with us].

Complex sentence - is a sentence in which two or more simple sentences are connected by coordinating conjunctions ( and, a, yes, but, or).

[Breeze restlessly shuddered in the dark trees] and[somewhere far away grumbledthunder]. , and .

(Coordinating conjunctions are located between simple sentences, do not belong to any part.)

[Comrades treated hostile towards him, soldiers same loved indeed]. ( Same, same, same occupy an unusual place: they are inside the second part.)

Coordinating conjunctions

Connecting

and, yes (= and), not only... but also, also, and... and, neither... neither, both... , and

Dividing

or, or... or, either, either... or, that... that, or... either, not that... not that

opposing

a, yes (= but), but, but, however, however, but, only, not only ... but also

difference compound sentence from a simple suggestion.

North breathes blown by the night and sagebrush sways (simple sentence).

No comma is placed in a compound sentence with single conjunctions and yes (in the meaning of "and"), or, either in the following cases:

if parts of a compound sentence have common minor term or general adnexal : [In September forest less often] and[bird vote quiet]. When the sun came up , [the dew dried up]and[ the grass has turned green].

if the parts of a compound sentence are incentive, interrogative or exclamatory suggestions: Where will the meeting beand who is its chairman? how quiet it is aroundand How clear is the starry sky!

Between parts of a compound sentence putdash if the sentence contains a sharp contrast or indicates a quick change of events, an unexpected result:

Put your stick on the waterand she will go with the flow.

She breathed in some air -and the smell of the cold sea.

I hurry therea the whole city is there.

Complex sentence. Types of subordinate clauses.

Types of subordinate clause, questions	Attaching Examples unions and allied words	Sentence examples
Determinative.	allied words: which, what, where, where, which, when, from where, whose	Huge cloud (what?), which slowly moving across the sky, made us give up the walk. She ran to the room (what?) where passed her whole life.
Explanatory. Questions of indirect cases.	Unions: what, how, as if, to, whether, as if not. allied words: when, where, how much, what, how	I know that?), what have to go. The boss asked (about what?), everything whether ready for the meeting. Gotta feel (what?) when you have to start talking.
Degrees and modes of action. In what degree? How much? How? How?	Unions: that, as if, as if, as if, exactly. allied words: how, how much, how much	The work was done like this (how?), to then don't be ashamed. She was so smart (how?) to not notice it.
Comparative.	Unions: as if, as if, as if, exactly, as	He was calm (how?) as still water. Life went (how?) as if the arrow flew.
Where? Where? Where?	allied words: where, where, where.	I came to (where?) where I was directed. Everywhere is dear to me (where?), where breathe freely.
time. When? How long? Since when? How long?	Unions: when, until, barely, as soon as, while, as long as, after	Till tourists were preparing for hiking, they studied the rules of behavior in the forest. (when?)
Goals. What for? For what purpose?	Unions: so that, so that, so that, so that, so that.	I take a compass with me (why?) to don't get lost in the forest.
Causes. Why? From what?	Unions: for, therefore, since, because, due to the fact that, because, since	We agreed to go on Friday (why?) because wanted to arrive on time for the meeting.
Consequences. What happened as a result of it?	Union: so	It was light from the lanterns (due to what happened?), so we were able to read the ad
Conditions. Under what condition?	Unions: when, if, if, if, times.	I'm ready to meet you (under what condition?), if do not you mind.
Concessions. Despite what?	Unions: although, despite the fact that, let it be, for nothing. allied words: no matter where, no matter how, when no, no matter how much, no matter what, whoever.	I'm at home (no matter what?) although the weather is nice.

Punctuation before conjunction HOW

A comma is placed

• Comparative turnover :

Her eyes shone, green, like a gooseberry .

Introductory combination as usual, as usual, as usual :

On the way, as always, we ran into a cafe.

Application with reasons. value :

You, like first love, the heart will not forget Russia!

The sentence has a correlation. words so, such, that, so :

The lyceum gave Russia such people as Pushkin, Pushchin, Delvig.

After as follows and:

Trees, like people, have their own destiny.

No comma is placed

• Before the comparative turnover is not or words quite, absolutely, almost , ...:

The newspaper did not come out as usual.

Turnover as part of the predicate :

There was a forest like a dream and snow like a dream.

Turnover = "as":

Lensky was accepted everywhere as a groom.

With a double union, both ... and ...:

This topic has been covered as in poetry, and in prose.

Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence .

Comma:

between parts of a relationship enumeration or simultaneity; complex sentence can be divided into several simple ones . Greentracks everything is like in the forestsmoking , fog everywhererises, water bubblessits down on the leaves. The offer consists of three parts.

Events are simply listed,
so between the parts is placed
COMMA.

Semicolon:

Between parts of a relation of enumeration or simultaneity, but parts are complicated(have separate members, homogeneous members, appeals, introductory words) or parts are completely unrelated to each other. 1) Blackshadows and redglare moved on the ground /replacing each other /; 2) they thenwere removed from the fire, thenapproached close to him.

Colon in non-union complex sentence

(): cause(because)

Love a book: it will help you sort out the confusion of life.

(): explains (namely)

The picture changed: the snow was standing, the damp earth was smoking.

(): complements(what)

Suddenly I feel: someone is pulling me aside.

(): omitted from the first sentence:and saw and heard and felt:

Seryozhka looked around: the fire was engulfing the school more and more.

Dash in a non-union compound sentence

() - () (= and)
quick change of events, unexpected result:

Cheese fell out - with him there was a cheat.

() - ()
(ah, but)
opposition :

I have been serving for sixteen years - this has never happened to me.

time, action condition - () :

(when if)

They cut the forest - the chips fly.

() - result, output:
(so, so)

The smoky sun rises - it will be a hot day.

() - ()
(like, like, like)
comparison:

He says a word - the nightingale sings.

Table "Difficult cases of spelling"

Cheat sheets - hints for the OGE in the Russian language (Grade 9)

3 Artistic media	4 Prefixes	5 Suffixes
1) Metaphor- hidden comparison (a smile shone on his face) 2) Epithet- apply! (beautiful, charming, sensitive) 3) Personification- verb! (sun smiles, rain cries) 4) comparison- there are alliances like, exactly, like, like! 5) phraseological unit- stable combination (hand in hand, ran headlong)	1) In prefixes ending in Z and S, the spelling of the final consonant depends on the subsequent consonant: before deaf consonants they pronounce [s] and write "s", before voiced consonants they pronounce [z] and write "z". without-, without- re-, re- vz-, sun- from-, is- down-, down- times-, times- rose-, rose- through-, through- ! Spelling of the prefix C- in wordsdoes not dependfrom loudness or deafness consonant following it. The prefix C- refers to the group of invariable prefixes. (oh-, you-, pro-, over-, in-, about-, pro-, right-, on-…) 2) Prefix PRI- 1. approach (rushed) 2. attachment (sewn on) 3. Proximity (School) 4. incomplete action (bitten) Prefix PRE- spelled in following values: 1. = very (wise) 2. = TRANS- (criminal)	adjectives formed from NOUNS, and,if we have an adjective, look at the suffixes
		1) AN, YANG, YING leather AN th, goose IN th silver YAN th, 2) In adjectives, not formed from nouns: Yu n oh, blush n oh, swi H oh, etc. 3) Exception: wind H th	1)ONN, ENN revolution HE N th, industry ENN th 2) with base on H: old H oh, empty H th 3) excl: glass, pewter, wood
		participles formed from VERBS, and if we have a sacrament, we begin in turn to “try on” the word to the following rules:
		1. In the sacraments IMPERFECT kind of oil H pancakes, heat H th potato 2. In all short participles, pancakes PROzhare H s, potatoes overcooked H 3 wound exception H th partisan, kova H chewy	1.) in participles with any ATTACHMENT except NOT OVERHEAT HH th potato, PRO oil HH pancakes 2) If the participle has the suffix OVA / / EVA marin ovaHH s mushrooms, cramps EveHH th forest. 3) if there DEPENDENT WORD: butter fried potatoes 4) in participles GO sieve type HH th task

					12, 13, 14
SYNONYMS For example: For example: naked- naked; proof- argument; fragrant- fragrant there is- eat, eat; to complain- complain; take care- to please; curly- curly; lie- to lie;	1. APPROVAL cheerful man crystal vase 2. CONTROL a vase of their crystal read with gusto 3. CONNECTION read enthusiastically When converting harmonization in control adjective replace with synonymous noun(for example, BABUSHKINA DASH - DASH GRANDMAS). Management - in adjoining Sang with joy - Sang with joy	What is the "grammatical basis of the sentence"? This is the main part of the sentence, consisting of its main members: subject and predicate, or one of them. 1) Subject answers the questions WHO? WHAT? Who, what are we talking about? (noun, places, counts ...) (ETC.: Language grows with culture. All were finally assembled. They began to approach familiar. Everyone of you will receive a task .) 2) Predicate answers the questions WHAT DOES THE SUBJECT DO? WHAT'S HAPPENING TO HIM? WHAT IS HE? WHAT IS HE? WHO IS HE? other. !!!Linking verbs!To be, to become, to become, to seem, to be considered, to be, to be called, to serve, to be known (ETC.: Grandfather was meek blue-eyed old man. He was high growth. Auntie could be fair.) 3. One-piece!!! 1. I'm going. We write. (I, we, you, you) 2. They wrote. (They) 3.Impersonal: A) Quiet. It's getting dark. Not well (State. Neuter gender) B) N.F. What to do? Learn. Bring. AT) NO!!!(Not I have notebooks) D) IMPOSSIBLE, POSSIBLE, NECESSARY + ch. N.F. (Need to think over this issue)	Detached- stand out in meaning and intonation in oral speech and punctuation marks in writing (commas, dashes) Appendix - this is the definition expressed by the name noun: who exactly is this? (I recognized our neighbor, surgeon.) Definition- participial? What doing?) (Resin, running down the pine trunks, turned into an amber stone.) Circumstance- gerund or turnover (how? What are you doing?) ( getting up, he quickly walked towards the exit waving hands).	Introductory words - these are special words or combinations of words that are not formally related to the members of the sentence, which are not members of the sentence and express the speaker’s attitude to what is being said, indicating the source of the message, the way the thought is verbalized, the relationship between individual thoughts in speech, etc. (Fortunately no one noticed me) Etc.: confidence, assumption, doubt, uncertainty, etc.): of course, undoubtedly, certainly, indisputably, obviously ... (SEE. In a separate plate)	writing type connections: the sentences are relatively independent, connected by unions AND, YES (= AND), BUT, ZATO, HOWEVER, YES (= BUT), A, OR, OR, THAT-…THAT…; subordinate relationship: from one sentence (main) to another (subordinate), you can ask a question; conjunctions and allied words: WHAT, WHEN, HOW, IF, AS, BECAUSE, IF, DESPITE WHAT, WHAT, WHAT, ETC.; unionless connection: parts of a complex sentence are connected without conjunctions, according to the meaning. Punctuation marks , ; : - B 8 (types of communication) look for2 subordinating union!. (When the cart was already at the end of the village), [Chichikov called the first peasant to him], (which, picking up a thick log somewhere on the road, dragging it on his shoulder, like an indefatigable ant, to his hut).

3 Task Dictionary of means of expression

Antithesis- opposition, a sharp contrast of concepts, positions, images, states, etc. in speech. They came together: water and stone,

Poetry and prose, ice and fire

Not so different from each other. (A. Pushkin)

Archaism - obsolete word or turn of speech.

Prophetic eyes opened,

Like a frightened eagle. (A. Pushkin)

Hyperbola- a means of expression based on exaggeration.

Tears Mouth yawning

wider Gulf of Mexico. (V. Mayakovsky)

gradation- consistent injection or weakening (reverse gradation) of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors.

No words, no tears, no sigh - nothing

The earth and people are unworthy. (Z. Gippius)

Contextual synonyms and antonyms- words that enter into synonymous (antonymic) relations only in a certain text.

I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ... (S. Yesenin) - synonyms.

If it were not for Helena, What is Troy to you alone, Achaean men? (O. Mandelstam) - antonyms.

Metaphor - hidden comparison, figurative meaning words based on the likening of one object or phenomenon to another by similarity or contrast.

In the darkness of the world, I am not alone. (O. Mandelstam)

My words are a pearl water cannon. (A. Bely)

Metonymy- renaming, figurative meaning of the word, arising on the basis of adjacency, connection of objects or phenomena.

Not that on silver, on gold ate. (A.S. Griboyedov)

Oxymoron- a combination of contrasting words that create a new concept or idea. But their ugly beauty

I soon comprehended the mystery. (M. Lermontov)

personification- kind of metaphor, image inanimate object as animated. The dawn fought with the last

stars (V. Solovyov)

Rhetorical question- does not require an answer, has an emotional significance.

My lesson is difficult for me now.

Where to go from the land of dreams? (N. Gumilyov)

Comparison - a form of poetic speech based on the comparison of one phenomenon or object with another. Cool summer has come

as if new life started. (A. Akhmatova)

Phraseologism- a stable turn of speech, a combination of words (with a hand to give = close, tongue swallowed = numb)

Epithet- artistic, figurative definition. And at night I will listen

4 Task Spelling Prefixes

3. Prefixes whose spelling depends on the meaning (prefixes pre-prix)

Memorize the words!

5. Spelling n and nn in words (adjectives, nouns, adverbs, participles)

Spelling H and HH in participles

6. Replacing a word with a stylistically neutral synonym

SYNONYMS are words of the same part of speech that are close in meaning.
For example: student - schoolboy, run - race, difficult - difficult.

STYLISTICALLY NEUTRAL WORDS- these are words that are not attached to a specific style of speech, having stylistic synonyms (bookish, colloquial, vernacular), against which they are deprived stylistic coloring.

naked- naked;

proof- argument;

fragrant- fragrant

there is- eat, eat;

to complain- complain;

take care- to please;

curly- curly;

lie- to lie;

Stylistically colored words

Archaism- obsolete word or turn of speech. Prophetic eyes opened

Vulgarisms- rude, not accepted in the literature words or expressions that are incorrect in form, inserted into the text artwork.

Dialectisms- words characteristic of the local dialect.

jargon- words used social group(student jargon, thieves).

Neologism- a word newly formed in connection with the emergence of a new concept

Expressive vocabulary- words, more often colloquial style, showing the author's attitude (poor thing, scoundrel).

7. Replacing a phrase built according to one type with another phrase.

1. REPLACE AGREEMENT WITH MANAGEMENT
with a suggestion:
1. sleepless night - night without sleep
2. underground passage - underground passage
3. algebra problem - algebra problem
4. checkered scarf - checkered scarf
5. seaside park - a park by the sea
no suggestion:
1. regimental banner - banner of the regiment
2. solar energy- energy of sun
3. forest smell - the smell of the forest
4. teacher's table - teacher's table
5. horse neighing - horse neighing
dependent word is an indivisible phrase:
1. two-story building - a building with two floors
2. six-year-old child - a child of six years
3. white-trunk birch - birch with a white trunk
4. blue-eyed girl - a girl with blue eyes
5. pointed spruce - spruce with a sharp top
2. REPLACE CONTROL WITH AGREE(i.e. do the opposite)
1. buckwheat porridge - buckwheat porridge
2. equipment for athletes - sports equipment
3. uphill path - mountain path
4. gun with two barrels - double-barreled gun
5. guy with red hair - red-haired guy
3. REPLACE CONNECTION WITH CONTROL.
1. looked pitifully - looked with pity
2. boldly jumped - jumped with courage
3. wearily walked - walked with fatigue
4. Carefully Tears - Tears with Care
5. calmly did - did with calmness
4. REPLACE CONTROL WITH CONNECTION (do the opposite).
1. spoke with anxiety - spoke anxiously
2. waited with tension - waited tensely
3. guarded with care - carefully guarded
4. looked with embarrassment - looked embarrassed
5. left with calm - calmly left
6. spoke with pride - spoke proudly
7. done with care - neatly done
8. crying without a sound - silently crying
9. acted without pity - acted ruthlessly

8, 11 Grammatical basis of the sentence

9. Separation of applications, definitions, circumstances.

Separation of agreed definitions

Separation of inconsistent definitions

Agreed Application

10. Grammatically unrelated constructions

12.13.14 Complex sentence syntax

Compound sentence- this is a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected by coordinating unions: the sentences are relatively independent, connected by the unions AND, YES (= AND), BUT, ZATO, HOWEVER, YES (= BUT), A, OR, OR, THAT- ... THAT ...;

C C P with several clauses

Russian language, new complete reference for preparation for the OGE, 9th grade, Simakova E.S., 2015.

The handbook is designed to prepare students in grade 9 for the main state exam In Russian.
The book contains 14 sections, including theoretical material on the entire school course of the Russian language, recommendations for completing Part C, and a generalized test with comments. Practical part includes samples of test tasks, approximate in volume, structure and selected material to those control measuring materials that are offered at the exam for the 9th grade course.
Answers to test tasks are given at the end of the manual.

MORPHEMICS.
Morphemics (Greek morphe - form) is a section of linguistics that studies the system of language morphemes and the morphemic structure of words and their forms.
Morpheme - the minimum significant part of a word (prefix, root, suffix, postfix, ending).
All morphemes are divided into root and non-root, non-root, in turn, into word-forming (prefix and derivational suffix) and shaping (end and formative suffix). Prefixes, suffixes, endings and postfixes are affixes, i.e. morphemes that are attached to the root and serve to form words or their forms.

Preface.
PHONETICS.
Sound alternation.
Phonetic alternations of vowels.
Vowel reduction in I weak position.
Vowel reduction in II weak position.
Iotated vowels.
Sounds denoted by the letters e, e, u, i.
Alternating voiced and voiceless consonants.
Alternating hard and soft consonants.
stress.
Task samples.
MORPHEMICS.
Root.
Prefix.
Suffix.
Postfix.
Interfix.
The ending.
The base of the word.
WORD FORMATION.
Morphological way of word formation.
Lexico-syntactic way of word formation Morpho-logo-syntactic
way of word formation.
Lexico-semantic way of word formation
LEXICOLOGY.
The ambiguity of a word. Homonymy.
Homonyms.
Synonyms.
Antonyms.
Paronyms.
Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view
areas of use.
Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of active
and passive reserve.
Stylistic coloration of lexical means. Task samples.
EXPRESSION OF RUSSIAN SPEECH.
Lexical means of expression.
Task samples.
SPELLING.
Root spelling.
Unstressed root vowels.
Vowels in roots with alternation.
Task samples.
Paired voiced and voiceless consonants.
Unpronounceable consonants.
double consonants.
Task samples.
Vowels after hissing.
Vowels after C.
Vowels O - E after Ts.
Vowels I - Y after Ts.
Vowels And - S after prefixes.
Task samples.
Spelling words with b and b.
Words with separating b and b.
Words with b - an indicator of the softness of the consonant sound
Words with b - an indicator of grammatical form. Spelling prefixes.
Prefixes pre-, at-.
Prefixes ending in 3- and C-.
Prefixes grew-, race-, rose-, times-.
Task samples.
Spelling of suffixes of various parts of speech.
Suffixes of nouns.
Suffixes of adjectives.
Verb suffixes in the past tense
and infinitive.
Participle suffixes.
Suffixes of adverbs formed
from adjectives.
Task samples.
Spelling -Н- and -НН- in different parts of speech.
Denominative and primitive adjectives
in full form.
Participles and verbal adjectives
in full form.
Participles and adjectives in short form. Nouns. Adverbs.
Task samples.
Spelling of the endings of different parts of speech.
Letters E / I in case endings
nouns.
Endings -th, -th in TV. P.
nouns.
Endings -o, -e, -a of nouns.
Noun endings R. p. pl. h.
Endings of adjectives and participles.
Personal endings of verbs.
Task samples.
Spelling of service words.
Separate and hyphen spelling particles.
Particles NOT and NI.
Particle NOT with different parts of speech.
Spelling unions.
Spelling of suggestions.
MORPHOLOGY.
Parts of speech.
SYNTAX AND PUNCTUATION.
Phrase.
Types of subordinate bonds in a phrase. Task samples.
Offer.
Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement,
emotional coloring.
The grammatical basis of the sentence.
Subject.
Ways of expressing the subject.
Predicate.
Classification of predicates.
Simple verbal predicate.
Compound verb predicate.
Compound nominal predicate.
Secondary members of the sentence.
Definition.
Appendix.
Addition.
Circumstance.
Offers are one-part and two-part.
Types of one-part sentences.
Definitely personal suggestions.
Indefinitely personal proposals.
Generalized personal proposals.
Impersonal offers.
Nominative (naming) sentences.
Offers are complete and incomplete.
Uncommon and common simple
suggestions.
Task samples.
Complicated simple sentence.

Generalizing words for homogeneous
members of the proposal.

with identical members.
Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
and punctuation marks between homogeneous
definitions.
Task samples.
Proposals with separate members.
Separation of definitions.
Separation of applications.
Task samples.
Separation of circumstances.
Separation of clarifying members of the proposal.
Separation of add-ons.
Task samples.
Proposals with introductory constructions.
Appeal proposals.
Punctuation marks in sentences
with introductory structures.
Task samples.
Offer types by quantity
grammatical foundations.
Complex sentences.
Punctuation marks in compound words
offer.
Task samples.
Complex sentences.
Classification of complex sentences.
Complex sentences
with a definitive adnexal part.
Complex sentences
with an explanatory clause.
Complex sentences
with an adjective part of time.
Complex sentences
with an adjective part of the place.
Complex sentences
with an adjective part of the cause.
Complex sentences
with an adjective part of the mode of action,
measures and degrees.
Complex sentences
with a comparative clause.
Complex sentences
with a conditional clause.
Complex sentences
with a concessive clause.
Complex sentences
with an adjective part of the corollary.
Complex sentences
with the adjective part of the goal.
Complex sentences
with an accessory part of the connecting.
Punctuation marks in the complex
offer.
Complex sentences
with several attachments.
Task samples.
Associative compound sentences.
complex sentences with different types connections of parts. Compound sentences with a coordinative
and subordination of parts.
Compound sentences with a coordinative
and unionless connection of parts.
Compound sentences with a subordinating
and unionless connection of parts.
Complex sentences with a coordinative,
subordinating and non-union connection of parts.
Task samples.
Syntactic means of expression.
TEXT.
The main features of the text.
Types of text composition.
Text types.
STYLISTICS.
Style.
Functional styles of the language.
Stylistic coloration.
Stylistic mistakes.
Task samples.
SUMMARY.
Techniques for working on a concise presentation.
Isolation of microthemes.
Drawing up a plan.
Highlighting keywords.
Using text compression techniques.
We plan work.
Task samples.
ESSAY-REASONING
ON A LINGUISTIC TOPIC.
Task samples.
GRAMMAR STANDARDS OF THE LITERARY LANGUAGE
Noun.
Adjective.
Numeral.
Pronoun.
Verb.
Norms for constructing phrases.
Agreement norms.
Management standards.
Proposal building rules.
Proposals with homogeneous members.
Offers with participles
and adverbial turns.
Norms for the use of participles.
Violation of grammatical norms.
Norms of lexical compatibility.
Speech errors.
Classification of speech errors.
GENERALIZING TEST WITH COMMENTS.
A brief dictionary of the meanings of borrowed words.
Answers.
Conditional abbreviations.

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